A depender do antímero em que ocorre a paratopia abomasal o deslocamento de abomaso (DA) pode ser classificado em diferentes tipos que influenciam diretamente as alterações clínico-laboratoriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os principais fatores de risco, manifestações clínicas e alterações laboratoriais (perfil energético, hormonal, mineral e enzimático) de vacas com diferentes tipos de DA. Foram utilizadas 104 vacas atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, Campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, diagnosticadas com DA, sendo 67 casos de DA a esquerda (G2), 25 de DA a direita (G3) e 12 de vólvulo abomasal (G4). O grupo controle (G1) foi composto por 19 vacas clinicamente saudáveis. Os dados quantitativos foram testados pelos testes de ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, enquanto as variáveis categóricas foram submetidas ao teste exato de Fisher. Foi realizado um estudo de correlação entre variáveis quantitativas dentro dos grupos e todas as análises consideraram p<0,05. Dentre os fatores de risco identificados destacam-se o sistema intensificado de criação (96,15 %), a raça (holandesa [50,0 %]), e número de partos (≤ 2 partos [49,04 %]). Dentre os achados clínicos, a desidratação, taquicardia, timpania ruminal e distensão abdominal foram mais frequentes nos animais do G3 e G4. A análise do perfil energético demonstrou elevação nos níveis de AGNEs, glicose e cortisol dos animais com DA em comparação com as vacas do grupo controle. Hipocalcemia e hipocalemia foram constatados nos animais com DA, e a hiperlactatemia foi mais acentuada no G4. A intervenção clínica-cirúrgica foi realizada em 86,54 % dos animais, com um desfecho positivo em 76,92 % dos casos, sem diferença quanto ao tipo de DA. Diante dos resultados, é possível constatar a influência do tipo de DA na intensidade das alterações clínico-laboratoriais, com maiores implicações no vólvulo abomasal, sendo os fatores predisponentes para sua ocorrência identificáveis e passíveis de métodos de controle e prevenção adequados. Palavras-chave: abomaso deslocado; metabolismo energético; vólvulo abomasal; perfil mineral.

Depending on the side in which the abomasal displacement occurs, abomasal displacement (AD) can be classified into different types, that directly influence clinical and laboratory alterations. The objective of this study was to analyze the main risk factors, clinical manifestations, and laboratory alterations (energy, hormonal, mineral and enzymatic profile) of cows with different types of AD. We included 104 cows, attended at the Garanhuns Cattle Clinic, Campus of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, diagnosed with AD, with 67 cases of left AD (G2), 25 of right AD (G3), and 12 of abomasal volvulus (G4). The control group (G1) consisted of 19 clinically healthy cows. Quantitative data were tested using the ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, and categorical variables were subjected to Fisher's exact test. A correlation study was carried out between quantitative variables within the groups and all analyses considered p < 0.05. Among the risk factors identified, the intensified rearing system (96.15 %), breed (holstein [50.0 %]), and the number of parity (<= 2 parity [49.04 %]) stand out. Among the clinical findings, dehydration, tachycardia, ruminal tympany, and abdominal distension were more frequent in animals from G3 and G4. Analysis of the energy profile demonstrated an increase in the levels of NEFAs, glucose, and cortisol in animals with AD compared to cows in the control group. Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia were observed in animals with AD, and hyperlactatemia was more pronounced in G4. A clinical-surgical intervention was performed in 86.54 % of animals, with a positive outcome in 76.92 % of cases, with no difference regarding the type of AD. Given the results, it is possible to verify the influence of the type of AD on the intensity of clinical-laboratory alterations, with greater implications for abomasal volvulus, with the predisposing factors for occurrence being identifiable and subject to appropriate control and prevention methods.

The objective was to analyze the mRNA expression of leptin, leptin receptor (ObRb), adiponectin, adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1), and resistin in the placental tissue of cows with and without hyperketonemia, relating it to their metabolic profile. Samples were collected from 135 cows during birth, divided into two groups: G1: without hyperketonemia (n = 120) and G2: with hyperketonemia (n = 15). Biochemical and hormonal indicators and insulin sensitivity were evaluated. Placental fragments were analyzed by qPCR. The variables were tested for normality and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied. The significance level was 5

