One of the priority directions in the development of medical science is activities associated with patenting and licensing. The review analyzes the inventions of new treatment methods of various forms of glaucoma among patents issued in the last 7 years. The search for new approaches to treating the disease continues despite the numerous known methods. The article describes promising medical, laser, microinvasive, surgical and combined methods for the treatment of glaucoma from the 123 new patents issued in the Russian Federation. Novel innovations are presented with design schemes. The review will be useful to a wide audience. Young specialists can invent, patent, and license their own original method of glaucoma treatment. Surgeons can expand their routine by introducing new technical elements from different methods, testing its effectiveness and safety in everyday practice.

PURPOSE. To determine individual clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in patients with primary openangle glaucoma (POAG) and to establish its relationship with adherence to treatment. METHODS. The analytical, multicenter, combined study involved 1 092 subjects (2 184 eyes) with different forms of glaucoma (general group) were selected using a survey, followed by their clinical and epidemiological analysis. RESULTS. When verifying the diagnosis, eyes with POAG prevailed in the main group (from 89.6 to 92% of all eyes). The average age in the main group at the final examination was 66 (63; 69) years, the duration of the disease was on average 3 years. The number of eyes with the initial stage of glaucoma decreased in 3 years by 17.5-19.1%, and the number of eyes with advanced and severe stages of the disease increased by 10.4-12.9% and 5.1-5.2%, respectively. The hypotensive regimen was changed at the average tonometric intraocular pressure of 24 (23; 26) mm Hg (regardless of the disease stage). When estimating the comorbidity of the main group, the most common concomitant somatic pathology was hypertension. Today, prostaglandin analogues are prescribed in 34.6-36.3% of all cases for all stages of glaucoma. The leading complaint of patients according to the survey was the cost of treatment. In addition, the influence of the organization's pharmacist on the choice of the purchased drug was revealed. However, attending physician remains the main source of information about the disease for patients (92.2%). CONCLUSION. It was found that POAG predictably prevails in Russia, and its diagnosis still comes with a delay. The causes of treatment failures should be recognized as late diagnosis, incorrect treatment of patients with newly diagnosed condition, and the same treatment regimens for paired eyes with different stages of POAG, as well as social and behavioral factors of patient compliance.

PURPOSE: To determine individual clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and to establish its relationship with adherence to treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analytical, multicenter, combined study involved 1 092 subjects (2 184 eyes) with different forms of glaucoma (general group) were selected using a survey, followed by their clinical and epidemiological analysis. RESULTS: When verifying the diagnosis, eyes with POAG prevailed in the main group (from 89.6 to 92% of all eyes). The average age in the main group at the final examination was 66 (63; 69) years, the duration of the disease was on average 3 years. The number of eyes with the initial stage of glaucoma decreased in 3 years by 17.5-19.1%, and the number of eyes with advanced and severe stages of the disease increased by 10.4-12.9% and 5.1-5.2%, respectively. The hypotensive regimen was changed at the average tonometric intraocular pressure of 24 (23; 26) mm Hg (regardless of the disease stage). When estimating the comorbidity of the main group, the most common concomitant somatic pathology was hypertension. Today, prostaglandin analogues are prescribed in 34.6-36.3% of all cases for all stages of glaucoma. The leading complaint of patients according to the survey was the cost of treatment. In addition, the influence of the organization's pharmacist on the choice of the purchased drug was revealed. However, attending physician remains the main source of information about the disease for patients (92.2%). CONCLUSION: It was found that POAG predictably prevails in Russia, and its diagnosis still comes with a delay. The causes of treatment failures should be recognized as late diagnosis, incorrect treatment of patients with newly diagnosed condition, and the same treatment regimens for paired eyes with different stages of POAG, as well as social and behavioral factors of patient compliance.

