A field experiment was conducted during 2011–12 and 2012–13 at Morena, Madhya Pradesh, to study the ef fect of nutrition management, and methods and scheduling of irrigation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping sequence. An irrigation at 0.6 irrigation water:cumulative pan evaporation (IW:CPE) ratio resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes, seed yield, economic benefits and water pro ductivity of soybean compared with 0.4 and 0.8 IW:CPE. Similarly, an irrigation at 0.4 IW:CPE ratio significantly in fluenced the yield-attributing characters, seed and straw yields, economic benefits and water productivity of chickpea compared with 0.6 and 0.8 IW:CPE ratios, whereas height and number of branches increased with in creasing IW:CPE ratio. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in significantly higher growth and yield attributes, seed and straw yields, economic benefits and water productivity of both the crops. The irrigation at 0.6 IW:CPE ratio showed 51.3% and 39.0% higher seed of soybean over 0.4 and 0.8 IW:CPE ratio, whereas 0.4 IW:CPE of irrigation yielded 14.5% and 32.5% higher seed of chickpea compared with 0.6 and 0.8 IW:CPE. Mean response of sprinkler irriga tion was recorded 8.3% in soybean and 11.7% in chickpea higher seed yield over check basin irrigation. Likewise, increases in growth and yield attributes, seed yield, water productivity and protein production of soybean and chickpea were noticed with application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 2.5 t FYM/ha compared with other nutrition treatments. Addition of 75% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha also achieved higher system productivity, net profit and production and economic efficacy. After harvesting of the second crop of chickpea, maximum availability of N, P, K and S was recorded under 0.4 IW:CPE ratio, sprinkler irrigation and application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha compared to other treatments.

Increasing severity of high temperature worldwide presents an alarming threat to wheat in India as late planting of wheat is very common due to the wide spread intensive rice-wheat cropping system particularly in north-west India. As a result, wheat crop has to face the problem of terminal heat stress. It causes a series of morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes, which affect plant growth and development and results in reduced yield. However, there are various strategies for yield improvement under high temperature stress after anthesis in wheat. Recently, emphasis has been placed on exploiting prompt and inexpensive means of obtaining satisfactory yields from heat stressed lands. One of the pragmatic approaches is the exogenous use of stress alleviating compounds either as seed or foliar application. In this respect, many nitrogenous compounds, inorganic salts, natural and synthetic plant growth regulators and stress signaling molecules have been used based on their specific properties and roles to improve photosynthesis and other physiological functions in wheat. Several osmoprotectants have been reported for alleviating abiotic stresses in wheat. In this literature review, there is an emphasis on the adverse effect of heat stress during reproductive stage of wheat and efficacy of different bio-regulators on grain yield and quality. It also investigates recent advances in research on all these aspects and focuses on osmoprotectants as an effective tool to improve terminal heat tolerance in wheat.

Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is a decision-making method in which we decide the right decision from a range of viable options based on the comparative or context of specific of a defined system of interrelated or impartial parameters. By giving preferred evidence in the form of an actual real number or a range, a suitable solution may be selected. Therefore, given ambiguous or inaccurate facts, desire info in actual life could be analyzed directly. In certain instances, uncertainty is generated by creators who are ambiguous or inaccurate. Such feature provided researchers with a strong incentive to apply MCDM methods in an uncertain environment. In recent times, TOPSIS is often known about MCDM in several areas. The fuzzy TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) approach and several basic principles are discussed in this paper. The major aim of this paper is to create a novel intuitionistic fuzzy set decision-making method based on a novel fuzzy entropy measure. To begin, create a novel intuitionistic fuzzy entropy measure as well as innovative weighting techniques for intuitionistic multi-criterion decision making by using the attribute values based mostly on the fuzzy based measure. In addition, it develops an intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method for ranking options, and a practical example is provided in which we compare the four universities LPU, Amity University, Chitkara University, and Chandigarh University for the purpose of selecting the best one for admission by using the real data.

