Sugar consumption has increased considerably in recent times. Its consumption has been considered an addiction and has gained attention by global healthcare agencies. Sugar consumption has serious health effects and is being documented as an aetiological factor for many systemic diseases. Experts have recommendations to control the consumption and suggested that there is excessive sugar consumption in the diet, especially added and refined sugars, among all age groups and around the globe. Taxation on such products has been a critical element of a comprehensive regulatory strategy. A lot of taxes have been introduced on such products, and sugar-sweetened beverages are primarily targeted due to their increasing consumption pattern. The objective of this study is to identify different types of taxes effective on sugar-rich dietary products, identify the countries around the globe that have introduced such taxes, and document the implementation year and amount of tax. This systematic literature review can become an important tool showcasing the essential findings from various countries around the globe. More than 50 countries have implemented such taxes, and if not, the tax on volume import duty has been increased for the products to reduce their usage. Beverages with higher sugar concentrations have increased taxes, resulting in increased prices, which should definitely control their usage. Specific studies are needed to understand the effectiveness of tobacco taxation as a key policy measure for driving success.

Abstract Aims and Objectives: The present study assessed the knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors related to tobacco use surveillance among both teaching and nonteaching staff members before and after implementing the “Tobacco Free School” intervention. This initiative targeted establishing tobacco-free environments, specifically in Marathi medium-high schools within the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune District, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: Data for the serial cross-sectional study were gathered using a validated questionnaire administered to teaching and nonteaching staff members at these schools at baseline and follow-up. The intervention was conducted in three schools between June 2019 and September 2020. The number and percentage for each question concerning knowledge, perception, and practice were calculated with a confidence interval of 95% and a P value of <0.05 considered significant. The McNemar test was employed to assess whether there was a significant difference between pre- and post-study results. Results and Discussion: Ninety percent of teachers demonstrated awareness of the law. Familiarity with two specific sections of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act 2003: Sections 4 and 6 showed a 39% difference in knowledge acquired between pre- and post-study results. Staff members were better aware of the tobacco vendors setting up shop outside the educational institution post-survey ( P = 0.03). Conclusion: Staff members learned about tobacco products’ content, ill effects, and better-perceived tobacco control. Based on the respondent’s reply (61%) on the presence of tobacco vendors within 100 yards, the offending vendor’s picture was uploaded on the “Tobacco Monitor App” so that prompt action could be initiated by the State Tobacco Control Cell.

Introduction:Utilizing 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been demonstrated in clinical trials to prevent and halt early childhood caries (ECC). Based on a research evaluation, it has been found that 38% SDF can effectively prevent new tooth decay and stop existing tooth decay in children's primary teeth. Objective:This study aimed to assess the survival of teeth treated with repeated applications of 38% SDF in children with ECC and to compare the outcomes between single and multiple applications. Materials and methods:A split-mouth, double-blind, active-control, parallel-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted following Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. Children aged 4-5 years with bilateral ECC were recruited from a primary government school in Maharashtra, India. Treatment involved applying 38% SDF to carious lesions, with lesions randomized into two groups: single application and double application. Follow-ups were conducted at 6 and 12 months to assess lesion progression, depth, and survival. Results:Eighty-four primary carious teeth from 42 female participants were included. Lesions were predominantly occlusal or proximal, with varying sizes and depths. After 12 months, 12 lesions failed in group I (single application) and 3 in group II (double application). The intergroup comparison of mean levels at 12 months showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01). Intragroup comparisons showed an increase in lesion depth and level from baseline to 6 months, with a subsequent rise from 6 to 12 months in group I. The mean survival rate of teeth after SDF application at the end of 12 months was around 94% for group II, while for group I it further decreased from 70 to 58%. Conclusion:Repeated applications of 38% SDF showed improved survival rates of teeth in children with ECC compared to single applications. Double application of SDF demonstrated superior efficacy in maintaining tooth survival over 12 months. How to cite this article:Kharat PB, Rajpurohit L, Mathur A, et al. Survival of Silver Diamine Fluoride Varnish Treated Teeth among Children with Single/Multiple Applications: A Split-mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(11):1211-1218.