PURPOSE : To study the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) obtained by Maklakov tonometry in different age groups. METHODS : The study evaluated Caucasians without glaucoma aged 45-75. The participants underwent Maklakov tonometry with a 10 g tonometer at 09:00-12:00 with subsequent imprint evaluation by means of NesterovEgorov scale, measurements of central corneal thickness (CCT) and visual acuity. All the participants were divided into 3 groups by age: Group 1 consisted of participants aged 45-55, Group 2 comprised the ones aged 56-65, Group 3 included patients aged 66-75. RESULTS : In total 791 person were enrolled; 1 429 of 1 499 eyes (95.3%) were accepted into the study. IOP in Group I was 16.1±3.3 mmHg in Group 1; 16.3±3.3 in Group 2; 16.2±3.5 mmHg in Group 3. CCT in Group 1 was 545.7±14.6 μm; 545.3±15.4 μm in Group 2; 544.7±14.6 μm in Group 3. Visual acuity was 0.93±0.13 in Group 1; 0.89±0.15 in Group 2; 0.81±0.18 in Group 3. Average IOP in men was 16.4±3.3 mmHg, in women 16.5±3.3 mmHg. Age, vision acuity, CCT and IOP were within the normal distribution; IOP and CCT had no significant differences between the age groups. The measured parameters showed no significant intercorrelation. We found no significant difference between IOP in men and women. CONCLUSION : In a healthy population CCT and IOP values fall within a normal distribution and do not change significantly with age. IOP does not depend on sex. Average IOP in the studied population is 16.2±3.4 mmHg, average CCT is 545.3±15.1 μm.

PURPOSE : Determination of key factors of non-compliance for treatment and duration of recommendations accomplishment in accordance with doctor’s instructions and associated with time from therapy start to its discontinuation (persistence) in patients with glaucoma by assessment of personal opinion of ophthalmologists with different amount of experience. METHODS : 509 queries of medical professionals (631 doctors) from Russia and other 6 countries were included into the study. All doctors’ queries were grouped according to the duration of their work experience, place of work — depending on medical care type (ambulatory or inpatient) and by hospital propriety type (state or private). Data collection method: online survey. The significance of the 32 selected compliance factors was assessed by the ball system from 10 (maximum significant factor) to 1 (minimally significant factor). Analysis program Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). RESULTS : Data analysis allowed determining medium terms for continued application of recommended therapy depending on patients group. Persistency of low-compliant patients was considered a period of continued following of recommendations from 15 up to 27.5 days per year, high-compliant — 180-300 days per year. Doctors’ opinion depended on time in professional and place of work. Study results allowed recognizing percent’s of “low-compliant”, “mediumcompliant” and “high-compliant” patients. Following patients compliance factors were assessed as well: factors directly associated with treatment, factors, associated with patient’s condition, factors of behavioral compliance and social compliance. Moreover, trial results displayed difference in opinion of medical specialists depending on the duration of their work experience, place of work and clinic type. CONCLUSION : Study groups divided by the amount of healthcare experience showed no difference in patients compliance apprehension. Percentage of low-compliant patients was 20 [10; 30] %; medium-compliant — 30 [20; 45] and high-compliant — 50 [30; 60]% in all groups. A longer duration of healthcare experience corresponded with higher persistence requirements. Low-compliant patients followed recommendations for up to 20 days per year [7; 60]; medium-compliant — for 90 [20; 200] and lowcompliant — 200 [40; 350]. Primary factors for non-compliancy in all groups were defined as follows: absence of motivation; complicated instillation regimen influencing daily activities; absence of contact with attending physician; low information level concerning condition; age; side effects; medication price; laziness; family history of glaucoma. Factors of behavioral compliance were considered the most important in all groups — 75%.

Clinical and population-based studies have shown that moderate and high myopia is associated with an increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal pressure glaucoma, and ophthalmic hypertension. The combination of these eye pathologies amplifies the risk of decreased vision and can lead to blindness. In eyes with myopia, false overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis are common when specific differences between glaucoma and myopic changes are not taken into account. Therefore, it is necessary to develop standards for the diagnosis and monitoring of the glaucoma process in patients with axial myopia, especially considering that the diversity of data, as well as the inconsistency of ideas about the typical signs of glaucoma in patients with myopia, make it difficult to diagnose, and can result in late detection and decrease in the effectiveness of observation of this group of patients. This review analyzes the results of various diagnostic methods for glaucoma in patients with axial myopia, and pays special attention to functional and anatomical changes in axial myopia and glaucoma.