Enhancing crop water productivity by genetic improvements or agronomic manipulations and reducing evapotranspiration losses from soil and plant surface is the need of the hour. Selection and breeding of traits which lead to increase in crop and water productivity like early maturing and stress tolerant cultivars with deep and thick root system, hairy leaves and increase in partitioning of assimilates towards grains etc. can help in increasing the water productivity. Different management options like, alteration in planting time, more water efficient planting methods, tillage practices, irrigation management, intercropping, use of anti-transpirants, row orientation, planting geometry and application of mulches and shelter belts can play important role for sustainability of water resources and crop productivity. However, the best option varies according to the location, prevailing weather conditions as well as social and economic conditions of the farmers.

Two field experiments were conducted to determine the optimum irrigation method and drip fertigation rate in menthol mint during the spring of 2015 and 2016. Experiment I comprised combinations of four drip irrigation rates [60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETC)] and three fertigation rates [60, 80, and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), i.e. 75 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 ha−1] with an additional control (furrow irrigation and soil application of RDF). Experiment II had a split-plot design, with three irrigation methods [sprinkler, drip, and furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB)] used in main plots and four irrigation regimes [(120, 100, 80, and 60% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)] for drip and sprinkler methods while maintaining irrigation water (IW): CPE of 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 for FIRB in subplots. Drip irrigation at 120% ETc resulted in significantly higher fresh herb and oil yield than at 100, 80, and 60% ETc. While being statistically similar with each other, fertigation with 100 and 80% RDF recorded significantly higher oil yield than that with 60% RDF. Drip irrigation at 100 or 120% ETc and fertigation with 60, 80, and 100% RDF recorded significantly higher oil yield than the control treatment. Drip irrigation led to 51.4 and 135.0% higher oil yield than FIRB and sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Drip irrigation at 120% ETc with fertigation at 80% RDF resulted in 25.4% higher oil yield, 10.1% higher biophysical water productivity, 27.1% higher economic water productivity, and saving of 34.4% IW and 20% fertilisers than the control treatment.

Field experiments were conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana during rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety WH-1105 was sown on 10th and 30th November under two planting methods (flat and bed) with three irrigation treatments (I-1- three post-sowing irrigations at crown root initiation (20-25 days after sowing), flag leaf emergence (70-80 days after sowing) and soft dough stages (115-120 days after sowing), I-2- I1+ fourth irrigation during last week of March (Hard dough stage) and I-3- Recommended four post-sowing irrigations (crown root initiation, tillering, jointing/booting and milking) in sub-sub plots replicated four times. The experiment was planned to study the effect of sowing dates, planting methods and irrigation treatments on growth, yield and water use efficiency of wheat. Dry matter accumulation and leaf area index showed significant differences between different dates of sowing and planting methods during entire growing period however significant differences among irrigation treatments were observed at 120 DAS during both the seasons. The grain yield and water use efficiency was higher in 10th November sowing as compared to 30th November as well as under bed planting compared to flat planting. However by giving one extra irrigation during end of March under I-2, the increase in grain yield was up to 6-13% over I-3 and I-1 treatments.

A field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to determine the most efficient irrigation methods and schedule for achieving higher water productivity in wheat during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design keeping combinations of three irrigation methods (check basin, drip and sprinkler irrigation) and four irrigation schedules (CPE:IW 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) along with recommended surface irrigation (7.5 cm depth) as extra absolute control treatment. During 2013-14, grain yield recorded was the highest in drip irrigation (5.10 t ha-1) followed by check basin (4.90 t ha-1) and the lowest in sprinkler irrigation method (4.74 t ha-1). Among irrigation schedules, significantly higher grain yield was obtained when irrigation was applied at CPE:IW 0.6 (5.37 t ha-1) than that at 1.0 (4.89 t ha-1) and 1.2 (4.7 t ha-1). Results revealed that during 2013-14, water productivity of drip irrigated wheat (16.18 kg ha-1 mm-1) was significantly higher than sprinkler irrigated wheat (14.59 kg ha-1 cm-1) and check basin method (15.35 kg ha-1 mm-1). These results clearly demonstrated that irrigating wheat at 0.6 CPE/IW ratio using drip method of irrigation is a novel concept that saves irrigation water in addition to higher grain yield.