Dental caries is a global burden for oral health. Pit and fissure sealants applied in childhood can help prevent caries; however, knowledge and awareness among parents regarding the prophylactic benefit of dental sealants are uncertain. This review was conducted with an aim to assess the awareness of parents toward pit and fissure sealants globally. A bibliographic search in the biomedical databases was conducted from inception till December 2022 with no restrictions on the language. The quality assessment of the studies was performed using the quality assessment checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. The search found 12 eligible publications that were included in the review. Intraexaminer reliability Cohen's kappa (kappa = 0.96) was assessed between two reviewers who independently screened, extracted data from included studies, and assessed risk of bias. Ten studies were found to have high risk while two had low risk of bias. The knowledge and awareness among parents regarding dental sealants ranged from 10.4 to 71%. The pooled data of 12 studies showed the overall knowledge of parents toward pit and fissure sealant to be 29%. Parents are found to be aware and supportive toward the usage of dental sealant as a caries preventive agent for their children. However, the level of awareness regarding pit and fissure sealant in this review varied from low to high which was not dependent on the parent's level of education, and overall awareness was found to be poor. Moreover, majority of the studies had high risk of bias. Future studies should strive for better methodological standards to avoid bias.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Internet addiction and its effect on sleep patterns and university academic performance among dental undergraduates. Methodology A total of 400 dental undergraduates were targeted in a cross-sectional setting. The students were invited to fill out a pretested questionnaire consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Internet Addiction Test. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (version 20.0). Frequencies and percentages along with mean and standard deviation were calculated. Results A total of 274 study subjects participated in the study out of which the majority of respondents were females (N = 230; 83.9%). Seventy-six percent of the population was using the Internet for 0 to 6 hours. Excellent academic performance scores have not been reported in any of the years except the second year. The mean global PSQI score and Internet addiction score both are seen to be reducing as the year of study increases. Internet addiction is positively associated with poor PSQI scores. Conclusion The authors concluded that adequate sleep is undoubtedly the most important factor. Internet usage is a dynamic issue; the students need to manage it in a strict schedule to manage a decent total sleeping time.

AIM: To compare different forms of newer tooth brushing techniques and oral health educational approaches so as to assess how well these children's oral health knowledge, oral hygiene practises, plaque and gingival status, and dental caries status have improved as a result of the implementation of various OHE techniques for visually impaired school children. METHODOLOGY: Comprehensive data search was conducted in EBSCO Host, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of science until 31st January 2023 for studies in English language. Three reviewers critically assessed the studies for eligibility criteria, and data extraction was performed. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using a quality assessment Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized control trials (RoB 2.0) RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 32 manuscripts after screening through titles and abstracts, full text and removing duplicates. In the end, 6 articles were included in systematic review according to pre-set eligibility criteria. The present review emphasised on newer oral health educational approaches for visually impaired children and improvement in their oral hygiene practices and plaque status. CONCLUSION: The visually impaired children should be provided with the knowledge and abilities they'll need to take care of their oral health and hygiene on their own.

Objective: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is manifested by symptoms such as palpable fibrotic bands, ulceration, presence of stiffness in the mouth and lip, xerostomia, pigmentation in the oral mucosal layer, and burning sensation and drying of the mouth. It poses a challenge for researchers as there is no viable therapy for this gradually debilitating disorder with a high malignancy potential. Ayurveda is a traditional medicinal practice of the past and present times which can be useful in providing a viable cure. Thus, the current study was designed to assess and compare the effect of Oxitard capsule and Immusante tablet on the clinical and subjective symptoms of OSMF. Material and Methods: The study included 36 patients with clinically diagnosed OSMF who were split evenly into two groups: Group A, the Oxitard group, and Group B, the Immusante group. For three months, Group A received two Oxitard capsules twice daily, while Group B received two Immusante tablets twice daily. At regular intervals, the clinical parameters were evaluated, and the data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. P-value≤0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: On assessment of mouth opening, tongue protrusion, cheek flexibility and subjective symptoms there was significant improvement reported in both groups. In group comparison, the Oxitard and Immusante groups showed a significant difference in cheek flexibility at 3 months. There were no significant differences in subjective symptoms in either of the groups pre- and post-treatment. Conclusion: Efficacy of both the drugs were equall was found to be similar when used as an adjunct to tobacco cessation counselling in the management of early stages of oral submucous fibrosis when used as an adjunct to behavioral management.

Background.This cross-sectional study investigated root caries prevalence among older adults in Miraj, India.Methods.Stratified cluster sampling was used; 891 (5%) of households were randomly selected in each of the nine wards in Miraj.Between January and June 2022, individuals aged ≥55 years from the selected households were invited to undergo oral examination.Root caries status was determined using the root caries index.Periodontal status was determined using the Community Periodontal Index.Sugar intake was determined using the sweet score.Data on the use of tobacco products and oral hygiene practices were collected using a self-administered questionnaire.Results.Of 1756 participants, 493 (28.1%) had root caries.The mean root caries index was 1.72±0.44,and the prevalence of recession with decay was 2.0%.The prevalences of periodontal pockets and loss of attachment were 10.5% and 92.6%, respectively.Caries was present in 82.0% of participants with a sugar score in the 'watch out zone' and 13.3% of participants with a 'good' sugar score.Conclusions.28.1% of older adults in Miraj had root caries.No root caries had fillings, which suggests low emphasis on oral health.Caries prevention measures should be implemented for older adults.

