Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital developmental disorder characterized by asymmetric underdevelopment of structures derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It most commonly affects the mandible and the ear, but it is frequently associated with additional anomalies such as cleft palate, vertebral malformations, or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Due to its complex nature, CFM requires comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Summary: This narrative literature review aimed to characterize articulation difficulties and primary function disorders in patients with CFM, identify their prevalence, and evaluate speech therapy tools used in diagnosis and treatment. A review of 27 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was conducted, including case reports, observational studies, and analyses of diagnostic instruments used in clinical practice. Patients with CFM frequently present difficulties in articulation, resonance, voice, and primary functions such as sucking, chewing, and swallowing, along with delays in speech and language development. These issues stem from both anatomical anomalies, such as mandibular hypoplasia and tongue dysmorphology, and functional impairments, including VPD, obstructive sleep apnea, and hearing loss. The literature describes a broad range of compensatory strategies and articulatory distortions, while also indicating limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of available therapeutic tools and interventions. Key Messages: The findings highlight the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and speech therapy management of patients with CFM. There is a clear need for further research to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and to establish unified clinical standards of care.

Background: Facial movement symmetry is an important indicator of neuromuscular function, with asymmetries associated with neurological disorders, trauma, and surgery. Quantitative symmetry assessment supports diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and surgical planning. This study proposes a marker-based approach to improve tracking stability and investigates whether dynamic facial movement descriptors can distinguish symmetric from asymmetric exercise execution. Methods: Videos were recorded using a low-cost acquisition setup during two facial exercises: eyebrow raising and smiling (75 patient; mean age 14 ± 4 years). Seventeen ArUco markers were placed at predefined facial landmarks. The dataset comprised 134 recordings labeled as symmetric (S) or asymmetric (AS). The processing pipeline included marker and face detection, symmetry axis estimation, feature extraction, and statistical analysis. Features were based on distances between paired markers and the estimated facial symmetry axis, yielding two dynamic descriptors: VertDist (vertical displacement) and Ratio (relative position across facial halves), along with their first derivatives. Results: Group differences between S and AS movements were analyzed using Welch's t-test with effect sizes quantified by Hedges' g. Statistically significant differences were found primarily in the first derivatives of VertDist and Ratio. For eyebrow raising, VertDist showed large effects (Hedges' |g|=1.41-1.42) and Ratio moderate effects (|g|=0.75-0.87). For smiling, VertDist demonstrated moderate effects (|g|=0.87-0.93), while Ratio exhibited large effects (|g|=1.14-1.21). Conclusions: The proposed marker-based method enables reliable, low-cost quantitative assessment of facial movement asymmetry. Dynamic descriptors derived from VertDist and Ratio effectively differentiate symmetric and asymmetric facial movements.

Relationships between human voice qualities and body build are fairly well researched. However, a gap in the knowledge remains about voice and body composition associations. This study aims to assess the relationships between voice parameters and body composition (fat mass, FM and fat-free mass, FFM) of adults. A total of 204 participants (of which 81 are men) aged 18-72 years (mean: 34.1 ± 13.6 y.) took part in the examination. All of them had four tasks to complete: (i) preliminary survey, (ii) voice recordings with vowels and sentence stimuli, (iii) anthropometric measurements, and (iv) body composition analysis using bioimpedance to describe fat (FM) and lean (FFM) body mass. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and partial correlations controlling for age were applied. Reverse correlations between mean pitch (Fo) and shoulder circumference and averaged FFM of arms and positive relations between the first formant (F1) and FM, BMI and shoulder-to-hip ratio were found in the male group. In the female group, positive associations between voice intensity and BMI, waist circumference, FM of trunk and waist-to-hip ratio and a relation of the same direction between maximum phonation time and FFM were found. These findings may be important for forensic science professionals and laryngologists, but further studies are essential.

