Abstract The study presents a methodology for increasing the reliability of construction projects by developing and applying an algorithm for modeling possible accident occurrences. The research is based on a comprehensive statistical analysis of construction accidents from 2000 to 2022, identifying the most frequent causes and patterns of failures. The developed algorithm allows simulation of accident scenarios at different design and operational stages of a building, distinguishing three levels of modeling significance. The methodology was tested on a multi-storey industrial building using GSA standards. The analysis demonstrated that the proposed approach effectively identifies critical structural elements and potential failure scenarios, enabling preventive design measures. The practical significance of this work lies in its ability to provide engineers and designers with a reliable tool for predicting and preventing failures in construction projects, thereby improving structural safety and reducing economic losses. The results confirm the algorithm’s applicability as a practical tool for enhancing safety and robustness of building structures.

The article analyzes the techniques of landscape design in the castle territories of Oświęcim Castle, Malbork Castle, and Wawel Castle in Kraków. The main features of the territories and the influence of water bodies on the nature of the layout of recreational areas are determined. The common and distinctive features between the applied recreational techniques are analyzed, and on this basis, possible options for transforming the castle territories into park areas with a different set of functions are indicated. Despite the positive consequences, the landscaping of the historical forefield has certain problems, since it contributes to additional moistening of already subsiding soils, which, in turn, affects the soaking of foundations and gradually leads to soaking of masonry, subsidence of parts of buildings, and the appearance of active cracks, especially if part of the castle is located close to the water and not on an elevation (as in the Lower Castle in Malbork).

The article analyzes the problems of brickwork in historical fortifications. It is proven that in most cases, the causes and consequences of damage to brickwork are common to objects in different regions and in different countries. The experience of brickwork desalination, tested at objects in Ukraine by specialists of the Ukrrestavratsiia corporation, is described. Salt presence in brick masonry represents one of the key factors in the degradation ofhistoric monuments. The presence of soluble salts leads to the destruction of the porous structure of brick and mortar, initiates the formation ofefflorescence, and contributes to the gradual loss of historic substance. This process is particularly intensive in ground-level zones, where prolonged interaction with moisture drawn capillarily from the ground occurs. Removing salts only from the surface layer of the masonry and strengthening only the outer layer with hydrophobic substances does not solve the problem, since water-soluble salts remain in the masonry thickness. Specialists have developed a technology for desalination of the lower part of a brick wall to a height of 2-3 m from the ground surface in the absence of waterproofing and perimeter paving. The salinity level, salt composition, and causes of salinity (from groundwater, atmospheric pollution, etc.) are previously established.

The article analyzes the techniques of landscape design in the castle territories of O & sacute;wi & eogon;cim Castle, Malbork Castle, and Wawel Castle in Krak & oacute;w. The main features of the territories and the influence of water bodies on the nature of the layout of recreational areas are determined. The common and distinctive features between the applied recreational techniques are analyzed, and on this basis, possible options for transforming the castle territories into park areas with a different set of functions are indicated. Despite the positive consequences, the landscaping of the historical forefield has certain problems, since it contributes to additional moistening of already subsiding soils, which, in turn, affects the soaking offoundations and gradually leads to soaking of masonry, subsidence of parts of buildings, and the appearance of active cracks, especially if part of the castle is located close to the water and not on an elevation (as in the Lower Castle in Malbork).

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of conservation and restoration of facades of historical buildings, considered on the example of the Salesian Monastery in O & sacute;wi & eogon;cim. The main problems that arise in this case and ways to solve them are highlighted. A comparison of facade restoration technologies adopted in Polish and Ukrainian restoration schools and their development during the 19th-20thcenturies is carried out.

