Over the past several years, study of the Canadian state has yielded new understanding on a number of fronts. A deeper appreciation of federalism and provincial power has been produced. Grasp of the role played in the state’s formation by Lockean concepts and ideas drawn from civic republicanism is more firm and assured. The avenues along which sentiments of citizenship and belonging developed are clearer. Now, E. A. Heaman’s imposing book Tax, Order, and Good Government: A New Political History of Canada, 1867–1917, opens more fresh territory and unexplored ground. Heaman’s center of interest is the measure in which state making in Canada is linked to privilege, inequality, and moves to create elite-serving government instruments. Organizing her book in terms of “the new political history that sees both a top-down state and a bottom-up one that people continually constructed for themselves” (463), she identifies a state apparatus shaped by contestation between elite groups above and formations resisting and struggling at levels below. Elites, she argues, used their dominance to orchestrate the British North American (BNA) union of 1867 not in “intimate involvement with the everyday life of the people, [but in] intimate involvement with the banks, railways, and manufacturers” (127). By 1917, she concludes, that dominance had weakened; the wealth-targeting Income War Tax Act of that year had passed; there was “a very different state from that of the BNA Act. The needs of the weakest, which fiscal austerity had written out of federal politics, had written themselves back in again” (426).

and cross reference it with the social class file: Syd Wise, I hope, will fill it up with splendid pieces uch as the one in this book), for the Franco-Ontarian file (Hodgins detailing the exuberant life of a pr•tre-colonisateur), for the education file (D.C. Masters digging up Bishop's College first principal). And of course the bibliography file must have a reference to Anne MacDermaid's lengthy list of Lower's publications; the manuscript file will need a note about the inventory to the Lower Papers. Finally, the biography file will want Graham's, Gibson's, and Prang's 'Great Man' portraits of Arthur Lower. I trust that Lower himself would suggest the taking of a few grains of salt with the latter pieces. The other thing to do with the book is to hunt among the research essays for revelations about, or traces of, Arthur Lower. Certainly the subject matter, as indicated above, all falls within Lower's academic or activist interests, although Syd Wise does mischievously point out that Lower had quite unwittingly suggested sport as a major index of social change in Canada. But there is also Lower's passion, obviously shared by Bruce Hodgins, for Canada's rugged northern frontier. And there is Lower's moralistic but witty disdain for contemporary society echoed by W.L. Morton in a marvellous description of the decline of parliamentary democracy, abetted by the ad-men and the detergents. Matching the essays in this festschrift to the man Lower leads one to spot some glaring omissions in the book. Where for example is a study of the influence of religion on our social mores? Where is a new interpretation of Canada's FrenchEnglish dichotomy (or is it really similarity as Heick and others are beginning to suggest)? Why is there no essay of an economic bent in this book? And perhaps most important, since Lower makes it so central to his Canadians inthe Making, where is the study of the family (and thus of women) in Canadian history? The omissions undoubtedly reveal gaps in Canadian historical writing itself; that one should want them filled in this particularfestschrift suggests the depth and breadth of Arthur Lower's own historical writing.

RESUMO Trata-se de pesquisa bibliografica na qual analisamos a pesquisa na educacao fisica (EF) em torno da perspectiva de reaproximacao da epistemologia com a teoria do conhecimento a partir do materialismo historico dialetico (MHD). Desenvolvemos argumentacoes para defesa do MHD como referencia para a pesquisa na educacao fisica. Analisamos que as pesquisas devem pressupor a praxis e a dialetica como categoria central e a luz desta que se devem abordar os problemas do conhecimento, da historia e da propria realidade, portanto a defesa do MHD enquanto epistemologia e o socialismo enquanto projeto historico. Nesse sentido a pesquisa em educacao fisica deve reverter o circuito de conhecimento superando os modelos hegemonicos, assim como o avanco na passagem das questoes instrumentais, tecnicas e metodologicas para as teoricas e epistemologicas com base no MHD e no paradigma da cultura corporal.