The relationships between human voice parameters and body dimensions have been previously described, but the connections between voice and face geometry remain poorly researched. This study aims to determine the relationships between face dimensions and acoustic parameters in both sexes and examines 111 adult participants (30 males). Each participant undergoes voice recording, which includes five sustained vowels, along with anthropometric measurements of the neck, head, and face regions. Comparisons between voice parameters and the head, face, and neck regions are conducted employing Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) and a multiple linear regression model. The results reveal significant relationships between head, neck, face dimensions and acoustic parameters in both sexes. Males with higher noses, greater head circumferences, and wider faces tend to have lower formants and more stable voices. Females with larger head circumferences had lower formant values, and those with greater neck circumferences tend to have more stable voices. Also, females with increased nose height have a lower fourth formant (F4). Moreover, females with wider faces, noses, and jaws tend to have less rough voices (lower jitter) and longer maximum phonation time (MPT). These findings may be useful for scientists and law enforcement authorities in creating algorithms that build face models based on voice signals.

The relationships between human voice parameters and body dimensions have been previously described, but the connections between voice and face geometry remain poorly researched. This study aimed to determine the relationships between face dimensions and acoustic parameters in both sexes and examined 111 adult participants (30 males). Each participant underwent voice recording, which included five sustained vowels, along with anthropometric measurements of the neck, head, and face regions. Comparison of the voice and the head, face, and neck regions employed Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) and a multiple linear regression model. The results revealed significant relationships between head, neck, face dimensions and acoustic parameters in both sexes. Males with higher noses, greater head circumferences and wider faces tended to have lower formants and more stable voices. Females with higher head circumferences had lower formant values, and those with more substantial neck circumferences tended to have more stable voices. Also, females with increased nose height had a lower fourth formant. Moreover, females with wider faces, noses, and jaws tended to have less rough voices (lower jitter) and longer MPT. These findings may be useful for scientists and law enforcement authorities for creating algorithms that build face models based on voice signals.

Somatotypes describe changes in body structure and allow estimations of biological differences and similarities between subjects. They can also highlight the relationship between body composition and risk factors for worsening health. The study aimed to evaluate lifestyle disease risk in adult men and women based on resting blood pressure and body composition. Somatotyping was used to determine body type as endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic. The study used the anthropological measurements of 344 subjects, 179 men and 165 women, to determine somatotype using the Sheldon method. Body composition analysis employed an electrical bioimpedance method, while a sphygmomanometer measured heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The study has been explicitly described as a cross-sectional study involving 344 adults aged 18–75 years (mean = 40.8 years), including 179 men (18–73 years, mean = 40.3 years) and 165 women (18–75 years, mean = 41.4 years). Men were more likely to be mesomorphic, and women were more likely to have an endomorphic somatotype. Individuals with a predominantly mesomorphic somatotype had higher total muscle mass. Furthermore, mesomorphs had the highest levels of body composition components (muscle, bone, fat-free mass, and water), and ectomorphs had the lowest. Generally, somatotype components correlated significantly with age, with a greater proportion of endomorphy and mesomorphy in older age groups. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference varied in women depending on somatotype. In men, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also somatotype dependent, with similarly elevated values found in endomorphs and mesomorphs and lower values in ectomorphs. Resting blood pressure was associated with somatotype in women, while ectomorphy was negatively associated with risk factors for disease in older men. Somatotype may provide complementary information to individual measurements for assessing biological risk and predisposition to disease among adults, especially women. As such, somatotype can be considered a useful and appropriate tool for describing health-related characteristics across different populations, including both healthy and diseased individuals.

This study investigates the degree of vocal variation between men, pre- and postmenopausal women. The sample comprised 108 volunteers aged 18–66 y., divided into control and validation group. Each participant was subjected to voice recordings of five sustained vowels. Acoustic parameters were extracted using Praat software. The most significant parameters in intergroup correlation between canonical discriminant function and acoustic variables were: fundamental frequency (f0), shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) and intensity. Premenopausal female voices were labeled with 97% correctness and male voices with 95.5% correctness. Interestingly, 65.5% of postmenopausal women were accurately classified as female voices and on average they had lower vocal pitches compared to premenopausal women. The differences in male and female voices are probably due to the difference in the size of the larynx and the length of the vocal cords. Hormonal changes during menopause may affect, but not significantly, the morphology of the laryngeal structures which develop during childhood and adolescence.