Museum gardens represent an important component of cultural landscapes, combining historical, aesthetic, and social values that contribute to community well-being and sustainable heritage management. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of museum gardens in Poltava, Ukraine, through the case studies of the Ivan Kotliarevskyi Memorial Museum, the Memorial Museum. The research aims to evaluate how the active conservation and functional use of these heritage spaces can support post-traumatic rehabilitation among civilians and military personnel affected by war-related stress disorders. The methodology integrates analytical and experimental approaches, field observations, photographic documentation, and survey-based investigations. Particular attention is given to landscape planning principles, spatial zoning, and the organization of nature-based activities within museum environments. The results demonstrate that the preservation and adaptive use of museum gardens create favorable conditions for psychological recovery and social interaction, highlighting the beneficial influence of landscape composition, natural elements, and cultural settings on the psychoemotional state of individuals experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms. The study emphasizes the role of museum gardens as living cultural landscapes whose conservation extends beyond the protection of physical heritage, contributing to human well-being and strengthening the social dimension of heritage sustainability. These findings support the integration of therapeutic and community-oriented functions into contemporary strategies for the conservation and valorization of cultural heritage.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern threats and vulnerabilities affecting computer networks in the context of the rapid development of digital technologies and the growing number of cyber threats targeting information infrastructures. Particular attention is paid to the study of architectural and protocol vulnerabilities in computer networks, especially at the data link and transport layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which are often exploited as initial entry points for sophisticated cyberattacks. The study provides a systematic classification of network threats and attacks according to their nature, origin, and the layer of the network architecture in which they occur. Passive and active attacks, as well as internal and external threats, are analyzed in terms of their impact on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information resources. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of modern network reconnaissance and scanning techniques, which are widely used both by cybersecurity professionals for security auditing and penetration testing and by malicious actors to identify vulnerabilities in network infrastructures. A separate section of the article focuses on the analysis of architectural vulnerabilities at the data link layer caused by the lack of authentication mechanisms in fundamental protocols of the IEEE 802 family. The study describes several common attack techniques based on manipulation of Ethernet frames, including MAC table flooding, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing, VLAN hopping, as well as attacks targeting Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) infrastructure and the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). Considerable attention is also devoted to the analysis of Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, which remain among the most widespread and dangerous cyber threats affecting modern information systems. The study also highlights the role of botnets and compromised Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the execution of large-scale distributed attacks. The increasing number of poorly secured IoT devices significantly expands the attack surface and enables cybercriminals to generate extremely high traffic volumes capable of disrupting the availability of critical information resources. Based on the conducted analysis, the article substantiates the necessity of implementing a comprehensive approach to computer network security. Such an approach integrates configuration-based, cryptographic, and organizational security measures implemented at different layers of the network infrastructure. The results of the study may be applied in the development of information security policies, the design of secure corporate network infrastructures, cybersecurity auditing, and the training of specialists in the fields of information technology and cybersecurity.

The article is devoted to the study of underground spaces of architectural monuments. Using the example of architectural monuments located in Ukraine, the Czech Republic and Poland – the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv, Špilberk Castle in Brno and the castle in Oświęcim – the most common problems of preservation, restoration and modern use of their underground spaces are analyzed. A comparative analysis of underground spaces of different times, different functions and in different regions showed the commonality of their preservation problems. A set of measures to eliminate the emergency state of underground spaces and options for their modern use is determined.

The multicultural nature of the study determined the appropriate methodology and scientific approaches, as well as a broader list of research methods. A scientific research apparatus was developed based on the method of systemic and structural analysis, which made it possible to analyze the phenomenon of national identity in the architecture of Ukraine in different historical periods in a comprehensive manner, taking into account related factors of influence, such as historical, natural and climatic, ethnographic, etc. That is why the phenomenon of Ukrainian national identity was analyzed more broadly, taking into account other spheres of society, at three hierarchical levels – 1st – everyday life, 2nd – artistic creativity, 3rd – architecture. To address the goals and objectives of the study, a scientific apparatus was created to study the phenomenon of Ukrainian national identity at various levels with the development of structural and logical models. The first model is a flowchart that represents the systemic and structural characteristics of Ukrainian national identity with manifestations in intangible and material culture.The second model is the manifestations of national identity at the everyday level, in artistic creation and in architecture with the corresponding connections between the components. These are three levels of manifestations of national identity in society.The third model – the systemic-structural model of national identity at the everyday level – allows us to determine how these manifestations specifically occur in oral folk art and rituals.The fourth model of such manifestations concerns the visual arts, namely secular and religious art. It also analyzes decorative techniques in architecture.The fifth model describes in matrix form the manifestations of national traits in different types of architecture and the differences between them. Such a model makes it possible to determine the main feature of such manifestations in architecture in comparison with other levels – not through virtual methods or two-dimensionality, but by means of creating three-dimensional space.