Up to the 1900s, accounts of Canada's cultural development simultaneously varied and stayed the same.Change was evident in regular alteration of interpretive frameworks.Nineteenth century commentators used an essentially romantic focus to fix on cultural development as the final stage in a process of growth and maturation carrying the community forward to a full flowering of its moral and intellectual capacities.Later, an emphasis on policy and state-building produced stress on institutions and organizational foundations.Later still, orientations to technology brought strong concern about media systems, mass communication, and cultural homogenization.Towards the end of the twentieth century, understanding of society as a complicated assemblage of class, gender, cultural, ethnic and other formations generated attention to cultural activity's relation to group identities, group interactions, and the meaning of complex social wholes.Continuity, for its very considerable part, manifested itself in the fact that -even as these changing views jostled for position -certain general assumptions remained consistently in play.There was an ongoing belief that Canada's culture -like cultures at large -was, or was in the process of becoming, a bounded, identifiable, delimited phenomenon open to definition in terms that, once established, would be constant and set; Canada, its composition complete, would emerge as "British," or "North American," or "northern," or "bilingual," or "multicultural," in some final way.Accompanying this idea was an equally strong notion that the business of identity -growth and stabilization -was under continuing threat from the penetration of US cultural influences.Co-existing with that concern, finally, was the conviction that responses to the US danger needed to have -and, indeed, did have -an explicit, focused, direct, structured, policy-based, state-centered character of the sort represented by such institutions as the Canadian Broadcasting

This ambitious book uses current ideas concerning transnationalism, the arbitrariness of national frontiers, and the interlayering of cultures, economies, and societies to redefine the parameters within which relations between Canada and the United States should be studied and understood. Moving sharply away from conceptions of the subject as a matter concerning complexly interdependent relations between two radically asymmetrical national states, it defines that subject as a field that needs fuller orientation toward intricate transactions among units—provinces, states of the union, regions—functioning in a broadly continuous economic, social, and cultural space the fundamentally homogenous character of which can best be captured through designation of it as “Upper North America.” Breaks and discontinuity exist, but mostly as matters of difference among and between subnational jurisdictions: “patterns [of dissimilarity] make up a North American patchwork quilt, rather than a cross-border divergence” (p. 115). National division is not entirely discounted—“the border divided constitutional and legal regimes” (p. 118)—but the central point, insisted upon time and time again, is that “Canadians and Americans intermingled in cultural, social and economic terms in myriad ways every day” (p. 114).

Reviewed by: The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History, and Development Allan Smith The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History, and Development. Christopher McCreery. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. Pp. 372, colour, $65.00 This handsomely produced volume tells its story with care and full attention to detail. Seeing its subject in its relation to 'national identity, politics, and history' (preface), it presents that subject in terms of the role it played – and continues to play – in identifying, celebrating, and marking out for emulation behaviour and characteristics intended to model good citizenship, foster community, and encourage a robust national life. Background receives due attention. Viscount Monck's efforts to provide the new dominion with a suitably 'national' honours system are carefully considered. The manner in which British awards and distinctions did duty for Canada comes under review. Canadian nationalism's growth, and the impetus that growth gave to arguments for a made-in-Canada arrangement gets examination. Creation of the (never-awarded) Canada Medal in 1943 is fully recounted. And the steps taken to establish the Order of Canada itself are meticulously retraced. Information and detail are present in quantity. Archival materials, interviews, and memoirs receive heavy use. Readers see at length how criteria for the award were developed and applied. The manner in which regional, occupational, gender, and other kinds of consideration entered the field is given careful examination. A large number of colour plates present key figures, important moments, and the award ceremony itself in a strikingly vivid way. Clearly narrated, solidly grounded, and effectively paced, the book works well on one of its most important levels of operation. Some readers will notice a lack of conceptual and interpretive rigour. The 'invention of tradition' associated with the order is, to be [End Page 456] sure, observed. The order's deliberate avoidance of faux ritual and ceremony in favour of a democratic, even populist rectitude is insisted upon. And there is a certain stress on the order's emergence in the context created by the great nationalizing initiatives – flag, centennial, Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission – of the 1960s. Discussion of these matters is, however, limited. Assertions that the foregrounding of certain behaviours – those associated with public service particularly – was intended to emphasize ingredients of sound citizenship and grounded community growth are not linked to an explicitly defined understanding of social process and cohesion. Bourdieu's concept of 'symbolic capital' makes an appearance, but the book's sense of that concept as an essentially cynical derivation –Bourdieu's purpose in developing it, the book suggests, was to redefine virtuous behaviour as self-aggrandizement – limits the use to which it is put. Opportunities for systematic consideration of the order in terms of the manner in which it set behaviour recognition to work in the service of behaviour prescription are not taken. The performative dimension of award conferring and receiving gets some attention – the plates quite graphically show the ways in which recognition was ritualized and acted out – but aside from a comment on Vincent Massey's abortive proposal to introduce robes of investiture, the matter remains unexplored in the text itself – a loss, for (to stay with the matter of dress) the manner in which preservation of ordinary costuming helped pre-empt hierarchy, maintain egalitarianism, and serve populist conceptions of national character cries out for consideration. The connection between the order's design – its snowflake motif is striking – and Canada's rich body of northern myth does get made, but the linkage is cursory, undeveloped, and – not least – neglects the very considerable irony inherent in the noticed but speedily passed-over fact that the plane crystal configuration adopted was originally taken from an article in the Encyclopedia Americana. Detailed, informative, and solidly researched, this book stands as a sound start to work in the area it wants to explore. Equipped with the picture of events it offers, investigators will be well positioned to move to analysis and discussion of the matters of state formation, community development, and augmentation of the nation's symbolic, performative, and ceremonial stock, which anyone concerned with the terrain here in view will want to consider in full. [End Page 457] Allan Smith University of British Columbia...