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years from 2009 to 2015 at Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Bathinda, Punjab, India to observe the effect of irrigation water quality on tuber yield, soil characteristics and water productivity of potato under mulched conditions in light textured soil under semi arid climate of Indian Punjab. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three mulch treatments viz. no mulch (M-0), rice straw mulch @ 6 t ha(-1) (M-s) and polyethylene mulch, black 50 mu m (M-p) in main plots and three irrigation water qualities viz. canal water alone (CW), poor quality saline-sodic ground water alone (GW) and cyclic use of CW and GW (CW-GW) in sub plots. The experimental soil was alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The electrical conductivity (EC) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) of canal water and ground water was 0.45 dS m(-1), -0.6 mmol(c) L-1; and 2.2 dS m(-1), 6.44 mmol(c) L-1, respectively. The results revealed that under unmulched conditions (M-0), CW and CW-GW gave significantly higher tuber yield than GW. Mulching, in general, resulted in significantly higher marketable tuber yield than in non mulched conditions. The tuber yield was statistically at par with M-s and M-p, irrespective of the irrigation water quality. Similar trends were observed in case of yield attributing parameters viz. plant height, number of haulms per plant and number of marketable tubers per plant. The water use efficiency was higher under M-s and M-p than under M-0. The highest water use efficiency was recorded in M-s under CW irrigation. Among the quality parameters, dry matter and total sugars increased with application of saline-sodic GW as compared to CW-GW and CW irrigation due to higher abiotic stress due to salts.

Under truncated life tests, two types of attribute acceptance sampling plans are proposed, first is sequential sampling plan and other is repetitive acceptance sampling plan. These plans ensure the quality of products in terms of the mean lifetime when the lifetime follows the generalized Pareto distribution. Time duration of completing the experiment plays a vital role to finalize the acceptance sampling plan. The sample size is directly connected with the time duration of completing the experiment, so whichever plan will give the most suitable unknown variable (sample size) or average sample number under the specified values of producer's risk and consumer's risk will be regarded as more convenient. The average sample numbers of sequential sampling plan are calculated for different values of shape parameter, consumer's risk and producer's risk. We extant a simulation study to help the proposed techniques and a comparison between the repetitive acceptance sampling plan and sequential sampling plan is made. Furthermore, we present a comparative study of proposed plan with Rasay et al. (2018). For the proposed sampling plan some useful tables have been developed for practical utilization.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of straw mulching and irrigation scheduling on water balance, economics and energetics of potato during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with mulch levels (no mulch and mulch 6.25 t ha−1) in the main plots and four irrigation schedules {ridge planting furrow irrigation (RPFI), bed planting furrow irrigation (BPFI), ridge planting drip irrigation (RPDI) and bed planting drip irrigation (BPDI)} in the subplots. Straw mulching resulted in 19.0% higher potato tuber yield than no mulch as a result of 36.2 mm higher transpiration and 44.2 mm lower soil evaporation. Energy productivity (EP) and energy use efficiency (EUE) were also significantly higher with straw mulch than no mulch with US$498 ha−1 higher net returns in pooled data of both years. Drip irrigation of beds and ridges resulted in 34.9% and 26.4% higher tuber yields, respectively, than furrow irrigation along with savings of 23.3 and 53.3 mm irrigation water, respectively. Seasonal transpiration was 31.0 and 31.7% higher in ridge- and bed-planted drip-irrigated crops, respectively, than furrow-irrigated crops in pooled data. Apparent and real water productivities were significantly higher in drip irrigated crops compared to furrow irrigated crops. RPDI and BPDI crops gave US$612 and US$876 ha−1 higher net returns with 35.7 and 28.8% higher EUE than RPFI and BPFI, respectively.