The literature review dwells on the role of nicotinamide (vitamin B3) in providing neuroprotective and antioxidant protection of the retina in glaucoma optic neuropathy. It presents the data of foreign studies on its positive influence on the condition of retinal ganglion cells and axons of the optic nerve. There is a revival of interest to nicotinamide use in glaucoma in foreign literature of recent years. This is due to its active influence on metabolic processes. As a cofractor of enzymes, it is involved in cell metabolism, tissue respiration, gene expression, redox processes and the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid. Due to direct neuroprotection nicotinamide prevents and slows down the processes that cause apoptosis, such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired axonal transport and loss of neurotrophins. In the central nervous system, vitamin B3 is recognized as a key mediator of the development and survival of neurons. It promotes the differentiation of nerve cells from embryonic stem cells into mature neurons, increases the synaptic plasticity of neurons and promotes the growth of axonal processes. It also shows significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects in various cells and tissues. Nicotinamide counteracts amyloid toxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen species, and its bioavailability plays a crucial role in normal functioning of neurons and in the prevention of neurodegeneration processes. Particular attention is paid to the antioxidant and neuroprotective role of niacin, as well as its deficiency in neurodegenerative diseases, and other neuropathological conditions. Plasma nicotinamide deficiency was also detected in glaucoma. This allowes suggesting that nicotinamide supplements could be the future therapeutic strategy for glaucoma (as an adjunctive to antihypertensive therapy). It was found that oral administration of niacin has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, protects retinal ganglion cells in chronic ocular hypertension. Niacin consumption correlats with an improvement of vascular endothelium and an oxidative stress reduction. Thus, nicotinamide can be a valuable addition to the antihypertensive therapy of glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as conditions associated with aging.

Purpose: To define the features of glaucoma progression, considering the analysis of treatment approaches (regimens) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: The multicenter clinical cohort study was performed during Nov 2015 - Jan 2018 in 30 clinical bases of 6 countries. Data of 155 primary open-angle glaucoma patients (247 eyes) was included. Anamnesis, intraocular pressure (IOP) by the moment of the first treatment regimen as well as the administered treatment were analyzed retrospectively. IOP (baseline and 5 more measurements each 6 months) was analyzed prospectively. During the automated perimetry analysis, mean deviation of light sensitivity (MD) and its pattern standard deviation (PSD) were analyzed. IOP, MD, PSD data dynamics in the prospective part was described by y=kx+b equation, where b was a constant, an average parameter rate, and k - the coefficient of line slope, describing the trend of parameter increase/ decrease during the 2.5 year follow-up. Results : No statistically significant difference in age and anamnesis between men and women was found. Mild glaucoma stage was found in 192 eyes (77.73%), moderate -in 40 (16.19%), advanced - in 15 (6.08%). Glaucoma duration in patients with different disease stages by the moment of study beginning was comparable and averaged 5.7 (3.9; 8.6) years. Throughout the average follow-up period of 8 years mild stage did not progress in 135 (70.31%) of 192 eyes, turned into moderate stage in 45 eyes (23.44%), into advanced -in 8 eyes (4.17%) and into terminal - in 4 eyes (2.08%). During the average follow-up period of 8.45 years moderate glaucoma stage remained stable in 17 of 40 eyes (42.50%), turned into advanced in 19 eyes (47.50%), into terminal -in 4 eyes (10.00%). In turn, existing advanced glaucoma remained stable in 11 eyes (73.33%) and progressed into terminal in 4 eyes (26.67%) during 7.6 years of follow-up. Generally, the only manageable criteria of glaucoma treatment and lack of optic neuropathy progression is adhering to the recommended IOP level its and timely correction according to disease stage. IOP difference in dependence of glaucoma stage by the moment of disease diagnostics was statistically significant (p 19.5 mmHg, and in 75% of advanced stage patients on the first treatment regimen IOP was >20 mmHg. By the moment of prospective part start, no statistically significant IOP difference depending on glaucoma stage were found (р=0.924; H=0.479). By the final visit a statistically significant IOP