Over the last few decades, a good deal of empirical research has been conducted on the distribution in the English-speaking world of morphosyntactic features considered to be non-standard (in the sense of not being part of the common core of standard written English), Insights have been achieved using elicitation methods (interviews and ques-tionnaires), dialect corpora and open-access online atlases. There is, however, a dearth of large-scale corpus-based research, one that the present special issue seeks to address, with contributors drawing data from corpora - mainly derived from recordings of spoken English, and in some cases recently-compiled - representing mostly "New Englishes" (indigenised-national-L2 varieties, spoken in "outer circle" countries where English is established as an important lan-guage, even though it is not the native language of the majority of the population). Most contributions adopt a macro approach, investigating a set of features in a wide range of L2 English varieties, but some adopt a micro approach, zero-ing in on a single feature or a small number of features. @2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract English is by far the most widely spoken Germanic language, with approximately 400 million native speakers, another 500 million L2 speakers, and at least a billion of moderately competent speakers of English as a Foreign Language. In close to 60 countries, English enjoys official status or is one of the native languages. With several fully codified standard varieties used in different nation-states, English also qualifies as the most pluricentric of the Germanic languages. British and American English are still the most powerful norm-providing Standard Englishes worldwide and the leading target models in the international classroom of English as a second or foreign language. Many of the changes in their grammars in the course of the 20th century happened independently of each other. In American English, such changes typically started earlier, spread faster, and affected more words or structures compared with British English. English is the most innovative of all Germanic languages when looking at its evolution since early medieval times, closely followed by the Mainland Scandinavian languages. Despite the fact that English and German both belong to the West Germanic branch, it is between these two languages that the greatest Germanic-internal typological distance holds, with German being placed at the pole of the structurally most conservative West Germanic language and (along with Icelandic) of all Germanic languages. English is highly analytic and exhibits many properties typically found in SVO languages, whereas German is still highly synthetic and shows many more typical properties of an SOV language. Mobility, migration, and language and dialect contact have played crucial roles in the history and development of English right from inception in the early Middle Ages. The extent to which the multiple language contact situations in the history of English have shaped the language, especially its grammar, is still a matter of debate. What is a fact is that the major typological changes of the English language away from the highly synthetic language type of Old Germanic happened exactly in the late Old English and, above all, the Middle English periods. Early Modern English was primarily a period of standardization, the Great Vowel Shift, and a heavy extension of the vocabulary because of its massive borrowing from Latin and French. The main characteristics of Late Modern English are continuity, stability, and norm-oriented codification of the English language via dictionaries and grammars. Both modern periods, especially the 18th and the 19th centuries, saw the global spread of English in the wake of colonial expansion, laying the foundations to English becoming a true world language with many varieties in different parts of the world.

Kortmann, Bernd & Lunkenheimer, Kerstin & Ehret, Katharina (eds.) 2020. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo. (Available online at https://ewave-atlas.org).

Dataset for article 'Reflecting on the quantitative turn in linguistics', published in Linguistics 59.5. 380 articles from the journal 'English Language and Linguistics' are classified for the variables 'Year', 'Issue', 'Issue_Type', 'Author', 'Type', 'Quant '. See the article for details.

This chapter contains section titled: Introduction The Noun Phrase The Verb Phrase Negation Agreement Subordination General Patterns and Tendencies Conclusion

English Language and Linguistics has reached volume 25. This kind of jubilee prompts reflection and we four current editors of the journal would like to take this opportunity to look back over its history a little, to consider how it has developed during its first quartercentury. ELL’s founding editors (Bas Aarts, David Denison and Richard Hogg) published an editors’ note in the first issue, back in 1997, setting out the plans for the journal. They wrote that ‘[t]he journal is concerned equally with the synchronic and the diachronic aspects of English language studies and will publish articles of the highest quality which make a substantial contribution to our understanding of the structure and development of the English language and which are informed by a knowledge

Linguistics, English linguistics in particular, has witnessed a remarkable quantitative turn since the 1990s and the early 2000s. It was a turn both in scale and in quality, a turn concerning the degree (including the degree of so-phistication) to which quantitative empirical studies, statistical techniques, and statistical modelling have come to be used and determine linguistic research. Which role have corpus linguistics and probabilistic linguistics, including usage-based approaches, played in this development? Has this turn been to the detriment of qualitative methods, or even of linguistic theorizing in general? Has linguistics reached the point of a "quantitative crisis", or is it still a discipline characterized by a healthy equilibrium, if not mutual reinforcement, of quantitative and qualitative approaches? What are, or should be, major repercussions of the strong quantitative turn for the publication system of (English) linguistics? These are the major overarching questions underlying the reflections offered in this opinion paper.

This textbook introduces to major the properties of English (Standard English as well as major national, regional and social varieties), including an account of the current research traditions and methodologies. Written in an comprehensive and accessible style

Language as a social phenomenon: Similar to pragmatics, the field of sociolinguistics studies language use in real life. It is an illusion to think that language communities are homogeneous; instead, heterogeneity determines everyday language use. Linguistic heterogeneity has many different facets. Besides differences in linguistic competence and expressive ability among the members of any language community, each speaker uses certain linguistic features which distinguish him or her from the other members of their language community.

Chapter 16 Syntactic Variation in English A Global Perspective Bernd Kortmann, Search for more papers by this author Bernd Kortmann, Search for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Bas Aarts, Search for more papers by this authorApril McMahon, Search for more papers by this authorLars Hinrichs, Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 November 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119540618.ch16 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary Based on a data set comprising some 70 varieties of English, this chapter offers an overview of the syntactic and, marginally, morphological variation in the following six grammatical subsystems: the noun phrase, tense and aspect, mood and modality, negation, agreement, and subordination. The focus will be on the most pervasive tendencies and distinctive patterns across the English-speaking world, and on properties of individual (types and areal clusters of) non-standard varieties which are striking from a cross-linguistic point of view. Major issues addressed in the discussion part include the contribution of the cross-varietal study of syntactic variation to research on language complexity and language change, notably the evolution of future standard English(es), and the question to what extent this line of research benefits from, and at the same time contributes to, current linguistic theorizing within broadly formalist and typological frameworks. The Handbook of English Linguistics, Second Edition RelatedInformation

Outlook and appetizer: This chapter is meant to serve as an outlook and appetizer for the rich world of English linguistics lying beyond the essential core of the discipline outlined in the previous chapters. It will put the spotlight on turns and major trends in the development of novel theories, methodologies, research questions, and overall research paradigms. Any endeavour of this kind, especially when restricted to one chapter, must necessarily be selective.

Phonetics and phonology are the two branches of linguistics which deal with the properties and functions of sounds. Although they are tightly interrelated, they differ clearly from each other with regard to their research objects and the questions they ask.

The following links will guide anyone interested in exploring the rich world of the English language and (English) linguistics to some of the most interesting online resources currently available (corpora, databases, sound archives, electronic atlasses, podcasts, apps, etc.). Many of them have been selected with an eye to their potential as serving as true appetizers and fun for all those who want to plunge into and get enthused by real language data and state-of-the-art tools for analysing them.

The present chapter aims to give an overview of the most important structural differences between English and German. It will reconsider some issues discussed earlier in this book, albeit from a decidedly different point of view, and explore how the basic structural differences between English and German are related to each other.