Background: Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare developmental disorder that involves fibrous or bony fusion within the joint. It is a severe structural and functional disorder. Typically, the phenotype manifests as joint immobilization and results in facial deformity and trismus. To date, ankylosis is rarely diagnosed as congenital and its occurrence mechanism has not been thoroughly understood. We observed a female patient who as a newborn showed slight facial asymmetry and impaired mandibular retraction. In addition, non-uniform occlusal fissures were noted; the lower part of the left earlobe was slightly smaller than the right earlobe. The aim of the work was the identification of pathogenic variants in the genome related to ankylosis. Ankylosis has no known causative gene yet; thus, Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed. Materials and Methods: We observed a female patient with facial asymmetry and impaired mandibular retraction from birth. No phenotypic abnormalities were noted on the head or elsewhere on the body. A diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scan of the head performed at five months of age led to the diagnosis of congenital zygomatic-coronoid ankylosis. Genomic DNA samples were subjected to WES. Library preparation was carried out using the Twist Library Preparation EF Kit 2.0, followed by target enrichment with the Twist Exome 2.0 Plus Comprehensive Exome. Sequencing reads were aligned to the human reference genome (GRCh38), and variant calling was performed using standard bioinformatics workflows. Variants were subsequently filtered, annotated, and interpreted using VariantStudio. Assessment of variant pathogenicity was primarily based on comparisons with public databases, including ClinVar and VarSome, and was supported by in silico prediction tools such as SIFT and PolyPhen-2. Results: In genes responsible for disorders of the I and II pharyngeal arches, three pathogenic variants were identified: in the genes TCOF1 and POLR1B, responsible for the development of Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), and one in the DHODH gene, responsible for Miller syndrome. Additionally, in genes that have not been linked so far with rare facial disorders, 42 variants were identified, of which 8 are listed as pathogenic. We present the first described patient with congenital ankylosis, who, although showing no phenotypic features of these syndromes, has identified pathogenic variants in genes responsible for craniofacial dysostosis. Conclusions: Variants in TCOF1, POLR1B and DHODH may represent candidate genetic factors associated with susceptibility to ankylosis. WES analysis is an appropriate method in the case of patients with congenital diseases with unknown genetic origin. In this study we provide a comprehensive list of all identified pathogenic variants. This might be useful for scientists searching for the genetic background of skeletal system issues, one of which could be bone and fibrous tissue remodeling.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), assessed by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), is one of the strongest indicators of cardiovascular health and overall risk of death. Somatotype provides a comprehensive description of the morphological constitution of the body, but is seldom used in the context of health or chronic disease risk assessment. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between CRF and somatotype in healthy adult Polish men and women. The study included 276 subjects (146 men and 130 women) aged 18–72 years. Anthropometric measurements were performed using the Martin and Saller method, and the somatotype was determined using the Heath-Carter modification of Sheldon’s typology. The three main components of body composition assessed were endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. In addition, aerobic capacity was estimated using the Astrand-Ryhming test, with blood pressure and heart rate monitored at rest, and the latter also recorded during exercise. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test and Pearson’s correlation. The mesomorphic somatotype was the most common among men, while the endomorphic somatotype predominated among women. Somatotype differentiated body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), with ectomorphic subjects having the lowest values for these parameters. The highest systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures were found in endomorphic subjects, especially in the female group (respectively, H = 9.3, p = 0.009 and 9.0, p = 0.011). In men, the results of the Astrand-Ryhming test showed that mesomorphs had the highest VO₂max (ml/kg/min and l/min), and ectomorphs the lowest (H = 7.6, p = 0.022 and H = 10.1, p = 0.006, respectively for both units). In women, differences in VO₂max between somatotypes were smaller, though still present. Negative correlations were observed between VO₂max, expressed in ml/kg/min, and the endomorphic component, while positive correlations were observed between VO₂max (l/min) and mesomorphy. Somatotype significantly differentiates anthropometric parameters and CRF in adults. Mesomorphy favours higher aerobic capacity, while endomorphy is associated with less favourable blood pressure values and lower VO₂max. These findings highlight the potential value of somatotype as a complementary tool for assessing health risk and planning individual health-promoting interventions. The use of somatotype may be particularly useful given the known limitations of BMI, which does not differentiate between muscle and fat mass.

