Smallholder duck production contributes significantly to rural livelihoods in Indonesia by supporting household income, food security, and integrated agroecosystems. However, sustainability remains constrained by recurrent disease outbreaks, limited veterinary access, inadequate biosecurity, and rising production costs. In response to these challenges, farmers frequently rely on ethnoveterinary herbal medicine using locally available plants such as Carica papaya, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Although culturally embedded and economically accessible, these practices are often empirical and lack standardized preparation, dosage, and preventive frameworks. This field-based quasi-experimental study evaluated the effect of a structured ethnoveterinary educational intervention on farmers’ knowledge of herbal-based duck health management in Palembon Village, Indonesia. Forty smallholder duck farmers completed pretest–posttest assessments. Baseline knowledge scores were low (69/200; mean 1.73 ± 1.56), indicating irregular and reactive herbal use. Following participatory training, total scores increased significantly to 146/200 (mean 3.65 ± 1.11), representing a 112% relative improvement with a large practical effect size (Cohen’s d > 1.4). Participants demonstrated improved understanding of plant identification, preparation techniques, symptom-based treatment matching, preventive supplementation, and integration with hygiene and biosecurity practices. These findings demonstrate that structured ethnoveterinary education can transform empirical herbal practices into systematic and preventive animal health strategies. By strengthening smallholder productivity, reducing dependence on synthetic pharmaceuticals, and promoting sustainable use of medicinal plant biodiversity, this approach supports Zero Hunger through improved agricultural productivity (SDG 2), Good Health and Well-Being via antimicrobial stewardship (SDG 3), Responsible Consumption and Production through reduced pharmaceutical reliance (SDG 12), and Life on Land through biodiversity conservation (SDG 15).

This study aimed to determine the relationship between age and testicular morphometrics in lovebird (Agapornis fischeri), as well as the relationship between age and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the testes, and to evaluate the effect of body weight on testicular weight in determining the onset of puberty. This study used 30 lovebirds divided into three age groups: 4, 5, and 6 months, with ten birds in each group. The variables measured were testicular length, width, volume, weight and body weight. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, simple linier regression, and paired sample t-test. The results showed a positive relationship between age and testicular length, width and volume. The GSI values of lovebirds aged 4, 5 and 6 months were 0.015 ± 0.002, 0.058 ± 0.011, and 0.400 ± 0.067, respectively, indicating an increase with age. The significance coefficient at 4 months of age was 0.000 (p <0.05), indicating that body weight had a significant influence on testicular weight at this age. In contrast, lovebirds aged 5 and 6 months had significance coefficients of 0.079 and 0.089 (p >0.05), indicating that testicular weight was not significantly influenced by body weight at these ages. It can be concluded that lovebirds at 6 months of age are likely to have reached puberty.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses an ongoing public health concern, and its zoonotic nature increases the risk of cross-species transmission between humans and animals. Non-human primates (NHPs) are particularly susceptible because of the high similarity in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) critical residues compared to those in humans, especially among catarrhine species. Therefore, surveillance of NHP populations is essential, particularly in Indonesia, a megadiverse nation hosting numerous primate species that frequently interact with humans. In this study, 237 NHPs representing multiple species, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), langurs (Trachypithecus spp.), gibbons (Hylobates spp.), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), were sampled from both in-situ and ex-situ conservation settings across five provinces (Bali, East Java, West Java, Central Kalimantan, and West Sumatra). Paired nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). No molecular evidence of active SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in any of the individuals sampled. None of the samples showed amplification of either the N1 or N2 gene targets, and no borderline Ct values (all Ct >35 or undetermined) or single-target reactivity was observed. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance of Indonesian NHP populations by expanding geographical coverage, increasing the sample sizes, incorporating serological testing, and evaluating additional sample types to better assess potential spillover and spillback risks.

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global health concern affecting humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria threatens the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and poses serious public health risks. This review aims to describe the occurrence and distribution of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli across humans, animals, wildlife, and environmental sources using a One Health perspective. A literature review approach was conducted by collecting scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 from international and national databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on relevance to antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli within human, animal, and environmental contexts. The reviewed studies indicate that Escherichia coli isolates frequently show resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. Multidrug resistant strains and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria have been reported in clinical samples, livestock, companion animals, wildlife, and environmental samples including wastewater and river water. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of antimicrobial resistance transmission between humans, animals, and the environment. Integrated surveillance and responsible antibiotic use are essential to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the One Health approach