The variability in monsoon rainfall during rice season is a major concern and rice is mainly irrigated through tubewells, which put a pressure on groundwater table during rainfall deficit years. Keeping this in view, the present study was planned to study the variability in rainfall and changes in groundwater table at different locations of Punjab. The monsoon rainfall data (June-September) and groundwater table depth for 15 years (2001 -2015) at different four locations of Punjab were analysed. The results showed that continuous deficit rainfall years led to decline in groundwater table depth at Ludhiana and Ballowal Saunkhri, but this trend was not observed at Faridkot and Bathinda. There was a non-significant increasing trend in rainfall i.e. 5.9 mm/year at Ludhiana, 6.8 mm/year at Ballowal Saunkhri and 17.4 mm/year at Faridkot. A non-significant decreasing trend in rainfall at the rate of -0.5 mm/year was observed at Bathinda. The groundwater table is directly correlated with rainfall received during the monsoon season. Groundwater table depth was positively correlated to June (r = 0.07), July (r = 0.13), August (r =0.11) and September rainfall (r = 0.19) at Ludhiana, June (r = 0.30), August (r = 0.06) and September rainfall (r = 0.17) at Ballowal Saunkhri, July (r = 0.35), August (r = 0.33) and September rainfall (r = 0.32) at Faridkot and June (r = 0.13) and September rainfall (r = 0.14) at Bathinda. The groundwater table depth is negatively correlated with July rainfall (r = -0.05) at Ballowal Saunkhri, June rainfall (r = -0.01) at Faridkot and July (r = -0.04) and August rainfall (r = -0.10)at Bathinda. There was a significant decline in groundwater table @ 0.47m/year at Ludhiana, 0.38 m/year at Ballowal Saunkhri, 0.21 m/year at Faridkot and 0.33m/year at Bathinda.

The field experiments were conducted in rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm, Ludhiana, Punjab. Wheat variety (WH 1105) was sown in two row directions viz, east-west (E-W) and north-south (N-S) with three row spacing as S1 (15 cm), S2 (22.5 cm) and S3 (30 cm), and two mulching levels viz., Mo (No mulch) and M1 (mulch at the rate of 5t ha-1). PAR interception, canopy temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were recorded periodically during the crop season in all the treatments. The results revealed that the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 4- 5 per cent higher in E-W than N-S row direction which contributed 1.67 q ha-1 higher grain yield. Better utilization of solar radiation was observed in 15.0 cm row spacing and the canopy temperature was 0.5°C higher in unmulched crop as compared to mulched crop during both years. Straw mulching @ 5t ha-1 improved soil moisture and regulated soil temperature. Mean soil temperature was higher (1.0 ºC) under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop. The soil moisture was 4-5 per cent higher under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop which ultimately resulted in higher soil temperature during early growth stages. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded in mulched crop as compared to unmulched.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we propose a sequential sampling plan for truncated life test supposing that the lifetime of an item follows a generalized exponential distribution. We consider the median life of the item as quality parameter. We have observed the optimal sample size to guarantee the true median life is longer than a predefined life at a coveted levels of consumer's and producer's risks. The performance of the projected plan is examined through a virtual analysis with the repetitive acceptance sampling plan. The industrial utilization of these two sampling plans are represented in an example by taking real life data set.

Entropy shows up in numerous connections as a measure of discrete estates. Entropy measures are delivered which are based totally on Rayleigh and truncated Rayleigh distributions. It moreover gives the derived forms of the Shannon’s Entropy Measures based totally on an exponential-power conclusion of the normal typical distribution. It also establishes a new generalized entropy measure and the indispensable homes of these measures are also reviewed. In this paper, a wonderful preservative and rapid affability of generalized hyperbolic measure of probabilistic entropy is presented. It additionally represents an effort of fuzzy idea in the variety of data principle which allowed chores to non-roman facts theory and discusses the generalized form of the Fisher’s entropy type data measure. It also describes two types of complex fuzzy sets entropy measures, called type-A and type-B entropy measures and evaluates their rotational invariance claims.