INTRODUCTION:The temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and the cervical spine exhibit a complex functional relationship due to their anatomical and biomechanical connections. Understanding how the mobility of these structures is assessed is important for comprehending their potential interplay in musculoskeletal disorders of the head and neck. AIM:To synthesize and compare the methodologies and findings of studies that simultaneously assessed the mobility of both the TMJs and the cervical spine. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A comprehensive search of databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. The analysis included 15 studies that objectively analyzed movements of both the TMJs and the cervical spine. The methods used for assessing TMJ and cervical spine mobility were extracted and compared. RESULTS:The most commonly used methods for assessing TMJ mobility were rulers or calipers for linear measurements, along with the TheraBite or Cranio-Mandibular Scale. The Zebris digital axiograph was the least frequently used. For cervical spine movements, the cervical range of motion or an inclinometer was most often used. In assessing TMJ mobility, maximal mouth opening (MMO) was consistently examined, while other movements were assessed less frequently. In assessing cervical spine mobility, flexion and extension were most often examined, followed by rotation and lateral flexion in some studies, with flexion and extension of the upper cervical spine being the least frequently assessed. Notably, no study examined TMJ mobility in different head positions relative to the body in the frontal plane (i.e., during lateral flexion of the cervical spine). None of the analyzed studies considered age and sex differences. The methodological heterogeneity of the studies made it difficult to draw unambiguous conclusions. The diversity of tools and protocols used made it difficult to compare results among studies. CONCLUSION:Further research is needed to better understand the kinematic relationship between the TMJs and the cervical spine and to develop standardized assessment protocols. The methodological inconsistencies across existing studies highlight the need for more uniform approaches in future investigations.

This paper presents the concept of the M4FT (Mirror for Face Therapy) system, which supports the therapy of patients with facial dysfunction. Individuals undergoing orthognathic, oncological, and reconstructive procedures, as well as neurological patients, have limited access to professional rehabilitation equipment. The proposed system utilizes ArUco markers to track facial movements for an objective assessment of therapy. In the pilot study, a low-cost measurement setup and research protocol were developed, followed by an analysis of marker detection accuracy. The results indicate high effectiveness of the proposed approach, although detection required interpolation to reduce errors. The M4FT system serves as a foundation for further work on the automatic assessment of the range and quality of facial movements in patient rehabilitation.

Introduction: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) stands as the most common congenital facial anomaly, stemming from multifactorial causes. Objective: Our study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and characteristics of cleft palates, identify associated risk factors to inform prevention and prenatal detection for early intervention, and assess postoperative rehabilitation protocols for cleft palates. Design: This study employs a retrospective descriptive and clinical approach. Patients: The study includes 103 children with cleft palates treated at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery Clinic for Children and Young Adults, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Warmia and Mazury. Methods: We conducted a thorough evaluation of records, considering variables such as sex, cleft type, maternal occupation, parental education, and family history of clefts. Data analysis was carried out using R software version GPL-3 and ordinal logistic regression analyses. Results: Notably, children born to mothers who experienced significant stress during pregnancy exhibited a 9.4-fold increase in the odds of having bilateral cleft palates. Conversely, no substantial evidence was found to support the influence of the child’s sex, birth order, body mass, maternal exposure to workplace toxins, infections, or drug toxicity on the dependent variable. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that children with parents who have a history of clefts and those with less educated mothers are more likely to develop bilateral cleft palates. Additionally, children born to mothers experiencing stress during pregnancy face an increased risk of bilateral cleft palates. It is important to note that there is a paucity of literature on rehabilitation following various cleft palate surgical techniques in children.

