Hordeum vulgare L. is a self-pollinating cereal crop cultivated widely with a diploid genome consisting of seven chromosome pairs. The primary industrial use of barley is for malting, which is further used by the brewing, distillation, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Barley is unique among other cereal crops due to the relatively higher concentration of β-glucan, a non-cellulosic polysaccharide that is inversely correlated with its malting quality. The selection of a barley cultivar for specific end-use applications is determined by the concentration of β-glucan, with cultivars possessing a high β-glucan concentration being preferred for food-related purposes. In addition to various other factors pertaining to grain and malt quality, the malting industry prefers low levels of grain β-glucan. Several advancements in molecular and biochemical pathways associated with barley can potentially be studied with its whole genome sequence availability. This review examines the morphological characteristics of barley, the regulatory parameters of malt quality, and their associated QTLs. Furthermore, recent advancements in biotechnology and breeding techniques are explored, with the aim of developing improved indigenous barley malt genotypes, which uplift the export of quality malt and strengthen the nation’s economy. This review comprehensively analyzes both classical and advanced molecular approaches, such as traditional breeding, doubled haploid, marker-assisted selection, TILLING, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, to improve barley malt germplasm.

Malaxis acuminata was evaluated as a representative indigenous medicinal botanical species to characterize transcriptome-derived secondary metabolite pathway potential. This study used a publicly available de novo transcriptome annotation dataset containing transcript/scaffold identifiers, KEGG orthology identifiers, pathway annotations, protein accessions, alignment scores, and E-values. The dataset was cleaned, standardized, and screened for secondary metabolite associated pathways using terms related to phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, stilbenoid, gingerol, steroid, terpenoid, diterpenoid, alkaloid, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and zeatin metabolism. Descriptive pathway analysis identified 147 transcript-level annotation records, including 130 unique KEGG orthology identifiers and 70 pathway names. Among these, 23 records were associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis or precursor metabolism, representing 10 pathway categories. Phenylalanine metabolism was the most represented pathway, followed by stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis. Pathway-class analysis showed that phenolic and phenylpropanoid-related pathways accounted for 60.9% of secondary metabolite-associated records, followed by alkaloid-related, terpenoid/steroid-related, flavonoid-related, and phytohormone-related pathways. High-confidence annotations were observed for stilbenoid/gingerol biosynthesis, zeatin biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis. These findings indicate diverse molecular pathway potential in M. acuminata, with dominant phenylalanine-derived and phenolic biosynthetic signatures. The analysis supports transcriptome annotation as a useful approach for molecular characterization of secondary metabolite pathways in non model indigenous medicinal plants. However, findings require future targeted validation using expression profiling, metabolomics, and enzyme assays.

This study aims to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using natural plant extract as an alternative method to tackle the global health threat of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). The extract of Aloe vera leaves was mixed with silver nitrate solutions (AgNO3) at an appropriate concentration and incubated at room temperature for 24 hrs. The characterisation of nanoparticles for the determination of shape, size, and crystalline parameters was done using TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A change in colour from pale yellow to brown indicated nanoparticle synthesis, for which the surface plasmon resonance peak ranged from ~410 to ~430 nm, observed in UV-Vis spectroscopy. The concentration-dependent increase in AgNPs size ranged from 20 nm with 0.1 mM AgNO3 to 500 nm with 10.0 mM AgNO3. The AgNPs were crystalline structures with a crystallite size range of 21.71 to 26.05 nm and showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus when prepared using 1.0 mM AgNO3. A reduction in the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was observed as the Nanoparticle size increased. Therefore, this study could represent a significant alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of S. aureus infections. Major Findings: Aloe vera extract facilitated the green synthesis of crystalline silver nanoparticles, confirmed by UV– Vis, TEM, and XRD. The size of AgNPs increased with higher AgNO₃ concentration (approximately 20–500 nm), showing a concentration-dependent formation. Small AgNPs (~50 nm) exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, suggesting potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent.