Background and Aim: Mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin-A (OTA), induces immunosuppression and compromises vaccine efficacy, leading to substantial economic losses in broiler production. Avian influenza (AI) remains endemic in several poultry-producing regions, where vaccination is the primary control strategy. However, impaired immune responses due to mycotoxin exposure frequently result in vaccination failure. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combined mycotoxin-detoxifier containing bentonite and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans in restoring humoral immune responses to AI vaccination and mitigating histopathological lesions in broilers exposed to AFB1 and OTA. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control (C-), positive control (C+), treatment 1 (T1; 1.1 g/kg detoxifier), and treatment 2 (T2; 1.6 g/kg detoxifier). Groups C+, T1, and T2 received feed contaminated with AFB1 and OTA (0.1 mg/kg each). Birds were vaccinated against AI at 7 days with a booster at 21 days. Antibody titers were measured by hemagglutination inhibition at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. Histopathological evaluations of the proventriculus and bursa of Fabricius were conducted on day 35. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were applied with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Antibody titers were significantly reduced in the mycotoxin-exposed group (C+) compared to the negative control (C-) at all post-vaccination time points. Supplementation with the detoxifier significantly improved antibody titers, particularly in T2, with values comparable to those of the negative control. Histopathological analysis revealed severe inflammatory cell infiltration, oxyntico-peptic cell necrosis, and degeneration in C+, whereas T1 and T2 groups demonstrated significant amelioration of lesions, with T2 showing the greatest protective effect. Similarly, lymphoid follicle depletion and necrosis in the bursa of Fabricius were markedly reduced in detoxifier-treated groups. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with a mycotoxin-detoxifier, particularly at 1.6 g/kg, effectively mitigates the immunosuppressive effects of AFB1 and OTA, enhances humoral responses to AI vaccination, and reduces histopathological damage in broilers. This strategy represents a practical and effective approach to improving poultry health and vaccine performance under mycotoxin-contaminated conditions.

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to global health, affecting both human and animal health sectors. Antibiotic resistance can be found in both healthy and diseased animals and may also be detected in their owners. Close interaction between humans and their pets, particularly dogs, can facilitate the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is one of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is an ESBL-producing bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of living organisms, including humans and dogs. Infections caused by E. coli may lead to diseases, such as urinary tract infections. Infections involving antibiotic-resistant E. coli result in more difficult and prolonged treatment. This study aimed to detect ESBL-producing E. coli in dogs transported through Juanda International Airport. Rectal swabs were collected as samples. Bacterial identification was performed using EMB agar, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Confirmation of ESBL-producing E. coli was performed using the double-disk synergy test (DDST). The results showed that 75.22% (85/113) were positive for E. coli, with 2.6% (3/113) confirmed as ESBL-producing by DDST.

This study aimed to determine the sex of Bangkok Zebra doves (Geopelia striata) based on external body morphometric measurements. A total of 32 doves were used, consisting of 16 females (8 bird each at 3 and 6 months of age) and 16 males (8 birds each at 3 and 6 months of age). Four morphometric parameters were measured: wing chord, antebrachium (forearm) length, longest primary feather, and longest tail feather. Wing and forearm lengths were measured using digital calipers with a precision of 0.01 mm, while the longest primary and tail feathers were measured using a ruler with 0.05 mm precision. The results showed that the average wing chord, longest primary feather, and longest tail feather lengths were significantly greater (p <0.05) in males compared to females. At six months of age, males also had a significantly longer forearm than females (p <0.05). However, no significant difference (p >0.05) was found in forearm length between sexes at three months of age. It could be concluded that wing and tail feather morphometrics can be used to distinguish between male and female Bangkok Zebra doves at both three and six months of age, except for forearm length at three months.