Purpose: The main aim of this paper was to perform the morphological assessment of children's mandibles of different etiology of dys-functions within the temporomandibular joint, from isolated idiopathic ankylosis to craniofacial malformations co-existing with genetic disorders. Methods: The investigations encompassed seven patients at the age of 0-3. Measurements were conducted on the basis of data obtained from computed tomography. In the patients' 3D models 12 characteristic anthropometric points were marked, on the basis of which the researchers calculated 9 linear dimensions, 3 angles and, further on, 5 indices defining the proportions of the mandible. Results: The comparisons of the measurements showed that the mandibles with malformations were smaller than obtained for healthy children. The values of the mandible angles (alpha) revealed high changeability among the examined children. It was also revealed the significant asymmetry between the right and left side. Conclusions: This work shows an innovative approach to the evaluation of anatomical malformations, whereas the developed indices enable an objective quantitative assessment of geometry, which can be applied to the analysis of the degree of the deformation severity. An in-depth analysis of the image diagnostics should be a standard procedure in the pre-operative planning of surgical treatment and the preparation of multi-specialist logopaedic, functional and orthodontic rehabilitation.

Abstract Background The absence of even one parent has short- and long-term effects on the child’s current and future health. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there is a long-term relationship between the type of family in which men were raised and an individual’s adult social position, well-being in adulthood and their biological condition regardless of social status in adulthood. Materials and methods Data for 4528 males, aged 25–80 years, were selected from the archives of the Lower Silesian Medical Centre in Wrocław, Poland. A total of 329 men declared that they grew up in incomplete families. Height, weight, % fat, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, blood parameters, and health of men who grew up in complete or incomplete families were compared. Results Growing up in an incomplete family reduced chances for better education, decreased life satisfaction in adulthood, and negatively affected the final height. After taking into account the education achieved, the effect persisted only for diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, and serum phosphorus levels. Conclusions Growing up in an incomplete family has a significant impact on male’s socioeconomic position (SES), life satisfaction, and final height. A poorer quality of diet is proposed as an early life risk factor for adult health.

Voice is an important biological cue, which may reveal a significant amount of information about an individual. Particularly in males, it plays a crucial role in processes like male competition or sexual selection. Additionally, voice can provide a cue for body size assessment. This study investigates the relationship between male voice characteristics and physical features (assessed by women) and determines the accuracy of these assessments. Three groups of female judges assessed 60 male voices (20 different voices per group) across seven categories of male physical features: height, body fat, musculature, body shape, hirsuteness, age and strength. Recordings of five vowels and sentence and number of anthropometric measurements were made for each of the studied men. Intra- and extragroup agreement of assessments of men's physical characteristics was demonstrated. Men with lower fundamental frequency (F-0) and lower formant dispersion (D-f) values were perceived as being heavier, older, stronger and more likely to have chest hair. However, across all the analysed fields of assessment, no accuracy was registered between estimates and men's actual physical characteristics. These findings suggest that females were guided by stereotypes in their assessment of men's appearance from voice alone. We propose the size exaggeration hypothesis as an explanation of this phenomenon

Nager syndrome is a rare human developmental disorder characterized by craniofacial defects including the downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, cleft palate, limb deformities, mandibular hypoplasia, hypoplasia or absence of thumbs, microretrognathia, and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. The prevalence is very rare and the literature describes only about a hundred cases of Nager syndrome. There is evidence of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance for Nager syndrome, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. The majority of the described causes of Nager syndrome include pathogenic variants in the SF3B4 gene, which encodes a component of the spliceosome; therefore, the syndrome belongs to the spliceosomopathy group of diseases. The diagnosis is made on the basis of physical and radiological examination and detection of mutations in the SF3B4 gene. Due to the diversity of defects associated with Nager syndrome, patients require multidisciplinary, complex, and long-lasting treatment. Usually, it starts from birth until the age of twenty years. The surgical procedures vary over a patient's lifetime and are related to the needed function. First, breathing and feeding must be facilitated; then, oral and facial clefts should be addressed, followed by correcting eyelid deformities and cheekbone reconstruction. In later age, a surgery of the nose and external ear is performed. Speech and hearing disorders require specialized logopedic treatment. A defect of the thumb is treated by transplanting a tendon and muscle or transferring the position of the index finger. In addition to surgery, in order to maximize a patient's benefit and to reduce functional insufficiency, complementary treatments such as rehabilitation and physiotherapy are recommended. In our study, we describe eight patients of different ages with various cases of Nager syndrome. The aim of our work was to present the actual genetic knowledge on this disease and its treatment procedures.

