Didymocarpus koerperi B. L. Burtt is described from near Pajakumbuh, central Sumatra. It belongs to a group of species that is chiefly distinguished by having a single nectarial gland lying below the ovary, instead of the usual cupular disc.
Cyrtandra sect. Dissimiles C. B. Cl., sect. Radicicaules Kraenzlin and sect. Radiciflorae Kraenzlin are lectotypified. Two varieties are raised to specific rank: C. dispar var. glabriflora B. C. Stone to C. stonei (Malay Peninsula), C. decurrens var. polyneura C. B. Cl. to C. polyneura (Sulawesi). Nineteen new species are described (11 from Sarawak, 1 from Sarawak and Kalimantan, 7 from Sabah—6 of them from Mt Kinabalu). Annotations are provided on 6 previously known species: C. calycina Benth. (New Guinea), C. debilis Kraenzlin (Kalimantan), C. farinosa C. B. Cl. (Sarawak), C. ligulifera C. B. Cl. (New Guinea), C. rubropicta Kraenzlin (Kalimantan and Sarawak), and C. russa C. B. Cl. (Sarawak).
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A new variety of Agalmyla tuberculala Hook. f. is described; it extends the range of the species from Mt Kinabalu, Sabah, to Mt Murud, N Sarawak. Five new species and four new varieties of Cyrtandra are described from Mt Kinabalu; there are also two new species of Cyrtandra from Sarawak.
Names of the Old World tribes of Gesneriaceae are updated both nomenclaturally and taxonomically. The most important change is that Epithemateae (Meisn.) C.B. Clarke antedates, and therefore replaces, Klugieae Fritsch. All other suprageneric names known to have been validly published are quoted in synonymy of the appropriate tribe.
Didymocarpus rodgeri (incl. var. siamensis) is reduced to a synonym of D. aureoglandulosus (SE India, Burma and Thailand); D. subalternans var. curvicapsa (Nepal–Sikkim) is raised to specific rank, and a new species, D. triplotrichus (Darjeeling distr. and Sikkim), is described. Lysionotus himalayensis is redetermined and reduced to synonymy under L. serratus; as a result L. atropurpureus, which name it had recently superseded, is reinstated. Aeschynanthus kingii and A. levipes are both transferred to Lysionotus, while L. wardii and L. gracilipes are reduced to synonymy under L. pubescens. Notes and new records are provided for L. confertus and L. serratus var. pterocaulis.
I. Lenbrassia G.W. Gillett, which has a zygomorphic corolla and four didynamous stamens with anthers joined, is reduced to Fieldia A. Cunn., which has an actinomorphic corolla and four equal stamens with anthers free; the new combination, F. australiana, is made. II. Boea wallichii R.Br. is distinguished from B. hygrometrica (Bunge) R.Br. with which it has been confused. III. Cyrtandra oblongifolia sensu Kraenzlin is described as a new species, C. kalimantana, allied to C. oblongifolia (Blume) C.B.C1. but distinguished by its hairy leaves, fruits, calyx and corolla; the sterile specimens from Borneo quoted under Cyrtandra rufa Bakh.f. are tentatively referred to C. kalimantana. IV. A specimen of Cyrtandra from the Natuna Islands is identified with C. suffruticosa Ridley from Pulau Tioman and the Malay Peninsula; in contrast two other Gesneriaceae from these islands are of Bornean affinity. V. Didymocarpus pteronema is a new species from Tenasserim province of Burma (= Myanmar): it is anomalous in its campanulate corolla and filaments with unilateral membranous wing. VI. Streptocarpus huamboensis is a new species from Angola allied to S. rhodesianus S. Moore.
Nineteen miscellaneous species of Bornean Cyrtandra are dealt with. Cyrtandra atrichoides, C. congestiflora, C. crockerella, C. dulitiana, C. kanae, C. libauensis, C. plicata, C. vaginata and C. disparoides subsp. inconspicua are newly described. Descriptions and discussion are provided for C. erythrotricha and C. poulsenii, originally published with diagnoses only. Cyrtandra axillaris, C. longicarpa and C. microcarpa are also described, while C. borneensis, C. dajakorum, C. glomeruliflora, C. latens and C. prolata are reduced to synonymy.