Reviewed by: The European Roots of Canadian Identity Allan Smith The European Roots of Canadian Identity. Philip Resnick. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2005. Pp. 125. $24.95 Building on his informative explorations of the state, the nature of Anglophone Canadian identity, and the position of Quebec in Confederation, Philip Resnick uses this little book to add to and extend the work he has already done in these important areas. The main concern is to revisit both old and new formulations of the idea that Canada is an [End Page 341] essentially North American society. Confronting all those who, from Goldwin Smith to the early twenty-first century defenders of deep Canadian-American integration, take Canada to be intelligible mainly in terms of its continental situation, Resnick insists that the picture has been – and remains – much more complicated. The nation's North American – and even its American – character is not set aside: Canada's place as 'a North American state, sharing the northern part of the continent with its powerful neighbour' (65) is, indeed, fully conceded. One chapter is wholly devoted to the theme of the American relationship, and the intimacy of the American link receives attention throughout. The book's insistently articulated sense that too much has been made of all this, that Canada needs to recover other dimensions of its past and experience, and that the European especially needs attention, nevertheless dominates. Tocqueville's view that 'Canada was identical with the United States' (74) is, in consequence, rejected in favour of ways of seeing associated with H.A. Innis, J.B. Brebner, Gad Horowitz, S.M. Lipset, Charles Taylor, and Will Kymlicka. Much material concerning Canada's similarity to Europe is drawn from work on the European Union. The result is a depiction of Canada as 'a Euro-American state, situated on the doorstep of the most unabashedly American of New World states, a state that would fit remarkably well into the European Union, were it to be located on the European continent, but which finds itself instead on the North American' (96–7). Elaboration of this design proceeds along two main tracks. Some chapters explore broad themes and conceptions: 'Particularist and Universalistic Identities' and 'The Metaphysics of Canadian Identity' are examined, notions of citizenship, self-orientation, and public space come under review, and there is much attention to the argument that Canada's acceptance of group-based understandings of society has played an especially important part in putting it closer to Europe than the United States. More focused matters form the second path, on which the role of the state, the place of multiculturalism, the importance of the globalization effect, the significance of religion, and the nature of North American continentalism appear in especially high profile. There is attention throughout to differential use of government power, to comparative levels of government expenditure, to highly specified versus diffuse patterns of national identity, to the place of small states in relation to large, and to techniques and methods of position-taking and negotiation. Canada's experience with federal-provincial diplomacy is seen as making it sympathetic to the European model of 'multi-level government' (94). Canada's 'Europeanness,' the book insists, is exhibited institutionally and behaviourally as well as culturally. [End Page 342] Sometimes argument is underdetermined; readers may occasionally feel that too many extraneous allusions are being brought in, and – despite the author's best efforts to be even-handed – the balance between European and North American seems too relentlessly struck in favour of the former. In general, though, the book offers an exceptionally useful reminder of the measure in which Canada is structured and dynamized by something other than North American lines of force. Pointing to old associations, emphasizing Canadian-European commonalities, and showing how Canadian society continues to display European patterns and forms, it works towards recapture of an element in Canada's evolution and history that no properly stated view of that evolution and history can do without. Allan Smith University of British Columbia Copyright © 2006 University of Toronto Press