difference in dependence of glaucoma stage was found (p=0.050; H=7.807). The more advanced glaucoma stage the patient had, the lower IOP was achieved. Since the start of the prospective part, a more aggressive treatment was observed in order to reach the lowest individually possible IOP, using accessible treatment options. A slow disease progression tendency was revealed during 2.5 years of study by static automated perimetry in each glaucoma stage group and on the whole: MD changed from -3.27 (-7.98; -1.37) to -4.08 (-10.33; -1.95), PSD from 3.14 (2; 5.79) to 3.56 (2.14; 6.31) dB. Patients with mild stage remained stable during the 2.5 years follow-up with negative MD trend of 6 months -0.09 (-0.27; 0.08) dB, in case of MD decrease of -0.86 (-1.24; -0.44) dB per 6 months the transition to the following stage occured. Moderate stage patients showed a positive tendency with the stage being stable for 2.5 years. Progression to the following stage occurred in cases of a -1.42 (-1.58; -0.82) dB dynamics per 6 months. Advanced stage remained stable if the dynamics measurements did not exceed -0.25 (-0.61; -0.09) dB per 6 months, and progressed to terminal if it reached -0.85 (-1.79; -0.73) dB per 6 months. Retinal light sensitivity loss accelerates with stage progression, however, there is no trend of PSD acceleration with the stage increase. By the time of glaucoma diagnosis verification 90.3% patients fell into one of 5 following regimens: beta-blockers (BB - 43.7%), prostaglandin analogues (PA - 27.1%), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI - 3.2%), beta-blockers and prostaglandin analogues combination (BB+PA - 12.1%), beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors combination (BB+CAI - 4%). Laser and surgical treatment amounted to 5.2%. The use of these “top-5 hypotensive regimens lead to IOP level decrease to 20.5 (18; 23) - 23.5 (22; 25) mm Hg irrespective of the disease stage. By the moment of prospective study start, the amount of treatment regimens combinations increased to 31; the most popular being beta-blockers (BB)+prostaglandin analogues (PG), PG, BB+PG+carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI), BB, BB+ICA (72.3%). Laser and surgery treatment amounted to 24.3%. By the end of the study 40 different variants of treatment were used. The most popular regimens didn't change (BB+PG+CAI, BB+PG, PG, BB+CAI), BB was replaced by surgical intervention at the top of the list. PG and BB were used during mild stage glaucoma, and PG use caused the slightest light sensitivity loss among there hypotensive drugs. CAIs were added in more advanced stages, enforcing the PG and BB therapy. BB use showed the most prominent negative trend. Combined BB+PG therapy was followed by a 2.85-times slower disease progression than BB monotherapy. The higher was the baseline IOP, the more changes of treatment regimens were tried. PSD trend does not show the dependence of treatment regimens amount. Conclusion: Starting treatment helped reach target IOP only in patients with mild glaucoma, in 75% of moderate stage patients IOP exceeded 19.5 mm Hg, in 75% patients with advanced stage IOP exceeded 20 mm Hg. The progressing negative MD trend increased with the disease stage (-0.14; -0.26; -0.46). By the moment of glaucoma diagnosis verification 90.3% prescriptions consisted of five main regimens (BB, PG, BB+PG, BB+CAI, CAI). BB monotherapy caused the most prominent MD negative trend during 2.5 years of follow-up (-0.4). The best trends were showed by PG (-0.07), PG+BB (-0.14), BB+CAI (-0.14). Regimen change provided extra IOP decrease (IOP trend change from 0 to -2.5), however the disease progression still occurs (trend change from -0.18 to -0.81), which may bear witness both to the starting therapy inefficacy and 'programmed' disease progress.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of initial hypotensive treatment strategies in patients with different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma in order to predict glaucoma progression or lack thereof. METHODS: This combined analytical scientific and clinical multicenter study was conducted between January and April 2017. A total of 136 participants (237 eyes) from 30 academic referral centers from 6 (six) countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Uzbekistan) — 52 (38.2%) males and 84 (61.8%) females — were included into the study. Glaucoma anamnesis and all treatment regimens were evaluated retrospectively. The study of treatment regimens included the assessment of the effectiveness of topical medication, laser and surgical treatment. Four (4) successive regimen changes were analyzed, each of them with no less than three (3) months duration. RESULTS: The research team has established that the quantity of treatment regimens rises with each next regimen change: from 14 regimens at baseline