High temperature stress is a major environmental stress that limits growth, metabolism and productivity of wheat. As the entire wheat growing region in India falls under tropical and subtropical climate, it is anticipated that climate will transform them into heat stressed and short season production environment (Beta and Gerats., 2013).The major reason is the sudden rise in temperature during grain filling period of wheat prior to maturity, a phenomenon called terminal heat stress. Mitra and Bhatia, (2008) have also reported decline in wheat productivity due to terminal heat stress in India. Photosynthesis is the most sensitive physiological process to high temperature which leads to disruption of photo system II, the most thermally liable component of electron transport chain. On the other hand, heat stress also results in reduction in chlorophyll content eventually leading to leaf senescence in which there is progressive loss of green leaf area during reproductive development of a crop (Nooden, 1988). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-7 pp. 1077-1089 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Station, Bathinda during 2010-2013 to evaluate various crop sequences under variable irrigation regimes. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with six crop sequences, viz. barley-Bt cotton, barley-cluster bean, barley-green gram,mustard-Bt cotton, mustard-cluster bean and mustardgreen gram in main plots and three irrigation regimes [optimum (O), sub-optimum (SO) and sub-sub optimum (SSO) ] were kept in sub plots with three replications. The grain yield of barley reduced significantly where grown after cotton to the tune of 10.8 and 9.2% as compared to green gram and cluster bean, respectively. The barley grain equivalentyield (BGEY) was higher in mustard under all the preceding crops (cotton, green gram and cluster bean).Significant increase in cotton equivalent yield (CEY) was noticed in cotton sown after barley than mustard. Amongst the CEY of the system, barley-cotton crop sequence gave significantly highest CEY which was at par with mustard-clusterbean and mustard-cotton crop sequence. Significantly higher barley grain yield, mustard grain yield and cotton equivalent yield was recorded in optimum water regime, followed by SO and lowest in SSO regime. Water expense efficiency (WEE) of barley was higher preceding greengram followed by cluster bean and lowest in cotton system. Whereas,WEE was almost same under mustard succeeding cotton and greengram but was lowest in mustard-cluster bean crop sequence. The maximum water productivity (WP) was recorded in clusterbean- mustard followed by clusterbeanbarley crop sequence. The sub-sub-optimum irrigation regime recorded highest WP followed by SO and lowest in optimum. The highest organic carbon was observed under cluster bean-barley followed by cluster bean-mustard cropping system. The potassium content deceased in cotton based crop sequence as compared to cluster bean and greengram crop sequence. Whereas, increase in available N, and P was noticed in cluster bean and green gram based cropping systems than cotton based sequence. The highest cost of cultivation was recorded in cotton based cropping sequences and lowest in cluster bean based cropping sequences. Consequently, higher net returns, B: C ratio were obtained in clusterbean based crop sequence than cotton based sequence.The optimum water regime showed highest gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2013–14 and 2014–15 on wheat at research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The study aimed to evaluate effect of three different irrigation methods (check basin, drip and sprinkler irrigation) and four irrigation regimes (Cumulative pan evaporation: irrigation water) CPE/IW ratio of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 with inclusion of recommended surface irrigation (7.5 cm depth) as standard check on plant growth parameters and yield of wheat. Results revealed that drip irrigation improved leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and grain yield. Among the irrigation schedules all growth and yield parameters increased markedly with increase in irrigation regimes from CPE: IW 1.2 to 0.6, suggesting the need for adopting micro irrigation systems for wheat in this region.

The conception of distance is pertinent to practically every field of Engineering and Science from a block of brick to a chromosome, which encourages en-route forth expansion of numerous mathematical models. It is usual that the conception can be protracted to contributions in further disciplines as well. In this communication, expressions for the normalized measures of divergence for fuzzy distributions are derived as normalized measures are more convenient for comparison, relation between the fuzzy entropy, divergence and inaccuracy between two fuzzy sets is obtained.