Background Mandible tumors are very rare. One of the main methods of the treatments is resection of the tumor and then reconstruction of the mandible. The donor site is often distant tissue—fibula or ilium. Following this, it is necessary to improve the patient in two ways, on one hand restoring the function of the mandible, and on the other hand, improving the donor site area. For that reason, physiotherapy after tumor resection and reconstruction of the mandible is very complicated. The aim of this bibliographic review was to find the methods of the reconstruction of the mandible in the context of patients’ functional assessment after surgeries to create effective physiotherapeutic procedures in the feature. Methods PEDro, Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Clinical Trials were searched. Results 767 articles were found. 40 articles were included to this literature review. Conclusions Authors showed different kinds of surgeries strategy for patients with tumors of the mandible. They also showed manners of patients’ functional assessment in the localization of transplantation and donor site. It could be useful for physiotherapists during planning of comprehensive physiotherapy.

Human voice is an extremely important biological signal which contains information about sex, age, emotional state, health and physical features of a speaker. Estimating a physical appearance from a vocal cue can be an important asset for sciences including forensics and dietetics. Although there have been several studies focused on the relationships between vocal parameters and ratings of height, weight, age and musculature of a speaker, to our knowledge, there has not been a study examining the assessment of one’s BMI based on voice alone. The purpose of the current study was to determine the ability of female “Judges” to evaluate speakers’ (men and women) obesity and body fat distribution from their vocal cues. It has also been checked which voice parameters are key vocal cues in this assessment. The study material consisted of 12 adult speakers’ (6 women) voice recordings assessed by 87 “Judges” based on a 5-point graphic scale presenting body fat level and distribution (separately for men and women). For each speaker body height, weight, BMI, Visceral Fat Level (VFL, InBody 270) and acoustic parameters were measured. In addition, the accuracy of BMI category was verified. This study also aimed to determine which vocal parameters were cues for the assessment for men and women. To achieve it, two independent experiments were conducted: I: “Judges” had to choose one (obese) speaker from 3 voices (in 4 series); II: they were asked to rate body fat level of the same 12 speakers based on 5-point graphic scale. Obese speakers (i.e., BMI above 30) were selected correctly with the accuracy greater than predicted by chance (experiment I). By using a graphic scale, our study found that speakers exhibiting higher BMI were rated as fatter (experiment II). For male speakers the most important vocal predictors of the BMI were harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) and formant dispersion (Df); for women: formant spacing (Pf) and intensity (loudness). Human voice contains information about one’s increased BMI level which are hidden in some vocal cues.

Studies investigating the relationship between balance ability and body size, build and proportions tend to concentrate on body mass and height rather than breadth parameters or size of individual body segments. The purpose of this study was to determine a relationship between the ability to keep balance and the size, build and proportions, based on breadth and length dimensions of the body in healthy adult men and women during a position of free standing. This study also aimed to investigate how the lack of visual control affects the analyzed relationship. The study group consisted of 102 adults of both sexes. The investigations encompassed anthropometric measurements of the body and the ability to keep balance. The analysis covered a of series anthropometric parameters, 9 indices of body proportions, mean velocity of the COP movement (MV) and ellipse area (EA). A statistical analysis of the results was carried out taking into consideration the division into groups due to sexes. The results of the Pearson correlation have revealed that there is a statistically significant correlation (weak or moderate degree) between anthropometric parameters of the body and stabilographic values. Results differ between sexes and depend on whether Romberg’s test was performed with open or closed eyes. The obtained results showed that the surface area of ellipse significantly depends on the dimensions of these body elements which relate to the position of the centre of mass. The obtained results, which differ depending on sex, show that the values of the body sways in a position of free standing depend on breadth and length dimensions of the body, visual control and the analyzed parameter of balance.