to 30 regimens at the third adjustment. Prostaglandin analogues (PGA) and beta-blockers (BB) monotherapy were used as baseline first-choice therapy in 37.6% and 21.5% of cases respectively (66.2% in total). Fixed or unfixed combinations with PGA and BB were preferred in 16.5% of cases, BB and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) combination — in 8.4% of cases. The combination therapy with CAI at the start has achieved the most prominent reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) (till 33.9%). The first choice monotherapy with BB or PGA led to a more effective IOP reduction compared to fixed or unfixed combinations of these drugs: BB reduced the IOP level by 20.0% from baseline, PGA — by 23.1%, their combination — by 19.2%. We have established an intensive use of combination therapy, starting with the 2nd regimen — 71.3%. The laser and surgical treatment was used as initial treatment in 0.8% and 2.1% respectively and achieved 26.7% and 46.0% prevalence respectively by the a final regimen. We achieved the most prominent IOP reduction (by 37.1%) in regimens No 3 and No 4 that included trabeculectomy. CONCLUSION: The results show that the tactics of managing patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma is changing in favor of prescribing first-choice monotherapy medicines — PGA. The choice of therapy tactics for patients with moderate and advanced glaucoma remains irrational: laser and surgical treatment becomes relevant only in regimens No 3 and No 4, 3-4 years after the diagnosis of the disease.

This review summarizes the concept and value of diurnal and 24-h intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring and its role in the management of glaucoma. The IOP in healthy persons and glaucoma patients is generally evaluated in single/double IOP measurement during clinic hours, although IOP varies over the course of 24 hours. However, in many cases, the IOP peaks outside clinic hours. Several studies documented the association between IOP peaks and visual field decline in primary open angle glaucoma patients, but the role of IOP fluctuations is still debated. Current and future technologies for measuring IOP over a 24-h period are discussed and available evidence on the 24-h efficacy of medical, laser and surgical strategies for glaucoma treatment is evaluated. Several controlled trials have significantly enhanced our understanding of the 24-h efficacy of various glaucoma therapy options and have shown that glaucoma therapies differ in their ability to lower IOP throughout the 24-h cycle. More long-term evidence is needed to better evaluate the 24-h efficacy of glaucoma therapy and the influence of IOP parameters on glaucoma progression and visual prognosis.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of some IOP level indicators on disease progression in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: This combined, analytical scientific and clinical multicenter cohort study was conducted between January and April 2017. A total of 136 participants (237 eyes) from 30 academic referral centers from 6 (six) countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Uzbekistan) were enrolled — 52 (38.2%) males and 84 (61.8%) females. As a first step, glaucoma anamnesis and all treatment strategies were retrospectively evaluated. Glaucoma was diagnosed according to the differential diagnosis system and confirmed by special methods in all cases. All data concerning the stage of disease were verified repeatedly at the start of the study according to the current glaucoma classification and with additional IOP measurements (Maklakov tonometer, 10 g), morphometric and functional indicators research. RESULTS: The history of the disease at the time of the final examination for patients with different stages of glaucoma was comparable in time and averaged 4.3 (3.7, 5.8) years. Over the average follow-up period, the initial stage did not progress in 73.37% of mild glaucoma cases, 19.02% of cases have progressed to moderate glaucoma, 4.35% have progressed to advanced glaucoma, 3.26% — to terminal glaucoma. Moderate glaucoma stage was preserved in 59.52% cases, in 33.33% it progressed to advanced glaucoma, in 7.15% — to terminal glaucoma. Advanced glaucoma stage remained without a progress in 54.55% cases, in 45.45% cases it has progressed to terminal glaucoma during 5 years. Mean IOP level after follow-up period was 19 (17; 21) mm Hg and had no significant difference (p=0.557, H=2.073). Consequently, only in early-stage glaucoma cases the average «inter-visit» IOP value corresponded with values recommended as a target IOP by the Russian Glaucoma Society, whereas in other cases (moderate and advanced glaucoma) it was significantly higher. There was no significant difference (p=0.597, H=1.882) between «optimal» IOP-level in patients with different