Aims: To investigate longitudinal changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between age 70 and 90, and to analyse the relationship between blood pressure changes after 70 and survival in two representative population samples ( n = 973 and n = 1036). Major findings: In the total population sample, SBP increased up to age 75 and declined thereafter. In survivors up to 90, SBP increased up to age 79 and decreased thereafter. DBP decreased after 70. Up to age 82, women had higher SBP and DBP than men. Low SBP at 70 and 75 were correlated to longer survival in both sexes. The relation between blood pressure peak and survival up to age 90 was analysed in 424 men and 640 women, all examined at 70, 75 and 79 years. Twenty-six per cent of men and 44% of women with the highest SBP at 79 survived up to 90 years compared with 15% of men and 31% of women with the highest SBP at 70. SBP and DBP at age 90 were higher in survivors up to age 93 compared with non-survivors. Principal conclusion: Low blood pressure at 70 and late SBP peak were related to longer survival after age 79.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological response to an exercise test in 75- to 77-year-old women and men. Out of a systematically chosen and representative sample of 1,245 persons from a population at the age of 70, 649 individuals remained available at the age of 75-77 years. An exercise test was performed in 335 participants (52%), 174 women and 161 men. 180 (28%) were excluded because of morbidity. 131 (20%) refused to perform an exercise test. Three persons had to be excluded because of missing data. The maximal heart rate was about 140 beats/min. Heart rates at different submaximal workloads were higher in females than in males. In males there was a significant nonlinear increase in heart rate at increasing work loads while in females this was not significant. The systolic blood pressure increased more in females than in males while working on the loads 30-50 W and 50-75 W. There was a significant nonlinear increase in systolic blood pressure in men without cardiovascular drugs during exercise on 30-75 W, but the corresponding increase was not significant in women. The highest average work load for the whole group measured during at least 4 min of near-maximal exercise on a bicycle was in women 48 W and in men 66 W. Forty-four percent of the women and 22% of the men had a physical working capacity presumably interfering with their ability to perform activities of daily living.

The basic mechanisms that cause aging are still poorly understood. Longitudinal prospective population studies using noninvasive examination techniques have improved our ability to differentiate between aging and disease. This review describes some general morphological and functional aging-related changes of the heart that have clinical relevance, and considers the possibility of drug treatment for the manifestations of aging per se.

Basic background information is presented from a representative sample of 605 West Jerusalem Jewish residents aged 70 years in 1990/91. A follow-up survey of the original cohort is planned for 1996, in addition to a similar sized control group of persons not studied in 1990/91. This paper describes the demographic characteristics, marital status, household composition, migration patterns, language comprehension, education, employment status, religious practices, household conditions, health status, health service utilization, health practices, use of medications, social contacts and activities of daily living of the study population. Only 16% of the study population were born in Israel, the remainder were born in forty different countries in four continents. This article also presents some ethnic comparisons within our cohort. Some significant differences were found between ethnic sub-groups in self-reported chronic diseases. However, many of these differences disappeared when socio-economic covariates were considered. Differences were also found when specific countries were considered. Compared to Polish-born Jews, Moroccan-born Jews had lower economic status, less education, more family contacts and less faith in physicians. Moroccan-born Jews also reported more morbidity for cerebrovascular disorders, emphysema and glaucoma.

As part of the longitudinal gerontological and geriatric population study of 70-year-olds in Göteborg, Sweden, the possible correlation between presbyacusis and extrinsic factors affecting health in elderly persons was investigated. Participants from one cohort (F 01) were studied longitudinally at ages 70, 75, 79 and 85 years, and from another cohort (F 06) at age 70 years. A weak correlation between hearing loss and smoking, alcohol abuse and head trauma was found for men and between hearing loss and intake of pharmaceutical agents (especially salicylates) for women.