Fourteen miscellaneous Bornean species of Cyrtandra are treated. Descriptions and discussion are provided for C. integerrima and C. neiothiantha, originally published with diagnoses only, and C. warburgiana is redescribed. Cyrtandra arachnoidea, C. asikii, C. banyingii, C. keithii, C. lineariloba, C. mendumae, C. palimasanica, C. parvifructa, C. sublanea, C. tubibractea and C. undata are newly described.
Two groups of species are dealt with: first, Cyrtandra schizostyla together with three new species, all notable for the extraordinary elaboration of their anthers; second, C. velutina and C. diplotricha together with four new species, notable for their remarkably slender, soft-walled fruits. All species are fully described and identification keys provided.
Cyrtandra phoenicolasia, C. hottae and five new species constitute a group distinguished by a suite of characters including setose vegetative parts, deeply divided calyx, small white corolla marked on the lower lip with yellow to brown, unilateral disc, ovary constricted at base, and fruit small. All species are fully described and an identification key provided.
Six new species of Cyrtandra from Borneo (C. apaensis, C. burleyana, C. filisecta, C. subsphaerocarpa, C. tibangensis, C. toreniiflora) are described. Cyrtandra albibracteata is re-described in order to correct gross errors in the original paper. The published diagnosis validating C. paragibbsiae from Brunei is supplemented by a full description.
Twelve Bornean species of Cyt~ut~drcr onstitute a new section, Section P l e ~ m s d ~ i s n ~ u , the name derived from an important diagnostic character, namely the unique fruit with a median septicidal split on each side (not reaching either apex or base of the fruit). Nine of the species and two varieties are newly described, C. ur~gr~sticllipticu Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C. cmc,tu Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C . imolitu Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C. lina~iunu B.L.Burtt, C. segn~~ira Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C. tcssclutu Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C. tlrnohica Hilliard & B.L.Burtt, C. penditlifeiw Kraenzl. var. gro.s.sipilosu Hilliard & B.L.Burtt and C. sat-u~wket~.si.s C.B.Clarke var. lot~gipilo.ra Hilliard & B.L.Burtt. Two species recognized remain nameless because the material is inadequate to typify a name.
Agalmyla Blume (including Dichrotrichum de Vriese and Tetradema Schltr.) (Gesneriaceae-Cyrtandroideae) is revised. Ninety-seven species are recognized, 62 of them newly described, and these are divided into three sections with distinct geographical ranges. Sect. Agalmyla (24 species) is restricted to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan; sect. Exannularia (19 species) is the only section on Sulawesi and has a few species nearby; sect. Dichrotrichum (54 species) is represented in the Philippine Islands (excluding Palawan) by 13 species, in the Moluccas by two species, and in New Guinea by 39 species. No species is found in more than one of these areas and the key to sect. Dichrotrichum is therefore split between the Philippine species and those on the Moluccas and New Guinea. There are thus four keys altogether. The affinity and geographical distribution, both of the whole genus and of the sections, are discussed, and special attention is given to distribution of species in relation to the geological terranes of New Guinea. Points of interest and taxonomic importance in the morphological features are noted in a separate section.
The genus Kaisupeea is established for Boea herbacea, a species long recognised as being out of place in Boea, and two new species closely allied to it. These plants produce annual flowering stems whose basal leaves may be represented by broad foliaceous cataphylls. Kaisupeea herbacea and K. cyanea have spirally twisted fruit-valves, but those of K. orthocarpa are straight. Kaisupeea ranges from Moulmein in Burma [Mawlamyne in Myanmnar] eastwards across Thailand to Bassac on the Mekong river in lower Laos and south to the neighbourhood of Satun on the south coast of Thailand just north of the Malaysian border.
A re-examination of the status of the monotypic genus Saniella Hilliard & Burtt (Hypoxidaceae) was inspired by the rediscovery of Empodium occidentale on Hantam Mountain in Calvinia Division, SW Cape. This plant does not belong to Empodium, and has critical features that show that it is better placed as a second species of Saniella, but at the same time it lessens the gap between Saniella and Spiloxene. It is concluded that the whole question of the interrelations of Saniella, Spiloxene and Pauridia needs to be studied in depth. In the interim these three genera should all be maintained. Empodium occidentale is accordingly transferred to Saniella.