The aim of this study was to perform multivariate analysis of correlation between gene expression of leptin, leptin receptor (ObRb), adiponectin, adiponectin receptor (Adipo R1), and resistin in placental tissue with biochemical variables of the energy, protein, enzymatic, hormonal, and mineral profile, through multivariate analysis, in cows with and without hyperketonemia. Samples from 135 cows were collected during calving and subsequently distributed into two groups: G1 = control (β-hydroxybutyrate <1.2 mmol/L / n = 120); and G2 = with hyperketonemia (β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L / n = 15). Biochemical and hormonal indicators (NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, GGT, AST, chlorides, phosphorus, ionizable calcium, potassium, sodium, insulin, and cortisol ions) were evaluated, as well as insulin sensitivity. Placental fragments were collected and processed for mRNA analysis by qPCR, with 38 samples analyzed (G1 =23; G2 =15). The data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED, with normality checks and transformations applied when necessary. F/SNK or Mann-Whitney tests were used according to the data distribution. In the multivariate analysis, data imputation, SMOTE, and autoscaling were performed, followed by analyses using PCA, HCA, and PLS. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Hyperketotic cows showed higher expression of leptin (p = 0,0174) and ObRb (p < 0,0001), while healthy cows showed higher expression of AdipoR1 and resistin (p < 0,0001). Multivariate analyses indicated ObrRb, AdipoR1, and β-hydroxybutyrate as key variables in differentiating the groups, being representative of the hyperketonemia condition in cows at calving, highlighting the potential of placental adipokines as tools for diagnosis and prognosis of this metabolic disorder in these females.

The objective of this study was to report clinical, epidemiological, and anatomopathological data in cattle affected by colitis and perforating ulcerative typhlitis with peritonitis; three (n=3) bovines affected by colitis and two (n=2) with ulcerative typhlocolitis. Clinically, apathy stood out, accompanied by difficulty in exploring the abdominal organs through rectal palpation because of low mobility of the organs due to adhesions. The animals died, and, on necroscopic examination, diffuse, fibrinous purulent peritonitis was recorded due to perforating, multifocal ulcerated areas in the colon and cecum wall. Histopathological examination recorded data compatible with acute, necrotizing, and perforating ulcerative enteritis, with thrombus in the blood vessels associated with fibrinoid necrotizing vasculitis. The immunohistochemistry test for Salmonella spp. was positive in four of the five samples analyzed. The etiopathogenesis of perforating ulcerative typhlocolitis in cattle is associated with infection by Salmonella spp., while not ruling out the possibility of participation of other etiologic agents in the occurrence of this disease, due to the complexity of the disease and the scarcity of reports in the literature, further investigations are necessary to provide a better understanding of this disease in cattle.

Vagal indigestion (VI) is a syndrome characterized by changes in the motility of the forestomach and abomasum, which occurs in the event of dysfunctions in the vagus nerve. Several inflammatory conditions are associated with nerve injury, however, the relationship between perihepatic abscesses and this syndrome is poorly documented. Therefore, a retrospective study of the clinical, laboratory, ultrasound and anatomopathological findings of 15 cattle presented with VI due to perihepatic abscess was carried out. Samples from the liver abscesses of three cattle were sent for bacteriological analysis. All were over 24 months old, were dairy cows in the productive phase (86.67%, 13/15) and raised in a semi-intensive system (73.34%, 15/11). The main clinical findings were dehydration, ruminal tympania, ruminal hypermotility and scanty feces. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, with a regenerative shift to the left and elevated chloride content in the ruminal fluid. Ultrasonography revealed reticular hypermotility, ruminal distension and large abscesses adjacent to the left hepatic lobe, which were confirmed by pathological examination. Bacteriological evaluation identified Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Providencia stuartii. It is concluded that among the causes of IV syndrome, the presence of perihepatic abscesses should be considered when establishing the diagnosis of the disease.

Background/Objectives: Chronic wounds pose a significant health concern, with their prevalence increasing due to various etiologies. The global aging population further contributes to this rise, placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems in developed countries. This work aimed to develop new therapeutic options in the form of creams and dressings based on honey, gellan gum, and hyaluronic acid for preventing and treating chronic wounds across all stages. Methods: To address this, after the formulations were developed, in vitro cytocompatibility was determined. To confirm biocompatibility, an ovine wound model was used: full-thickness excisional wounds were treated with three formulations, namely gellan gum and honey sponges (GG-HNY), gellan gum, honey and hyaluronic acid sponges (GG-HA-HNY) and a honey-based cream (cream FB002). Daily assessments, including visual evaluation and wound scoring, were conducted for 30 days. Following the study period, tissues were collected for histological analyses. Results: The macroscopic examination revealed that all therapeutic groups facilitated lesion closure. Lesion size reduction, granulation tissue disappearance, and scar tissue development were consistent across all groups, with the group receiving cream demonstrating an advanced stage of healing. All groups achieved substantial wound closure by day 30, with no significant differences. Histopathological analysis following ISO standards revealed that GG-HA-HNY had the lowest ISO score, indicating minimal reactivity and inflammation, which corroborated the cytocompatibility. Conclusions: Combining these insights with previous findings enhances our understanding of wound regeneration dynamics and contributes to refining therapeutic strategies for chronic wounds. The formulations were designed to balance therapeutic efficacy with cost-effectiveness, leveraging low-cost raw materials and straightforward production methods.