We investigated whether immune deficiency was associated with a fatal case of invasive cerebral aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus infection. The lymphocyte proliferative capacity to T- and B-cell mitogens was comparable to that of healthy controls. However, the natural killer (NK) cell activity of the patient was 2-6-fold lower than the activity expressed by a paired control and age-sex matched healthy controls (n = 20). No specific abnormalities were evident in the capacity to transduce either proliferative signals or cytokine (interleukin 2) secretory capacity of in vitro activated lymphocytes from the patient. The specific reduction in NK cell activity might either indicate that she was a low NK responder, or that the low NK cell activity was primarily or secondarily associated with the fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in humans.

articlePhysiology of cardiovascular agingB. Folkow, and A. SvanborgB. FolkowDepartment of Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden., and A. SvanborgDepartment of Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden.Published Online:01 Oct 1993https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1993.73.4.725MoreSectionsPDF (12 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByModeling arterial pulse waves in healthy aging: a database for in silico evaluation of hemodynamics and pulse wave indexesPeter H. 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BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to investigate the causes, severity, and prevalence of dementia in a representative sample of 494 85-year-olds living in Gothenburg, Sweden.METHODS:The study included a psychiatric interview, neuropsychological and physical examinations, comprehensive laboratory tests, electrocardiography, chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) of the head, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. A person close to each subject was also interviewed. Dementia was defined according to the criteria proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition, revised), Alzheimer's disease according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, and vascular dementia according to recently proposed criteria that incorporate information from CT scanning and the patient's neurologic history.RESULTS:The prevalence of dementia was 29.8 percent (147 subjects). The condition was mild in 8.3 percent, moderate in 10.3 percent, and severe in 11.1 percent. There were no significant sex-related differences in prevalence or severity. Of the subjects with dementia, 43.5 percent had Alzheimer's disease, 46.9 percent had vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia in 34.6 percent, dementia related to cerebral hypoperfusion in 4.1 percent, and mixed dementia in 8.2 percent), and 9.5 percent had dementia due to other causes. The three-year mortality rate was 23.1 percent in the subjects without dementia, 42.2 percent in the patients with Alzheimer's disease, and 66.7 percent in the patients with vascular dementia. Infarcts detected by CT scanning were significantly more common in the subjects with dementia than in those without it (27.9 percent vs. 12.6 percent).CONCLUSIONS:Dementia was present in nearly a third of unselected 85-year-olds in Sweden. Almost half these subjects appeared to have vascular dementia, which may currently be more amenable to prevention or treatment than Alzheimer's disease.

The aim of this investigation, which is part of the longitudinal gerontologic population study in Gothenburg (H-70), was to examine the effect of aging on salivary flow. Three 70-yr-old cohorts, born in 1901/02, 1906/07, and 1911/12, were studied both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Representative subsamples (n = 931) were followed up to 82 yr in the first and up to 75 yr in the second and third cohorts. Whole saliva secretion was stimulated by paraffin wax chewing for 5 min and all sampling was carried out in the morning after an overnight fast. The mean secretion rate was 1.24 for men and 0.94 ml/min for women at the age of 70 (all cohorts pooled). The percentage values for extremely low secretion rate (< 0.2 ml/min) were 2 and 6%, respectively. Neither the cross-sectional nor the longitudinal comparison showed any decrease in secretion rate on a group basis either in the age interval 70-82 yr in the first or between 70 and 75 yr in the other two cohorts. However, an increased prevalence of complaints of mouth dryness was found, especially among women. The main conclusion from this study is that there is no decline on a population basis in paraffin-wax-stimulated salivary flow with increasing age.

Was compared the prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) in two elderly populations, one in Göteborg (Sweden) and one in Zoetermeer (The Netherlands). The comparison was preceded by an inter-observed analysis of 150 films, revealing lower percentage agreements and kappa values when analysing the films on a five-point scale compared to the analysis in a dichotomy of "abnormal" and "normal" films. An intra-observer analysis of 50 films revealed higher percentage agreement and kappa values of well over 0.75, suggesting that radiographs could be read by one observer when different populations are being compared. The prevalence of hand ROA was higher in the Göteborg population, while the prevalence of knee ROA showed no significant differences. No significant increase with age of the cohorts was found for hand ROA in either population and no increase with age for knee ROA was found in the Swedish population. In the Zoetermeer population, knee ROA increased with age in both sexes.