Endophytic fungi inhabit plants asymptomatically and produce host-like bioactive metabolites. This study reports the isolation and identification of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus novoparasiticus CBS126849 (MTCC-13997) from the roots of Capparis decidua (“Ker/Kair”), highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive compounds and enzymes. The isolate was recognized based on phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence and morphological features. A. novoparasiticus (MTCC-13997) ethyl acetate crude extract (An-EtOAcE) exhibited notable antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and extracellular enzymatic activities. The results revealed that An-EtOAcE exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, with maximum inhibition against E. coli (MIC = 0.78 µg/mL) and A. niger (MIC = 3.125 µg/mL). It also showed notable antioxidant activities in both DPPH (IC90 = 278.39 ± 5.34 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC90 = 191.52 ± 3.47 µg/mL) assays, and cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 0.241 mg/mL. Furthermore, An-EtOAcE showed significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition in antidiabetic activities with IC90 of 125.90 ± 1.32 and 80.60 ± 2.74 µg/mL, respectively. A. novoparasiticus exhibited the highest production of L-asparaginase, ligninolytic, amylase, and protease enzymes in qualitative plate assays. GC–MS analysis of An-EtOAcE identified a complex mixture of 64 compounds, with aziridine, 2-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-1-(2-propenyl)-, trans- (11.22

The development of environmentally friendly and efficient protocol for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is the current demand of synthetic community. Solvent-free synthesis has emerged as a sustainable approach reducing waste generation, and minimizing environmental impact. In this connection, we have developed a solvent-free method for the construction of five membered heterocycles i.e. isoxazoline and pyrazoline from α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and Hydrazine/hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This protocol involves the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and hydrazine hydrochloride/hydroxylamine hydrochloride under solvent free conditions to provide the substituted isoxazoline and pyrazoline in excellent yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized through 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectral data and IR. These newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antihyperglycemic activity using sucrose loaded diabetic model. Isoxazoline derivatives offered potent antihyperglycemic response than correspondence pyrazoline derivatives. Compounds bearing isoxazoline ring II A and II E showed maximum % fall of blood glucose level than control group which was comparable to the standard drug metformin. The newer compounds VIA, VIB, and VIC also evaluated for their anti-hyperglycemic activities, compound VIC showed appreciable response (62.5% antihyperglycemic activity).

To study the principal component analysis in eighty two wheat genotype including with three check varieties namely HD1544, DBW110 and GW322 in Augmented block design at research farm, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, During Rabi season 2019-20. Principal component analysis is a procedure describes by Banfield (1978). PCA mostly performed on two types of data matrices viz., variance- covariance matrix and correlation matrix.The percent variance accounted for each principal component (PC) is expressed as the Eigen value divided by the sum of Eigen values.Out of fifteen, seven principal components accounted more than one eigen value viz., PC1 (2.69), PC2 (2.35), PC3 (1.76), PC4 (1.39), PC5 (1.22) and PC6 (1.14) with showed about 70.48 % variability within the traits observed for each genotype. Eigen value and percent of variance associated with every principal, slowly reduced and stopped at 7.63.The first (PC) which accounted maximum variability was more related to the traits viz., grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and days to maturity so it must be considered. The second one (PC2) included the traits peduncle length, plant height and flag leaf length. The third principal component (PC3) accounted positive effects for 1000 grain weight, flag leaf width and grain yield per plant.The fourth principal component (PC4) was more related to the traits spike length, canopy temperature, 1000 grain weight and days to heading. The fifth principal component (PC5) accounted positive effects for chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, harvest index and spike length, whereas, the sixth principal component (PC6) were more related to flag leaf width, days to maturity, flag leaf length and biological yield per plant.

This research aims to develop a novel smart pH-responsive carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum/sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (CMTKG/SA/PAM) hydrogel, and the loading of azithromycin drug (AZM) was done to utilize the drug-loaded hydrogels in drug delivery. The effect of varying amounts of biopolymer (CMTKG), initiator, and crosslinker on the swelling behavior of hydrogels was assessed. The fabricated hydrogel was characterized using FTIR, PXRD, TGA, and SEM. The sol-gel analysis was also performed to identify the crosslinked portion in the hydrogel. Further, to check the pH responsiveness of the hydrogel, swelling and drug release studies were performed at pH 7.4 and 1.2, which revealed the pH-dependent behavior of the synthesized hydrogel, and the results revealed better swelling and drug release at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. The kinetic study reveals that experimental data fitted best with the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models. In addition, the synthesized hydrogel demonstrated antibacterial properties. Hence, CMTKG/SA/PAM hydrogel can serve as a promising material for the pH-dependent release of model drugs.

