The Nobel Prizes have been awarded since 1901 from the interest rate of the principal, established for this purpose in the form of a foundation by the inventor of dynamite, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel. The disciplines for which they are assigned are Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Physiology, Literature and Peace, and, starting in 1969, economics. As early as the mentioned 1901, the year of the first awards, the Nobel Prize in Physics was received by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for his discovery of the X-rays on the 8th of November 1895, which is considered to be the foundation of the modern medical discipline of clinical radiology. Further discoveries followed, such as the ones of computed tomography imaging or magnetic resonance imaging, which have significantly improved clinical radiological diagnostics. Other Nobel Prize winners for discoveries and inventions related to the speciality of clinical radiology will be highlighted on this trail. The areas of their scientific research from which they have received the aforementioned awards will be analysed, and their impact on the development of clinical radiology will be evaluated.

Austrijski car i hrvatsko-ugarski kralj Franjo Josip I. (1830./1848. – 1916.) bio je najdugovječniji habsburški vladar. U sklopu njegovih posjeda nalazio se i Osijek koji od 1809. uživa status slobodnoga kraljevskoga grada. U promatranome razdoblju sjedište je Virovitičke županije i prijestolnica Kraljevine Slavonije do njezina uklapanja u Trojednu Kraljevinu Hrvatsku, Slavoniju i Dalmaciju nakon Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe 1868. Zbog toga Osijek čini ne samo političko, gospodarsko i kulturno već i zdravstveno središte. Na početku vladavine Franje Josipa I. u njemu djeluju dvije bolnice: vojna u baroknoj vojnoj utvrdi Tvrđi i civilna u Novome gradu. Najznačajniju ulogu u daljnjemu razvoju osječkoga i slavonskog zdravstva ima zaklada osnovana 1806. iz ostavština gostioničara Johanna Kolhoffera, kožara Josefa Huttlera i isusovca Cristiana Monspergera. Iako je prvotno bila namijenjena osnivanju sirotišta, zbog brojnih nepogodnih političkih okolnosti, zaklada, uz do tada glavnici višestruko pripisane kamate, pod upravu grada dolazi tek 1867. Novcem iz nje se tada uz sirotište završeno 1868. podiže i nova osječka bolnica otvorena 1874. Huttler-Kohlhoffer-Monspergerova zakladna bolnica bila je najveća i najmodernija bolnica u Trojednoj Kraljevini, a njezina je zgrada, unatoč kasnijim izgradnjama različitih bolničkih odjela, do danas ostala najreprezentativnija građevina u sklopu Kliničkoga bolničkog centra Osijek.

The Austrian emperor and the Croat-Hungarian king Franz Joseph I (1830/1848-1916) was the longest-serving ruler of the Habsburg dynasty. Among his properties was Osijek, which since 1809 enjoyed the status of a free royal city. In the period under review, it was the seat of the Virovitica County and the capital of the Kingdom of Slavonia until its incorporation into the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia after the Croat-Hungarian settlement of 1868. Because of this, Osijek was not only a political, economic and cultural centre but also a health care centre. At the beginning of the reign of Franz Joseph I, two hospitals were operating in it: a military one in the baroque military garrison Tvrda and a civilian one in New Town. The most significant role in the further development of the Osijek and Slavonian health care was played by the trust established in 1806 from the legacies of innkeeper Johann Kolhoffer, tanner Josef Huttler and Jesuit Cristian Monsperger. Although originally intended for the establishment of an orphanage, due to a number of unfavourable political circumstances, the trust, until then with multiple interests attributed to the principal, came under the administration of the city of Osijek only in 1867. Along with the new orphanage opened in 1874, a new hospital was completed as well in 1868, also with the money from the trust. Huttler-Kohlhoffer-Monsperger Foundation Hospital was the largest and most modern hospital in the Triune Kingdom, and despite later constructions of various hospital wards, its building has remained the most representative building within the Clinical-Hospital Centre Osijek.