The major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted, cell-mediated, constitutive anti-tumor cytotoxic function of natural killer cells is highly preserved in healthy elderly. A study of the dynamics of expression of natural killer cell-associated phenotypes during immunosenescence shows that selective, bidirectional, and disproportionate changes in certain natural killer cell subset number and ratio take place during aging. The mean natural killer cell subset ratio (%CD16+CD57+ over %CD56+CD57-) gradually increases from a young adult level of 0.7 to 4.6 with advancing age predominantly due to a tripling of %CD16+57+ cells as opposed to a moderate decrease (-54%) in %CD56+57- phenotype. The parallel increase in natural killer phenotype ratio and cytotoxic activity might represent a shift in the maturity status of these cells. Based on these findings, a model of natural killer cell immunosenescence is proposed. It is concluded that not all immunosenescent changes need be detrimental; some may even improve the potential for survival and represent an adaptational immunosenescent change.

The prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis in hand and knee joints was studied in representative subsamples of the 75 and 79 year old population of Göteborg, Sweden. A comparison between two cohorts of 79-year-olds, revealed no significant difference between them. A longitudinal study within one of these cohorts including those aged between 75 and 79 showed a modest but not statistically significant progression of osteoarthritis in hand and knee joints. The results suggest a reduced progression of osteoarthritis after 75 years of age.

The role of the caregivers of 22 patients treated in an intermittent nursing home programme was studied. Intermittent care was effective and often led to improvements in the patients. Because of their pronounced feeling of responsibility for these often very demanding patients, the main objection of the caregivers was that they wanted longer or more frequent nursing home periods than were currently offered. Half of the patients were regarded by the formal caregivers as more demanding than other clients in the home help service. In some cases the home helpers considered the patients more dependent in various activities of daily living than did the patients themselves. Meeting other people at the nursing home stimulated the patients and positively influenced the relationship between them and the home helpers. The most important aspect of intermittent care was its potential for variety, medical treatment and nursing care. The caregivers felt secure with it, which was necessary in order for them to relax when being relieved. (Aging 3: 51-56,1991)

In 1971/72 a representative sample of 70‐year‐olds was studied by means of psychological tests and personality inventories. Subjects showing evidence of dementia were excluded. Those who developed severe dementia between the ages of 70 and 79 were compared with those who did not. At 70, males subsequently developing dementia scored lower on a test of reasoning and on a test of perceptual speed, and needed more time to complete their tests than did the other males. At the same age, females subsequently developing dementia were slow on some of the tests, scored lower on a personality dimension pertaining to available resources of mental energy and scored higher on a personality dimension pertaining to a need to keep other people at a distance than did the other females. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the time taken to complete some of the cognitive tests and the personality dimension pertaining to mental energy independently predicted the development of severe dementia. There were no differences with regard to psychiatric diagnoses. The question whether these findings might be interpreted as early manifestations of dementia or as predisposing factors is as yet unanswered.

Abstract: In a representative population sample (n = 973) born 1901–1902 and examined at the ages of 70, 75, 79, and 81, the change in serum cobalamins with increasing age was studied by trend analysis using values obtained in single individuals at all four examinations. In subsamples without definable disorders, the mean annual decline was: among men 3.4 pmol/l (p < 0.05), among women 3.2 pmol/l (n.s.). The decline was possibly more pronounced among individuals with low and intermediate concentrations. The health‐related lower reference limits (the 2.5 percentile values of subsamples without definable disorders) did not differ significantly between sexes and age groups, but low concentrations or ongoing cobalamin medication became more common with advancing age. The results indicate a slight fall in serum cobalamins between age 70 and 81 but do not call for age‐related lower reference limits.

Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyVolume 39, Issue 4 p. 400-402 Salicylate Intoxication Presenting with “Pseudoexacerbation” of a Focal Neurologic Deficit Miriam B. Rodin MD, PhD, Miriam B. Rodin MD, PhD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this authorTodd P. Semla MS, PharmD, Corresponding Author Todd P. Semla MS, PharmD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Room 244, M/C 886, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612.Search for more papers by this authorAlvar Svanborg MD, PhD, Alvar Svanborg MD, PhD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this author Miriam B. Rodin MD, PhD, Miriam B. Rodin MD, PhD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this authorTodd P. Semla MS, PharmD, Corresponding Author Todd P. Semla MS, PharmD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Room 244, M/C 886, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612.Search for more papers by this authorAlvar Svanborg MD, PhD, Alvar Svanborg MD, PhD Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02908.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume39, Issue4April 1991Pages 400-402 RelatedInformation