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Sonipat has conducted the 205 frontline demonstrations on wheat crop during the year 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 in 73 villages at farmers’ field in district Sonipat and demonstrated the improved agricultural practices and analysed the received economic benefits over the farmers’ practices. The recommended agronomic and engineering practices like in-situ residue incorporation, optimum seed rate, optimised line sowing, use of bio-fertilizer, recommended integrated nutrient and insect pest management over the farmers practice were followed to evaluate the yield and economic performance of wheat varieties HD 2967, HD 3086 and DBW 222 during the rabi season in each year. The three years data revealed that the frontline demonstrations of improved technologies gave mean yield of 46.26 qha-1 while the mean yield of farmers practice was observed as 42.25 qha-1 with overall increased in yield over the farmers practice as 9.81 percent. The extension and technological gap showed a variable trend in each year which indicated that problem centric approach to educate the farmers should be emphasized in the district so as to obtain a stable and reversible trend in gaps. The mean extension gap was observed as 4.06 qha-1 while the mean technological gap was observed as 26.73 qha-1. The benefit cost ratio under frontline demonstrations was 2.66 and under farmers practice was 2.28. The farm operations under improved practices saved gross expenditure of Rs. 2644 Rsha-1 and additional returns due to demonstration of improved technologies were received as 9773 Rsha-1. The major constraint faced by the farmer (95%) was shortage of time for sowing of wheat due to late harvesting of paddy crop followed by inconvenience in paddy crop residue management (92%) although farmers were satisfied with availability of latest farm machinery in the district.

EdgeAI integrates artificial intelligence with edge computing, enabling real-time decision-making in industrial applications. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, EdgeAI enhances process efficiency, predictive maintenance, and quality control by analyzing data locally, reducing cloud dependency, and improving system responsiveness. This paper examines the role of EdgeAI and embedded systems in optimizing pharmaceutical production, ensuring regulatory compliance, and minimizing downtime. A review of recent advancements highlights how AI-driven edge computing enables rapid fault detection, automated drug formulation monitoring,

The turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor) is one of the most important medicinal mushrooms because it contains a variety of effective bioactive compounds. This study aimed to produce a novel biomaterial to combat microbial infections without any harmful effects. Accordingly, an eco-friendly and non-toxic silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) was synthesized using the aqueous extract of T. versicolor. In this study, the qualitative tests of T. versicolor were analyzed and AgNPs was synthesized. The T. versicolor mushroom extract showed positive tests for the bioactive compounds phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. The myco-synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy and a strong absorbance peak was found at 423 nanometers. The biosynthetic method developed in this study for producing AgNPs has distinct advantages over chemical methods such as high biosafety, being ecofriendly and non-toxic to the environment.

Herein, the current research is concerned with the appraisal of physicochemical behavior of l-ascorbic acid in H2O as well as (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mol.kg−1) [Bmim][Cl]/[Bmim][BF4] + H2O media at distinct temperatures commencing 293.15 K to 313.15 K and investigational pressure, P = 0.1 MPa. The physicochemical properties have been studied for the interpretation of various probable interactions prepondering in the premeditated mixtures. For all the investigated solutions, the insinuated density, velocity of sound and dynamic viscosity values have been employed for the determination of several parameters like apparent molar volume (Vϕ), apparent molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,s), limiting apparent molar volume (V0ϕ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression (K0ϕ,s), limiting apparent molar volume of transfer (∆trV0ϕ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression of transfer (∆trK0ϕ,s), limiting apparent molar expansibility (E0ϕ), viscosity A, B-coefficients, (∂2V0ϕ/∂T2), dBdT and thermodynamic properties (Δμ10,Δμ20, ΔH20, TΔS20) at distinct temperatures. From the obtained results, it has been manifested that there is a progression in solute-IL interactions with increase in concentration of IL. Further, on evaluation of the results of dBdT and (∂2V0ϕ/∂T2), it has been figured out that l-ascorbic acid shows structure breaking behavior in the chosen solvent media. Additionally, via UV–vis spectral examination, it has been conceded that there is supremacy of effective hydrophilic interactions amid l-ascorbic acid and [Bmim][Cl]/[Bmim][BF4] in the prepared mixtures which is in synchronization with the outcomes of other physicochemical studies.