glaucoma stages, and «intolerant» IOP-level increased from stage to stage (p<0.001, H=32.175). The initial regimen was generally effective for patients with mild glaucoma with IOP level increase registered only in 2.17% cases. «Inter-visit» IOP-level was above recommended values in 38.1% cases in patients with moderate primary open-angle glaucoma, and in 81.82% in patients with advanced primary open-angle glaucoma. The analysis of visual field change during the follow-up period showed that MD increased in 29.5% cases and decreased in 70.5% cases. CONCLUSION: In this paper we assessed IOP level not only using classical methods, but also introducing new terminology, such as the «inter-visit» IOP-level, the «optimal» IOP-level, the «intolerant» IOP-level, to characterize the IOP dynamics in different time intervals. The results of the study suggest that inter-visit IOP range can be one of the possible predictors of glaucomatous damage, and therefore can be useful for correction of existing clinical guidelines.

The “classical” scheme of prescribing regimens to patients with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) implies initial monotherapy treatment, which is practiced in patients with any stage of the disease. This in turn implies a consistent strengthening of regimes. Thus, the “modern” clinical algorithm practically excludes the possibility of initial treatment with combined medicines, laser treatment or conventional surgery. At the same time, differentiated («stepwise») approache used in other disciplines makes it possible to achieve control over the disease with the use of the smallest, but sufficient amount of medicines (regimens), depending on the stage of treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) compensation and stabilization of the glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Significant research in the field of permissible IOP-level values, which against the background of the ongoing treatment would not lead to rapid negative morphofunctional changes of the visual analyzer, is still few. The analysis of the clinical and epidemiological results of the studies given in the review, the established hypotensive efficacy of different treatment regimens and the predicted terms of the active substance tolerance violation convincingly prove the feasibility of using differentiated schemes of initial treatment. «Stepwise» approach, including the choice of monotherapy with the use of a prostaglandin analogues at the «start» of treatment in patients with a newly identified mild glaucoma, mandatory use of combinations (preferably fixed) in patients with moderate stage of the disease and a minimum of triple therapy with a predicted transition to rapid surgical treatment in patients with advanced stage is another rational variant of using a limited amount of resources with which we can achieve the final result.

PURPOSE: To determine the degree of influence of different local hypotensive instillation regimens on the development and progression of corneal-conjunctival xerosis in patients with different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: 530 people (866 eyes) were included in a database study conducted from January to May 2016. The main group consisted of 398 patients with POAG, the control group included 132 people without POAG. The average age of patients was 68.45 (62.7; 74.5) years in the main group, and 60.9 (52.00; 68.8) years in the control group. Ophthalmic examination included tonometry, morphometric and functional analysis. Examination with the purpose to verify «dry eye» syndrome (DES) included tear film break-up time test (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, lissamine green staining and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) test. RESULTS: To determine the effect of different modes of local hypotensive drug therapy on the severity of DES symptoms all glaucoma patients were divided into two groups based on glaucoma duration: from 0.5 to 2 years (282 eyes) and from 2 to 4 years duration of glaucoma (275 eyes). To avoid problems related to differences in the average age in the main and control groups, comparative analysis was conducted in the age groups of 50-60, 61-70 and 71-80 years. The comparability of the results in both groups of patients was established. We established that maximum medication regimen was marked by a pronounced depression of functional indices of tears and tear film despite topical treatment duration. OSDI was significantly higher in patients who received prostaglandin analogues. It was established that the DES intensity was significantly higher in patients with advanced stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: The findings prove that ophthalmologists should consider the possible onset and progression of DES when they plan glaucoma medical treatment strategy.