Ibn Sina, better known to the Western medical historians by his Latin nickname Avicenna, is considered the third most important physician in medical history, along with the Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman physician Galen. He was born around 980 in Afshona near Bukhara on the Silk Road in present-day Uzbekistan and died in 1037 in Hamadan near Tehran in present-day Iran. Among his greatest contributions to the development of medicine is his work entitled The Canon of Medicine, in which he summarized all the previous medical knowledge, which is why it has been used for centuries as a basic medical textbook. In recent times, in connection with the controversy over the naming of the medieval caliphate medicine, with the aim of formulating an inclusive term, which would not emphasize any involved group to the detriment of the others, paradoxically in the focus of the research of the in it interested historians of medicine, instead of the achievements of the individual doctors from the mentioned era, came the determination of their ethnic and religious affiliation, including Avicenna's, all the more so because he came from the disputed area of the conflicts between different nations and opposing religions. In doing so, scientific discussions are increasingly joined by the erection of the representative architectural structures in the places related to the individual doctors, one of which is the representative Avicenna Museum in Afshona.

Ibn Sina, zapadnim povjesnicarima medicine poznatiji pod svojim latinskim nadimkom Avicena, uz grckoga lijecnika Hipokrata i rimskoga lijecnika Galena, smatra se trecim najznacajnijim lijecnikom u medicinskoj povijesti. Rođen je oko 980. godine u Afshoni kraj Bukhare na Putu svile u danasnjem Uzbekistanu, a umro je 1037. godine u Hamadanu kraj Teherana u danasnjem Iranu. Među njegove najvece doprinose razvoju medicine ubraja se njegovo djelo naslovljeno Kanon medicine, u kojemu je sažeo sve dotadasnje medicinsko znanje, zbog cega se stoljecima poslije koristilo kao temeljni medicinski udžbenik. U posljednje su vrijeme vezano za prijepore oko naziva srednjovjekovne kalifatske medicine, a s ciljem formuliranja zajednickoga termina, koji niti jednu ukljucenu skupinu ne bi isticao na stetu drugih, paradoksalno u žižu istraživanja zainteresiranih povjesnicara medicine, umjesto dostignuca pojedinih lijecnika iz spomenutoga razdoblja, dosla utvrđivanja njihovih etnickih te religijskih pripadnosti, a tako i Avicenine, tim vise sto je potekao iz spornoga podrucja susreta razlicitih naroda i suprotstavljenih vjera. Pritom se znanstvenim raspravama u tom sve vise pridružuje i podizanje reprezentativnih arhitektonskih objekata na mjestima vezanim za pojedine lijecnika, jedan od kojih je i reprezentativni Avicenin muzej u Afshoni.

Objective: Providing suggestions for the evaluation of the sagittal spine curvatures in the supine patients because the sagittal spine curvatures are usually analyzed only in the erect patients. Methods: 196 patients had their sagittal spine curvatures analyzed in a retrospective study on both the standard X rays done in the erect position and on the native MR scans done in the supine position during the six months period, between the 1st January and the 30th June 2019, on the Somatom Avanto, Erlangen 1,5 T machine at the Department of Radiology of the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka. Harrison’s posterior tangential method was used for the evaluation of the sagittal spine curvatures due to its lesser standard mistake and a greater measurement precision than the Cobb’s method. Results: In the cervical spines there were no significant changes in the patients with hyperlodoses and kyphoses, lesser changes were seen in the patients with hypolordoses and applanations, while the greatest changes were in the patients with normolordoses. The smallest changes overall were observed in the thoracic spines. Regarding the lumbar spines there were again no significant changes in the patients with hyperlordoses and kyphoses, lesser changes were seen in the patients with hypolordoses and applanations, while the greatest changes were observed in the patients with normolordoses. Conclusion: In the supine patients the sagittal spine curvatures could with a certainty be assessed in the cases of thoracic spines and lumbar normolordoses as well as in the cervical and lumbar hyperlordoses and pathological kyphoses.