Rice straw, which is produced after the harvest of rice, is a major agricultural waste in the world. Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin. When rice straw is burned, hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen monoxide are released into the air as smoke(less than 10 μm-sized particles). The rise in the burning of rice straw has contributed to too many accidents and health issues in the general population residing in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh of India. These states are being urged by the National Green Tribunal to generate money instead of burning rice straw.Even though these lignocellulosic materials might be beneficial, not much has been carried out with them. This overview covers the properties of rice straw and husks, the numerous procedures used to create valuable products, and various applications that may be made for them. These include energy sources,environmental adsorbents, building supplies, and specialist commodities.

Within the family Bromoviridae, the genus Cucumovirus includes the rapidly spreading plant pathogen known as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which affects over 1200 species across 100 families of monocot and dicot plants. Chilli is highly susceptible to CMV, which can result in a variety of symptoms as mottling and yellowing of the leaves, and ultimately the distortion of the chilli leaf and fruit, which can cause significant financial losses. In the current investigation, we have gathered the chilli leaves exhibiting the typical CMV symptoms from the Pothia block of Kishanganj, specifically from Kharkhari, Motihara, Ganyabari, Lodhabari, and Arrabari. The CMV was identified using the Dot immunobinding assay and the direct antigen coating-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA of 165 suspicious samples collected, 47 were found to be positive for the CMV antisera. Remaining 118 field samples tested negative for CMV antisera, which may be affected with other biotic and abiotic stresses. Incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus was varies in between 20% to 33% against CMV antiserum in and around of the Pothia block of Kishanganj.

In an endeavor to invent new antimalarial and antimicrobial agents, a series of coumarin bound 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized through Cu(I)-promoted click reaction between coumarin bound terminal alkynes, that is, 4/7-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one and 2-azido-N-arylpropanamides. The synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles were characterized by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR, and HRMS techniques and were assessed for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum as well as in vitro antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). Compound 7o [(N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed better activity against P. falciparum while compound 7y [(N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed excellent activity against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains, amongst the synthesized triazoles. Also, the molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds against DNA gyrase (S. aureus) were also performed to have an insight on binding interactions.

The objectives of the present study were to analyze polymorphisms in the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) genes in the Egyptian buffalo breed, and also to explore genetic diversity across Egyptian, Murrah, and Bhadawari buffalo populations. Genotyping was conducted using PCR-SSCP and sequencing techniques. Results indicate significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the Egyptian buffalo breed for GPAM, DGAT1, and SCD1 genes, with Murrah significantly differing at DGAT1 and SCD1 genes. Bhadawari breed significantly deviated from HWE only at DGAT1 gene. Pairwise comparison between populations revealed the shortest genetic distance between Egyptian and Murrah, while the longest between Bhadawari and Murrah. Multiple SNPs were identified in the genes under study, with alterations of amino acid sequences. These findings reveal novel genetic variants with potential implications for lipid metabolism and milk quality in Egyptian buffalo. Further research is warranted to elucidate the functional significance and breeding applications of these variations.

Consumption of Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoTN/A) contaminated foods has increased the public health issues which necessitates the development of rapid and simple diagnostic tools for their sensitive detection. Electrochemical aptasensors can replace existing biosensors and traditional methods of BoTN/A detection in foods. These aptasensors are simple, quick response, economic, precise, sensitive, accurate and reproducible. In the present study, an electrochemical aptasensor was constructed by immobilizing BoTN/A specific aptamer and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) onto screen printed gold electrode (SPGE) for the detection of BoTN/A in spiked food samples. The specificity of this aptasensor was achieved by conjugating BoTN/A specific aptamer on rGO/ SPGE. Test sample containing BoTN/A form aptamer-BoTN/A complex onto SPGE which was directly proportional to BoTN/A concentration. Formation of aptamer-BoTN/A complex reduced the surface of working SPGE for redox reactions. Thus decreased the current peaks that was taken as measuring signal of BoTN/A in test food sample. BoTN/A aptasensor showed optimum response at pH 6.5 and 30 degrees C temperature. The responsetime of BoTN/A/aptamer/rGO/SPGE was 6 s. In optimum conditions aptamer/rGO/SPGE BoTN/A aptasensor exhibited wide linearity ranges from 1-100 pM and 1 pM limit of detection (LOD). The analytical recoveries of aptamer/ rGO/SPGE BoTN/A aptasensor at 5 pM and 10 pM BoTN/A were 98.5 % and 99.8 % respectively. The proposed aptasensor showed unique sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy. Moreover, aptamer/rGO/SPGE aptasensor was used for the detection of BoTN/A in five different types of food samples.