The article is devoted to the history of two castles in Oświęcim and Špilberk in Brno and their modern adaptation to museum functions. The stages of the formation of fortifications, the specifics of the architectural and compositional solution and planning are studied. Today, the castles in Oświęcim and Špilberk in Brno operate as museums representing the history of the cities and the castle itself. A special feature is the presence of underground premises that date back to the times of Austrian rule. The mission of the museums is to popularize the history of Oświęcim and Brno, the heritage, traditions and culture of the cities. For this purpose, the protection of cultural values, the documentation of historical facts and the collection of archaeological, historical and ethnographic exhibits related to Oświęcim, the Oświęcim region and Brno are ensured. Each of the museums conducts extensive exhibition and publishing activities. The idea of creating museum exhibits is to show the complex and centuries-old history of the cities of Oświęcim and Brno. Both castle museums cooperate with numerous museums, educational and cultural institutions in popularizing history.

The article deals with the problem of access to recreation for children with reduced mobility. Using the example of a historical residential area in the former Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet Grove) in Kyiv, problems with access to playgrounds for children with reduced mobility were revealed. Despite the unique ecological possibilities of the area and its own ecosystem with plenty of greenery and clean air, children's leisure areas remain unorganized. The Polish (in Cracow and Oświęcim) experience of playgrounds designed in historic neighborhoods for children with disabilities was analyzed. In Poland, there are two approaches to meeting the needs of children with disabilities in playgrounds. The first option is the so-called integrated one, when playground equipment is available for both healthy and disabled children. It aims to integrate children into the community. The second option is only for children with disabilities, so the play equipment has some specificity for a child in a wheelchair.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the world experience of placing and arranging military memorials, the study of the development of forms of commemoration of the fallen defenders of Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war in the period from 2014 to 2024 and the determination of the military memorials' possible types, options for their placement in the settlements' structure, their functional composition, forms of burials (traditional and/or urn), symbols that will be used. The article first examines the forms of spontaneous commemoration that arose in Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war and were then partially institutionalized by decisions of local governments and central government bodies. The practice of dealing with existing Soviet military memorials is considered from the point of view of fulfilling the requirements of the laws of Ukraine aimed at decommunization and countering Russian imperial propaganda. The main possible options for placing memorial complexes in Ukraine, their functional composition and figurative and symbolic solutions are determined. It has been proven that such memorial complexes should become not only a place of remembrance symbols, but also museum and educational centres where one can learn about the country's history through the stories of the lives and deaths of individual people.

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area – the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers’ Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed.

This article analyses the specificity of conveying the tragedy of war through artistic photography. Comparing photos from the Vietnam War and the contemporary Russian-Ukrainian war illustrates how the range of figurative means has expanded. Photography of the Vietnam War had a narrow range of topics and limited methods of conveying content. In contrast, Ukrainian frontline photography is more diverse, with unconventional techniques emerging in military artistic photography. Many romantic photographs depicting landscapes and animals have surfaced, and the role of symbolism in photographic images has increased. This article aims to highlight the differences between past and present frontline photography while emphasising the greater symbolism and hidden meaning present in contemporary photography, as the tragedy of war resonates with the viewer through indirect allusions.