Background: An individual’s level of education has great influence on oral health. The oral health value scale (OHVS) is a newly developed scale which is comprised of four subscales which forms a prime behavior in preventing poor oral health. Modified Dental anxiety scale (MDAS) is a widely used scale for assessing dental anxiety. Objective: The study was conducted to correlate dental anxiety on oral health value of a professional adult and its effect on age. Methods and Materials: Cross-sectional study was conducted among (n=116) professional adults. Voluntary sampling technique was considered to recruit the participants. Demographic data, two pre-validated tools i.e., the MDAS and OHVS were used to obtain the data. Results: Out of 116 participants 64% were males and 36% were females. Females had significantly high level of anxiety compared to males (p=0.001). There was significant association of MDAS and OHVs with age (p≤0.005). Pearson correlation between MDAS and OHVS showed a positive association with the flossing subscale and a negative association with professional dental care, retaining natural teeth and appearance subscale of OHVS. Conclusion: An individual’s score of OHVS is found to be influenced by dental anxiety. Factors like professional dental care has been reported to be inversely associated with dental anxiety. Individuals with high anxiety need to be counselled for building a positive attitude towards oral hygiene which will give high values to oral health.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Its incidence is increasing globally, with a significant impact on public health. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a form of tobacco consumption that has been associated with various health risks, including potential effects on glucose homeostasis. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between SLT use and T2DM. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the relationship of age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, physical activity, and periodontal status with T2DM participants. Methods: The study was conducted over 24 months and included 82 T2DM cases and 164 non-diabetic controls. Demographic data, tobacco use, medical history, oral hygiene habits, BMI, and periodontal status were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and interviews. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 26.0 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, Illinois). Results: The majority of T2DM cases were in the age group of 31-50 years, and there was a significant association between gender and T2DM, with more males being diabetic. There was no significant association between SES and diabetes. Obesity was found to be a significant risk factor for T2DM. Among SLT users, gutkha was the most commonly used product. SLT use was significantly associated with T2DM. Family history of diabetes and physical inactivity were also significantly associated with diabetes. Conclusion: The study suggests that SLT use is a risk factor for T2DM and may be associated with increased diabetes risk. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to reduce the impact of SLT on diabetes risk.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a significant concern affecting oral health status, and visually impaired people are more prone to these injuries than their counterparts. This systematic review aimed to determine the overall prevalence of TDIs across the globe. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases for the studies from inception till 31 December 2021. Cross-reference of the selected manuscripts was also searched and handsearching was done for the studies whose full text was not available through the electronic search. Grey literature was also searched for the studies according to the relevance of this review. Studies published in the English language were able to be translated into the English Language. For the meta-analysis, studies reporting the prevalence of tooth fractures were included. Studies were assessed for quality with the help of the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for studies reporting prevalence data, and the studies were categorised into high/medium/low quality. The random effects model was used for performing a meta-analysis of dental trauma prevalence as the heterogeneity between the studies was high. The search strategy yielded 167 manuscripts after screening through titles and abstracts, full text and removing duplicates. In the end, 27 manuscripts were included in a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the pre-set eligibility criteria. Through meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence for all studies shows an overall prevalence of tooth fractures to be 31.55%. The present review has emphasised the prevalence of dental trauma amongst visually impaired individuals. Sighting the high prevalence of dental trauma amongst this subgroup of the population, there is an urgent need for both comprehensive and incremental dental care for this subgroup of the population. Hence, oral health education should be provided to visually impaired people, parents and caretakers regarding the prevention and availability of treatment for tooth fractures.

Background: In recent years, there has been growing interest in various food trends, including plant-based diets, the Mediterranean diet, the Flexitarian diet, the Paleo diet, Intermittent fasting, DASH (Dietary Approches to Stop Hypertension) diet and Vegan diet. Plant-based diets, which emphasize whole, plant-based foods while limiting or eliminating animal products, have been associated with a range of health benefits. Consumption of certain food trends can have an impact on oral health. However, there is a dearth of literature about the impact of these dietary trends on oral health. Hence, we reviewed the existing literature of these fad diets understanding its components as well as its impact on the oral health. Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science for articles regarding the various types of in trend dietary patterns as well as the effect of these diets on oral health. A total of 241 articles were found after searching the databases for different types of diet and its oral implications. PubMed retrieved 156 titles, 38 articles were shortlisted from Google Scholar, 38 titles were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science yielded 9 titles. Titles and abstracts of the articles were evaluated and 79 articles were shortlisted for reviewing the full text. Out of these 63 articles were selected for inclusion for the review regarding the dietary patterns, general implications and oral health. Results: It was found that while some of the dietary patterns are beneficial for the oral health of an individual there are others which can have some adverse effects. Conclusion: Overall, eating whole, nutrient-dense foods while avoiding processed and acidic foods can improve oral and overall health.