The frequency of canary imports continues to increase every year. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that threatens human and animal health worldwide. Human interaction with birds as pets is a public health concern because it has the potential to increase zoonotic diseases. This study was conducted to identify the antibiotic resistance of E. coli using fecal swab samples of imported canaries from Malaysia. Samples were grown on an EMBA medium for the isolation test, Gram staining test, and IMViC test were performed to continue the identification test -Kirby-Bauer diffusion test - to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, the sample examination results showed 18% (27/150) were positive for E. coli, 16% (24/150) showed the highest resistance to tetracycline, 15,33% (23/150) amoxicillin, 12,66% (19/150) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 6% (9/150) ciprofloxacin, and 14,66% (22/150) isolates were confirmed MDR because they were resistant to three to four antibiotics. Further efforts are needed to understand and address the factors that lead to antibiotic resistance in the context of animal and public health. Prudent management of antibiotic use and monitoring of antibiotic resistance needs to be improved to maintain animal health and prevent the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria to humans.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels or insulin deficiency. Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.) leaves are known to be potentially utilized as an alternative remedy for diabetes. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of Sapodilla leaf extract on the improvement of histopathological presentation of kidneys in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: This research used 3 months old male mice weighing 25-35g. A total of 25 mice were used, with 5 mice per each group. The treatments employed included P1 (Sapodilla leaf extract at a dosage of 100 mg/kg BW), P2 (Sapodilla leaf extract at a dosage of 300 mg/kg BW), K+ (Pioglitazone at a dosage of 2 mg/kg BW), K0 (No treatment administered), and K- (Diabetic control). Kidney sample collection was conducted on the 14th day after therapy administration. Histopathological samples were examined using a trinocular microscope. Data analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis method, followed by the Mann-Whitney test.Results: The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test with the parameter of necrosis indicate a p-value of .001. The degeneration of cells shows a p-value of .001, while congestion shows a p-value of .001 as well. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted on the parameters of necrosis, cell degeneration, and congestion. The results indicated that the P1 treatment group was not significantly different from the P2 and K+ groups for cell degeneration and congestion; however, a significant difference was observed between P1 and K+ for the necrosis parameter.Conclusion: The study concludes the data analysis revealed that the administration of sapodilla leaf extract can ameliorate kidney damage in diabetic mice induced with alloxan. Keywords: Alloxan; Diabetes; Kidney Histopathology; Sapodilla leaf extract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires effective vaccines to be developed. This study aimed to assess the impact of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice by monitoring their body weight, immune activation, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The study utilized k18-hACE2 mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The mice were administered the inactivated vaccine candidate compared with sham and vehicle. Body weight was monitored, and serum samples were collected to measure IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels using ELISA. Data were evaluated using SPSS statistical analysis software. The administration of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice did not result in significant changes in body weight compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the vaccinated mice compared to the control group, suggesting a dampening effect on the inflammatory response. This study demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate has a minimal impact on the body weight of k18-hACE2 mice. Nevertheless, it successfully regulates the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, suggesting its safety and beneficial impact. These findings contribute to understanding the vaccine's efficacy and safety profile in vaccine development.

Luka bakar derajat dua adalah kondisi traumatis kompleks yang membutuhkan intervensi optimal untuk penyembuhan jaringan. Tujuan penelitian eksperimental ini adalah untuk mempelajari bagaimana krim ekstrak daun melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) mempengaruhi densitas densitas kolagen pada luka bakar. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan 20 ekor tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus) dari strain Wistar, dibagi menjadi lima kelompok: kontrol negatif, kontrol positif (silver sulfadiazine), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun melinjo yang bervariasi antara 2,5%, 5%, dan 10% . Induksi luka bakar dilakukan di area gluteus kanan tikus dengan termostat pada suhu 85°C selama 5 detik. Evaluasi densitas kolagen dilakukan melalui analisis histopatologis menggunakan ImageJ dengan skor densitas dari 0 hingga 4. Hasilnya menunjukkan peningkatan densitas kolagen yang signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan, dengan konsentrasi 10% menunjukkan kepadatan tertinggi (skor +4). Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antar kelompok tersebut (p<0,05). Temuan menunjukkan potensi ekstrak daun melinjo sebagai terapi alternatif dalam meningkatkan proses penyembuhan luka bakar melalui optimalisasi densitas kolagen.

This study aims to obtain information and data on the prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the Animal Hospital of East Java Livestock Service Surabaya. The data obtained in this study are data on visitors or pet owners to the Animal Hospital in January - December 2021. The type of research is descriptive research. The data obtained tabulated and analyzed with a prevalence test and discussed descriptively. The prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the study was 5.62% or 76 positive of 1352 visiting clients. Forty five of them were cats (59.21% of 76) and 31 were rabbits (40.79% of 76). Scabies attacks animals in the nose, mouth and ears. Scabies also causes weight loss, hair loss, irritation, anemia and even death. Scabies treatment at the research location is by cleaning the scars caused by scabies, applying an ointment containing 5% permethrin, and giving anti-histamine and anti-parasitic as well as providing supportive therapy in the form of grooming using shampoo containing anti-ectoparasites. Pet owners are expected to follow the advice given by animal hospital staff who have provided knowledge in terms of controlling and preventing Scabies.