Djeca su zbog svoje male veličine, brojnih staničnih dioba još uvijek rastućih i razvijajućih tkiva i organa, kao i dužeg očekivanog životnog vijeka, otprilike tri puta osjetljivija na iste doze ionizirajućeg zračenja od odraslih. To je posebno izraženo kod pregleda kompjutoriziranom tomografijom (engl. computerized tomography, CT) koji, iako čine samo 17 % ionizirajućih radioloških pregleda, sudjeluju s čak 49 % u ukupnom ozračivanju pacijenata. Zbog toga se pod utjecajem kampanje Image Gently početkom 2010-ih godina razmišljalo o potpunom napuštanju CT pregleda u pedijatrijskoj radiologiji te njihovoj zamjeni ultrazvučnim odnosno pregledima učinjenim magnetskom rezonancijom kao metodama izbora. Pojava Flash CT tehnike koja istovremeno skraćuje vrijeme snimanja i smanjuje doze zračenja dovela je do odustajanja od toga. Tome u prilog išle su i činjenice da su s jedne strane CT pregledi praktički nezamjenjivi u slučajevima trauma, dok su s druge strane djeca, kao uostalom i pripadnici svih drugih dobnih skupina, neprestano izložena manjoj ili većoj količini pozadinskog ionizirajućeg zračenja (Zemlja, svemir, zrakoplovi). U tome smislu danas se sve više preporučuje uporaba low dose CT (LDCT) tehnika individualno prilagođenih svakom pacijentu zbog njihove manje količine ionizirajućeg zračenja. Na tome putu nastojali smo napraviti pregled najnovijih spoznaja o spomenutoj problematici na temelju znanstvenih radova objavljenih u protekle tri godine (2016. – 2018.). Oni pokazuju da CT pregledi ne samo da nisu napušteni u pedijatrijskoj radiologiji, već naprotiv, u slučajevima brojnih indikacija LDCT pregledi čine zlatni standard.

: Emanuel Edward Klein (1844−1925), anatomist, embryologist, physiologist, histologist, and microbiologist, has finished medicine in Vienna and developed his professional career in London. Due to the fact that his greatest contributions were in microbiology, his researches in the other fields of medicine such as anatomy were generally neglected. In this respect this paper tries to systematically present his anatomical researches. Special notion is given to the highlighting of the connection between his earlier Viennese and his later London years in order to establish his role in the transmission of the knowledge between the Continent, precisely the Viennese Medical School, and the United Kingdom. With this goal the archival sources comprised of the original documents on Klein’s life, the library sources composed of the primary and the secondary sources about Klein’s career, and finally Klein’s published works were analysed. Descriptive, comparative and analytical methods were used with the aim of their evaluation. Emanuel Edward Klein’s anatomical researches were thus interpreted in the general context of the development of medicine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century and with the regard to the contemporary medical achievements.

This editorial is dedicated to a commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the death of Leonardo da Vinci (Vinci near Florence, April 15, 1452 ‑ Cloux Castle, France, May 2, 1519) ‑ the greatest Renaissance artist and one of the greatest artists in general. From his invaluable artistic and scientific heritage, only a small part dedicated to the exploration of the Nature was selected for this occasion. In this part, according to many, the most significant place is dedicated to his anatomical drawings as a lasting testament to his interest in anatomy and medicine in general. Much has been said and written about this topic over the past 500 years. While searching through numerous bibliographic sources, several of the most impressive drawings have been selected for this occasion, with a few short reminiscences, which bear the most impressive testimony to the brilliant mind of the great Leonardo, rightfully called uomo universale.

Plague epidemics have remained in the collective consciousness until nowadays remembered as the deadliest. Therefore, it is not surprising that the answers to them throughout history have been not only medical but also religious. The previously mentioned will be analyzed in this paper through the cults of the protector saints against the plague epidemics that have developed in two Croatian cities of comparable size, Rijeka and Osijek, but with the diametrically opposed geographical positions and, accordingly, quite different historical developments. On the one hand, a more detailed overview of the development of the cults of various saints present in the mentioned cities will be presented. On the other hand, based on their presentation in the sacral heritage of these cities, the broader context of the time and space in which they have developed will be lightened. Particular attention will be paid to their medical connotations.

This editorial is dedicated to a commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the death of Leonardo da Vinci (Vinci near Florence, April 15, 1452 - Cloux Castle, France, May 2, 1519) - the greatest Renaissance artist and one of the greatest artists in general. From his invaluable artistic and scientific heritage, only a small part dedicated to the exploration of the Nature was selected for this occasion. In this part, according to many, the most significant place is dedicated to his anatomical drawings as a lasting testament to his interest in anatomy and medicine in general. Much has been said and written about this topic over the past 500 years. While searching through numerous bibliographic sources, several of the most impressive drawings have been selected for this occasion, with a few short reminiscences, which bear the most impressive testimony to the brilliant mind of the great Leonardo, rightfully called uomo universale.

Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis znacajan je za povijest medicine zbog svojeg otkrica uzroka puerperalne sepse, do kojega je dosao tijekom rada na Prvoj porodnickoj klinici becke Allgemeines Krankenhaus. Buduci da je ta klinika, koju su vodili lijecnici, imala puno vecu smrtnost rodilja od Druge porodnicke klinike, koju su vodile babice, želio je utvrditi uzroke takva stanja. Dosao je do zakljucka da puerperalnu sepsu prenose sami lijecnici i studenti medicine buduci da su nakon obavljanja anatomskih sekcija odlazili izvoditi porođaje, pri cemu su ruke najcesce prali samo sapunom. Semmelweis je umjesto toga predložio obvezatno pranje ruku u otopini kalij-hipoklorita, cime je smrtnost na Prvoj izjednacio sa smrtnoscu na Drugoj porodnickoj klinici. Unatoc tome, njegovo je otkrice naislo na odbacivanje etabliranih medicinskih krugova. Kljucne rijeci: Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis, puerperalna sepsa, porodnistvo

Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis's significance for the history of medicine lies in his discovery of the cause of puerperal fever. He discovered it during his work at the First Obstetrics Clinic of the Vienna's Allgemeines Krankenhaus. Since the mentioned Clinic, led by the doctors, had much higher mortality rates of the child-bearing women than the Second Obstetrics Clinic, led by the midwives, he wanted to determine the causes of such a state. He came to the conclusion that puerperal sepsis was transmitted by the doctors and medical students, who after performing the anatomical sections started to perform the births with their hands beforehand washed only with soap. Semmelweis instead proposed a mandatory hand washing in a potassium-hypochlorite solution thus making the mortality at the First equivalent to the mortality at the Second Obstetrics Clinic. Despite this, his discovery was rejected by the established medical circuits.

Plague was one of the most deadly epidemic diseases of the Baroque period. Responses to it were not only medical, but religious as well. A good example of the latter is the Most Holy Trinity monument in the city of Osijek, which was in the 18th century the biggest town of the Kingdom of Slavonia and today is the regional centre in the Republic of Croatia. The monument was erected between 1729 and 1730 on the main square of the Osijek military fortress Tvrđa by the widow of the General Maksimilijan Petraš who died during the 1728 plague epidemic. Inscription on it implores the mercy of God as a protection against plague. Its foundation could be also interpreted as a part of the Catholic Revival, which was implemented by the Habsburgs in Osijek and Slavonia after their liberation from the Ottomans. But although, on the one hand, it could be interpreted as a symbol of the successful implementation of the Habsburg unifying religious policies due to its strong resemblance with the similar columns throughout the Habsburg Monarchy, on the other hand, it represented a continuation of the theurgic understanding of medicine, which could be interpreted as the failure of the Habsburg enlightened medical policies. Thus the archival documents from the Osijek State Archive together with the Osijek plague column itself were analysed with the aim of explaining the above mentioned ambiguities.

Emanuel Edward Klein (1844 - 1925) was a British microbiologist of Croatian origin. He was born in Osijek in what is currently the Republic of Croatia and which was then part of the Habsburg Monarchy, he completed his medical studies in Vienna in 1869, and went on to spend his entire career in London. Although trained as an anatomist, embryologist and histologist, his main area of research was microbiology. Due to the fact that back then it was a new and fast developing discipline, he was able to pursue his interests in many directions and make significant discoveries, such as the identification of the 'Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes' as a cause of summer hospital diarrhoeas. Although the overwhelming majority of his researches dealt with bacteria which attacked humans, in 1892 he published a book entitled The Etiology and Pathology of Grouse Disease, Fowl Enteritis, and Some Other Diseases Affecting Birds, which revealed the results of his experiments on the bacteria which affected birds. In the context of the general development of the microbiology, this paper tries to give an objective evaluation of this until now widely neglected book.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the age, the body mass index (BMI), and the years of training on the average muscle power in male and female rowers. The analysis of the testing results of the members of the Rowing club Iktus from Osijek in Croatia was performed. Results were obtained during the regular yearly testing on the rowing ergometer for the rowing season of 2009. Members of the Rowing club Iktus were divided into two subgroups according to their sex. The obtained results were analysed in accordance with the age, the BMI, and the years of training independently for the each of the two subgroups. The results have showed that the average muscle power is independent of all the three parameters in the male rowers, while it is dependent on the age and the years of training in the female rowers. It seems that the BMI does not play any role at all in the average muscle power. As a conclusion, it could be stated that while one can suggest to female rowers to improve their performance with prolonged training, there is a need for a further research in order to formulate a suitable advice for male rowers.