•Nutritional shift due to package food is clearly evident around the world.•Minimally processed to ultra-processed food, contribute in increase the risk of dental caries.•Easy availability of these products amongst urban/rural or high /low socio economic group of people can cause a high risk status towards these diseases.

Introduction: The role of trace elements towards dental caries was a topic of interest, with the only trace element of choice as fluoride, but further research has not seriously been considered. Materials and Methods: Children were divided into two groups according to their age and were further stratified into two categories, each depending on their caries status low- and high-caries group. Unstimulated saliva was collected and evaluated three times to assess each selected individual's copper concentration. Results: The mean salivary copper levels are associated with a higher concentration amongst the low-caries group of children from 3 to 5 and 12 to 14 years (0.54 and 0.52), respectively. Conclusions: The study presents an inverse association of copper concentration with caries.

Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) remain a popular non-invasive treatment modality for the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the occlusal side effects from long-term therapy may result in poor patient compliance and patient drop-outs. Hence, knowledge of the possible side effects of these devices on occlusion is necessary. This article attempts to systematically review the evidence available in support of the possible long-term effects of mandibular advancement therapy on occlusion in adult sleep apnea patients. A detailed search was conducted for unpublished and published literature and their references in various electronic databases. A grey literature search was also performed. Studies until June 30, 2022, were selected. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and cohort studies investigating the occlusal side effects of MADs for the treatment of snoring or OSA with a follow-up of at least four years were included. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed individually and in duplicate. The risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane tools for randomized and non-randomized studies. Fourteen studies were selected for the final qualitative analysis. The side effects reported were upper incisor retroclination, lower incisor proclination, decreased overjet and overbite, and change in the total occlusal contact area. The review concludes that long-term MAD therapy has statistically and clinically significant effects on occlusion.

Introduction- Public Health Dentistry (PHD) is a very vast branch and it majorly focuses on research, extension activity and field trips reaching out to the community creating oral health awareness. A PHD professional is trained in providing preventive treatments but might lack confidence in performing restorative or surgical or rehabilitative treatments. Hence this questionnaire study was planned to evaluate perception of PHD post graduate students towards clinical exposure. Material and Methods- A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2nd and 3rd -year PHD PG students all across India. A 13-item questionnaire was shared and validated by the selected Heads of PHD departments all across India. Results- It was seen that 63% of respondents planned to start their own private practice, 47% chose this department as they were interested in Public Health Dentistry and 27% chose this department just for the sake of MDS. Nearly 51% of respondents felt that there was insufficient clinical exposure provided. Discussion- PHD branch is generally considered non-clinical as the syllabus focuses majorly on preventive treatments, but if given the opportunity, a public health dentist can carry out numerous clinical procedures in an outreach setting, or a satellite center if provided with proper clinical exposure.

Background: The number of diaspora students enrolling in the courses offered in India who is also called as Non Resident Indians when return back to India must be experiencing cultural adaptation difficulty similar to a student enrolling in any foreign country. Aims: To evaluate the cross cultural adaptation of Non Resident Indian Student on their return for further education. Settings and Design: Online questionnaire in a Cross Sectional study design. Methods and Material: The NRI students with the help of snowball sampling technique were asked to fill the questionnaire consisting of Satisfaction from Life scale and Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale. A Total of 210 NRI students participated in the present study. Statistical analysis: Descriptive analysis of the data with Annova applied on mean and SD to test the significance between Length of Residence with Life Satisfaction and Social-cultural Skills. Model Summary and Parameter Estimates for the Regression Relationship between Length of Residence with Life Satisfaction and Social-cultural Skills was applied. Results: Among which 84 (40% ) were males and 126 (60%) females with 24.11as mean age of the participants. Social cultural scores are found to be increasing as the length of residency increases in direct proportion.

Objective: Parents of children aged 7-12 years were evaluated for knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pit and fissure sealant therapy, its association with parents age and level of education. To find the correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an outpatient paediatric clinic of a tertiary dental hospital. An 18-item self-administered, validated questionnaire was given to the parents of children fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using frequency of responses and ANOVA, Tukey's HSD Post hoc test , and Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results: Parents are found to be unaware regarding the non-invasive nature of pit and fissure therapy this propose for health-care workers to guide the parents regarding the same. 67% of the parents have visited the dentist due to complaint of pain in child teeth which is surprising as 43% agreed to get pit and fissure sealant if the dentist prescribed it. Younger aged and highly educated parents have reported better attitude towards preventive therapy compared to their counterparts. Attitude of the parents correlated with their practice (p=0.003).Conclusion: Child care professionals must anticipate emerging oral health issues that a child may face on each visit and make necessary referrals as the parent's high knowledge is not being reflected in the practice scores. So, parents should be encouraged to provide their child with various preventive therapies available through proper education by various health care professionals.