The article traces the genesis of the simple Arabic hypostyle mosque to the centrally-planned mosque of the Ottoman type. It is argued that the architectural development of plan types and volume-compositional characteristics did not depend on political processes and several rulers, but rather on those changes that took place in the traditions of the Islamic school of architecture. Three main periods of mosque architecture with sub-periods are defined: the early period of the introduction of Islam (641–749), the middle period (750–1550), and the late period (1551–1911). Each of the periods was characterized by noticeable changes in planning, design, structural schemes, and decoration.

The article raises the problem of radical changes in the urban environment as a result of military operations. The history of the settlement of Borodianka and the town of Irpin, which suffered significant destruction in the first months of the war, is given. The on-site inspections of damaged objects – visual and instrumental – carried out by the authors of the article are described, and conclusions were obtained about the amount of damage and the results of the impact of various types of shelling on various types of structures. Given the large volume of buildings that cannot be restored, a radical change in the established urban environment is predicted.

The article analyzes the experience of replacing expositions in Kyiv museums during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Since most of the museums that fell under the Russian occupation were looted or destroyed, and museums in other territories of Ukraine suffered from shelling, one of the options for preserving unique exhibits is their temporary relocation for storage abroad or hiding in shell-proof storage facilities. Instead, their place is occupied by modern exhibitions of photographs, works of contemporary art, modern decorative products, etc. The principles of replacing permanent exhibitions with temporary ones are considered on the examples of two of the most famous Kyiv museums – the Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko National Museum of Art and the National Museum "Kyiv Art Gallery". In parallel, the authors presented an artistic photographic exhibition by Serhii Belinsky in the project of Yulia Ivashko "The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it (Jn 1.5)" curated by Aneta Pawłowska, which was presented in various European cities.

The article is devoted to the current topic of the destructive impact of wars on the state of historical and cultural heritage. The vulnerability of architectural monuments to the chaos of war was evidenced by the recent events of the war in Ukraine. The thesis of the article is illustrated by examples of the destruction of specific objects in Chernigov. As any war comes to an end and the question of reconstruction and restoration of the destroyed is raised, the experience of rebuilding the Old Town in Warsaw, which officially introduced a new direction in the restoration activity – restitution, is analysed, and the fate of museum collections in Slovakia is also analysed. The presented good conservation practices and their results in the reconstruction of Warsaw's historical monuments can be used in the development of detailed action plans for the reconstruction of objects related to the national heritage of Ukraine. It also seems expedient to use the principles of urban logistics when analysing and designing, and then implementing the assumptions of the operation of reconstructed historic cities.

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the “footing-foundation-structure” system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts – foundations, walls, side-chapels.

Kadetskyi Hai is a historical eco-system on the territory of the Solomyanski district in Kyiv. The uniqueness of this eco-system lies in the fact that it has been preserved in the structure of the metropolis and preserves the features of a natural forest park. Despite the fact that the war did not cause irreparable destruction to the Kadetskyi Hai, this eco-system also felt the impact of the war. In particular, due to the sounds of alarms and shooting down of missiles and drones, certain types of birds have left these places, short-eared owls do not nest, and the population of hedgehogs and squirrels has decreased. The second negative factor affecting vegetation, birds and animals is climate change. The purpose of the research is to consider the problems of the Kadetskyi Hai in the general direction of the problems of war-destroyed natural eco-systems of Ukraine. The research objectives were defined: - to characterize the uniqueness of the Kadetsky Grove eco-system on the site of the former village of Pervomaiske from St. Chapek to St. Nishchynskyi; - identify the main problems of this eco-system"; - consider the problems of the eco-system in the area of the former village of Pervomaiske from St. Chapek to St. Nishchynskyi in the general series of environmental challenges during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The relevance of the research topic corresponds to the declared laziness in the restoration of eco-systems destroyed by the war, the preservation of existing natural eco-systems and the formation of new ones.