Sex identification of Sun Conures (Aratinga solstitialis) is crucial for breeding and preservation, as well as increasing sun conure populations. These birds are sexually monomorphic. Therefore, Determination between male and female carried out by their morphology examination. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, utilizing molecular-based technology, was employed to determine the sex of Aratinga solstitialis in this study. The P2 and P8 primers were utilized in this method, which has been deemed suitable and accurate for sex identification through calamus samples. The research focused on two 28-month-old Aratinga solstitialis birds. Calamus samples were collected and subjected to PCR amplification using the extracted calamus. The resulting PCR products were then visualized using electrophoresis with a 1% agarose gel. In the electrophoresis photo, the presence of two bands indicated a female specimen, whereas a single band indicated a male specimen. The result of the gel electrophoresis research showed that both of the Aratinga solstitialis were male with one band of each bird on ranged from 300-400 base pairs. The result show that the Polymerase Chain Reaction method in terms for sex identification on monomorphic birds, especially Aratinga solstitialis birds is very effective to differentiate the sex of young birds and the adults.

Background: Humans and animals who have an acute case of diarrhea can be infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Within the category of water-borne disease, it is a zoonotic disease. The zoonotic disease Cryptosporidium is among the several pathogens carried by wild rats (Rattus spp.). The risk of spreading this disease is rather significant in urban environments because rats are often close to people. Aim: This study aims to detect Cryptosporidium spp. infection in wild rats in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Methods: Through necropsy, a total of 100 wild rats' intestines were sampled for feces. Microscopic observation of the presence of Cryptosporidium was carried out using the float test with a combination of Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. positive results used the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene with polimerase chain reaction method. Results: The results showed that 69 samples were positive for containing Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and with ZN staining to confirm the diagnosis, the staining results showed Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts dark pink with a clear cavity inside with a percentage of 95.65% in Rattus norvegicus and 61.03% in Rattus tanezumi. In residential and densely populated environments the percentage of Cryptosporidium spp. amounted to 66.66% and in the market environment amounted to 74.19%. The percentage of Cryptosporidium spp. in the North Surabaya region was 42.85%, South Surabaya 100%, West Surabaya 37.5%, East Surabaya 81.39%, and Central Surabaya 65.38%. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. positive results were obtained using the COWP gene 550 bp. Conclusion: This study aims to detect Cryptosporidium spp. infection in wild rats in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The high number of cases of cryptosporidiosis in wild rats has the potential to be a reservoir for the spread of the disease. The Cryptosporidium spp can detected with COWP in 550 bp in wild rats in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are the only known hosts that excrete resistant oocysts. Wild rats serve as crucial reservoirs and intermediate hosts for T. gondii’s survival and dissemination. Consuming soil and water containing oocysts can lead to illness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in wild rats through molecular detection as an indicator of environmental contamination in Surabaya. Materials and Methods: One hundred rats were collected from the three areas (housing, dense settlements, and traditional markets) and distributed into the five zones: West, East, Central, North, and South of Surabaya. Brain tissue samples were extracted using a Geneaid™ (New Taipei City, Taiwan) DNA isolation kit and analyzed through the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. Results: The study analyzed brain tissue from 100 wild rats, consisting of 77 Rattus tanezumi and 33 Rattus norvegicus, displaying 30% LAMP positivity. The study revealed that 30% (30/100) of wild rats tested were infected with T. gondii. The molecular prevalence rate in male rats was 32.35% (22/68), compared to females with 25% (8/32). 41.9% of the housing population, 33.3% of traditional markets, and 22.6% of dense settlements had the highest molecular prevalence. The high positive molecular rate at the trapping site can be attributed to cats and dense populations. Conclusion: Thirty percentage wild rats were tested positive for toxoplasmosis in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia using LAMP method. Implementing strict control and monitoring is crucial in preventing the transmission of diseases from wild rats to humans. It is necessary to carry out further research related to genetic analysis of T. gondii to determine the type of T. gondii that infects animals and humans in Surabaya through bioassay and molecular test.