This comment summarizes the papers delivered by Oliver Daddow, Patrick Finney, Charles Johnson, and Alan Munslow at the session 'The Politics of History' sponsored by the Theory and Historiography Network, European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, March 2004. It notes the papers' emphasis on historians' lack of theoretical self-consciousness, accepts their attribution of much of the responsibility for this to the institutional environment in which those historians function, and suggests that psychological factors-particularly of the sort William James elucidated in his celebrated discussion of the relationship between temperament and intellectual style-need to be looked at as well.

Michael Dorland and Maurice Charland. Law, Rhetoric, and Irony in the Formation of Canadian Civic Culture. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press. 2002. Pp. xiv, 359. Cloth $65.00, paper $35.00 Get access Dorland Michael and Charland Maurice. Law, Rhetoric, and Irony in the Formation of Canadian Civic Culture. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press. 2002. Pp. xiv, 359. Cloth $65.00, paper $35.00. Allan Smith Allan Smith University of British Columbia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 109, Issue 2, April 2004, Pages 507–508, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/109.2.507 Published: 01 April 2004

Paul Romney. Getting it Wrong: How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperilled Confederation. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press. 1999. Pp. x, 332. Cloth $60.00, paper $22.95 Get access Romney Paul. Getting it Wrong: How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperilled Confederation. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press. 1999. Pp. x, 332. Cloth $60.00, paper $22.95. Allan Smith Allan Smith University of British Columbia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 107, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 871–872, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/107.3.871 Published: 01 June 2002

Historians of education will be interested in this book because of its examination of postwar child psychologists in the classroom, and, in particular, the lukewarm (even hostile) reception they got from teachers. The chapter 'Constructing Normal Citizens? Psychology in Postwar Schools' will also interest social historians generally because it provides an excellent example of how social regulation worked when professional psychologists plied their trade in the arena of public education. Gleason demonstrates effectively that teachers and parents sometimes refused to comply with the psychologists' advice about what was 'normal' or ideal, and she gives voice to their concerns. Who were these psychologists? Gleason answers that question throughout her study by exploring the career contributions of several prominent postwar psychologists, including Samuel Laycock, William Blatz, and Jack Griffin. The irony of three childless bachelors advising parents on ideal child rearing techniques was not lost on postwar audiences, and Gleason observes that the ease with which these individuals deflected criticism is only further proof 'of the confidence postwar psychologists had in their expertise and social power.' By paying attention to individual psychologists, Gleason helps the reader to identify a previously unexamined cast of players who helped to set postwar society's definitions about what was 'normal' and socially acceptable for individuals, families, and communities. We know that conformity to certain prescribed behaviours was a familiar script in postwar society. However, as historians we have too often settled for generalizations about 'experts' and 'opinion makers,' assuming that they somehow colluded with 'the state' to impose their ideals and norms on society, albeit with varying degrees of success. Here, Gleason has turned the spotlight on one particular subset of those players to examine how they brought their ideas to centre stage. Her argument is coherent and forceful when she asserts that 'psychological discourse was dearly not a neutral force; it could be used to justify concepts of proper socialization held by the society's opinion makers.' This book belongs on the reading list for students of the postwar period who want to understand how the pressure to conform was created and how compliance to those rigid norms was packaged for postwar consumers of advice. LINDA M. AMBROSE Laurentian University

MARTIN, G. E. D., Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation (Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1995), xii-388 p. 22,95 $. Un article de la revue Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française (Volume 49, numéro 3, hiver 1996, p. 331-478) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.