Cryptosporidiosis is a waterborne zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium, which is a parasite that causes infection of the small intestine and leads to acute diarrhea in both humans and animals. Wild rats (Rattus spp.) are known to carry many zoonotic pathogens including Cryptosporidium. Given their close proximity to humans in urban environments, the likelihood of disease transmission is high. This study aims to detect the Cryptosporidium spp. infection in wild rats in Surabaya City, East Java Province. Intestinal fecal samples were collected using necropsy. The flotation test and Ziehl-Neelsen stain were used to observe the presence of Cryptosporidium under the microscope. The results showed that 69 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. in the oocyst stage, which appeared dark pink with a clear cavity and the size of the oocysts ranged from 2-6 μm. The high incidence of cryptosporidiosis in wild rats is a potential health threat to both animals and humans.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) could cause increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress in the testicles, which adversely affected sperm quality. Dayak onion extract which is known for its high antioxidant content, could help alleviate oxidative stress caused by MSG. This research examined the effect of Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) on sperm abnormalities and plasma membrane integrity in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to MSG. Twenty-five male mice, 8 weeks old with a body weight approximately 20g, were divided into five groups, C– (received 0.5% Na-CMC), C+ (received 4 mg/g bw MSG), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) which were given 4 mg/g bw MSG accompanied by Dayak onion extract at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg bw respectively. All treatments lasted for 52 days. Significant differences (p <0.05) in sperm abnormalities and plasma membrane integrity were observed among the groups. Sperm abnormalities found were (12.3 ± 1.92), (61.1 ± 3.10), (41.6 ± 2.87), (30.4± 1.91), and (18.2 ± 2.10) % respectively for C–, C+, T1, T2 and T3. Meanwhile, sperm plasma membrane integrity found were (33.0 ± 3.24), (69.3 ± 2.32), (41.8 ± 2.42), (55.4 ± 3.11), and (64.2 ± 1.27) % respectively for C–, C+, T1, T2 and T3. These results indicate that Dayak onion extract could help reduce sperm abnormalities and maintain plasma membrane integrity in mice exposed to MSG.

Diabetes mellitusis a metabolic disorder in the form of high levels of glucose in the blood. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Manilkara zapota leaf extract (MZLE) on alloxan-induced mice. 25 male mice ± 3 months, 25-35 g, treated with P1 (MZLE 140 mg/kg), P2 (MZLE 70mg/kg), K+ (Pioglitazone 20 mg/kg), P0 (normal control) and K- (diabetescontrol). Pancreas was taken on day 14 after being given therapy. Data analysis by Kruskal Wallis and MannWhitney. MZLE 140 mg/kg showed that the highest pancreatic protection compared to MZLE 70 mg/kg and pioglitazone 20 mg/kg.

Strategic infectious animal diseases have a great impact on the national economy as they may cause great economic loss, public anxiety, and high mortality. In Indonesia, among the diseases considered as strategic infectious animal diseases is foot and mouth disease (FMD). This study reported the incidence of strategic infectious animal diseases in Balongpanggang district during 2023. Throughout 2023, FMD only accounted for 4% of the total diseases of the year and was the only strategic infectious animal disease reported that year. Meanwhile, bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) incidence reached 57% (876/1546) of the total diseases in beef cattle in 2023. In addition to BEF, official veterinary services reported a total case of 1546 throughout 2023 that comprises; diarrhea (99), limping (24), helminthiasis (91), ectoparasite (11), hematochezia (3), wound (3), mastitis (4), allergy (1), dystocia (28), vaginal prolapse (11), dermatitis (45), enteritis (27), tympani (11), scabiosis (122), arthritis (67), ophthalmic problem (11), endometritis (1), uterine retention (13), indigestion (2), pneumonia (21), hypoglycemia (5), abscess (21), ovariohysterectomy (1), orchitis (1), intoxication (1), and papilloma (1). In conclusion, the only strategic infectious animal disease reported in 2023 in Balongpanggang was FMD with the incidence as high as 3% as compared to the non-strategic infectious animal diseases, BEF, which reached 54% of the total cases during 2023.

Abstract. Ramadhani BF, Yuliani MGA, Hendarti GA, Palupi TDW, Rosyada ZNA, Soeharsono, Luqman EM, Srianto P, Dhamayanti Y, Setiawan B. 2024. Short Communication: Photogrammetric analysis of the number and pattern of dorsal cranium scale of juvenile green iguana (Iguana iguana). Biodiversitas 25: 264-268. Pet animals can significantly positively impact mental health and reduce feelings of loneliness. Due to the large number of pets under care, there is a need for an efficient and effective method of pet identification. Thus, this study aims to identify changes in the dorsal cranium scale of juvenile green iguana (Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758)) less than one year old. Dorsal cranium scales of juvenile green iguanas identified the number and pattern. Photo identification was examined for 18 green iguanas four times from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, at 12 weeks old, 14 weeks old, 16 weeks old, and 18 weeks old. The photo was taken on a studio set, focusing on the cranium of the green iguana to get the scale pattern correctly. Photo identification was taken to find scale number and pattern determinants by analyzing the app I3S. We collated and analyzed the weekly data to test hypotheses using repeated measure ANOVA analysis in IBM SPSS 23. The data showed that the number of scales of the dorsal cranium was stable during the four photos taken, and each individual could be the same in the number of scales. The pattern of dorsal cranium scales has a stagnant pattern for each individual, and each individual is different at scale patterns, so photo identification as individual identification is possible. However, it is not possible to use it to identify the age of the iguana.