Nos casos de deslocamento do abomaso à direita (DAD), ocorre uma interrupção no fluxo digestivo com consequente aumento do conteúdo abomasal e intensa compressão líquida, condição que requer reversão por meio da abomasotomia. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos relacionam a realização desse procedimento com o desfecho clínico dos animais. Diante disso, objetivou-se realizar uma comparação dos achados clínicos de animais com DAD, atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, Campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, submetidos à correção cirúrgica, com a realização (G2, n=46) ou não (G1, n=34), da abomasotomia. Entre os achados clínicos, os valores de frequência cardíaca, tanto antes como depois do procedimento cirúrgico, foram superiores nos animais submetidos à abomasotomia, quando comparados ao G1. Além disso, a anorexia e a hiperlactatemia também foram mais presentes em animais do G2. O índice de sobrevivência dos animais foi de 67,39% (31/46) para o G2 e de 61,76% (21/34) para o G1, não sendo observada relação (p=0,602) entre a realização da abomasotomia e o desfecho clínico. Diante do exposto, é possível ratificar o comprometimento clínico e laboratorial nos animais com DAD e que, apesar da anorexia, da taquicardia e da hiperlactatemia mais expressivas nos animais do G2, a abomasotomia mostra-se eficaz para o tratamento desses casos.

Heat stress during lactation affects the physiological responses, hormonal release, health, and productivity of dairy cows. However, the adverse effects of heat stress on milk synthesis, immune response, and cellular apoptosis in mammary cells remains unknown in Bos indicus cows. This study aimed to understand the relationship between milk yield, milk quality, and the expression of genes related to milk synthesis, cell apoptosis, and immune response in mammary cells of Girolando cows. A total of 24 Girolando cows (3/4 Holstein and 1/4 Gir) were subjected to control (CT; with a temperature-humidity index ranging from 60 to 74, n = 12) or heat stress treatments (HS; with a temperature-humidity index ranging from 60 to 85, n = 12), from 111 to 120 d of lactation. Heat stress significantly increased the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPD1 and HSPD90AA1), insulin receptors (INSR), and prolactin receptor (PRLRsf) genes, and decreased the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene in mammary cells of the HS cows when compared with the CT cows. The HS cows exhibited significantly higher vaginal temperatures and cortisol release compared with the CT cows. Moreover, the HS cows had significantly lower DMI and milk yield than CT cows. Although, HS cows showed higher percentage of lymphocytes in milk when compared with that from CT cows. We found no effect of heat stress on other leukocyte counts, somatic cell counts, bacterial counts in milk, or milk composition. Finally, this study demonstrated that Girolando cows are susceptible to heat stress, which decreases milk yield and affects the expression of genes linked to milk synthesis in the mammary cells.

Resumo A indigestão vagal (IV) é uma síndrome caracterizada por alterações na motilidade dos pré-estômagos e do abomaso, resultante de disfunções no nervo vago. Embora diversas condições inflamatórias estejam associadas à lesão nervosa, a relação entre abscessos peri-hepáticos e IV ainda é pouco documentada. Diante disto, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo dos achados clínicos, laboratoriais, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos de 15 bovinos diagnosticados com IV em decorrência de abscesso peri-hepático. Amostras oriundas dos abscessos hepáticos de três bovinos foram encaminhadas para a análise bacteriológica. Todos os animais tinham idade acima de 24 meses, eram fêmeas de aptidão leiteira em fase produtiva (86,67%, 13/15) e criados em sistema semi-intensivo (73,34%, 11/15). Os principais achados clínicos observados foram desidratação, timpania ruminal, hipermotilidade ruminal e fezes escassas. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda regenerativo, além de elevação do teor de cloretos do fluido ruminal. No exame ultrassonográfico, constataram-se hipermotilidade reticular, distensão ruminal e grandes abscessos adjacentes ao lobo hepático esquerdo, confirmados na avaliação anatomopatológica. Na análise bacteriológica, foram identificados Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis e Providencia stuartii. Conclui-se que, dentre as causas da síndrome da IV, a presença de abscessos peri-hepáticos deve ser considerada no estabelecimento do diagnóstico da enfermidade.

A female adolescent with no relevant past history was admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department with two episodes of seizures without trauma, fever, or other symptoms. Head-MRI revealed bilateral subependymal nodular irregularities lining the lateral ventricles, with similar signal evolution to grey matter, confirming the diagnosis of periventricular nodular heterotopias (PVNH). Genetic testing revealed a Filamin A (FLNA) variant; family studies were negative. Further investigation excluded associated comorbidities. PVNH is a rare condition caused by an abnormality in neuronal migration and is part of a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. FLNA variants are PVNH's most common cause and are responsible for classical neuroradiologic imaging, characterized by bilateral symmetrical nodules with predominantly anterior and mid-body distribution along the linings of lateral ventricles. Classical PVNH typically affects females presenting with seizures in mid-adolescence, with normal/mildly impaired cognition; males are more severely affected. FLNA-induced PVNH may be associated with comorbidities, which may be severe. Other rarer genetic causes combine PVNH with complex brain or systemic abnormalities, resulting in developmental delay and a worse prognosis. Genetic diagnosis is essential for adequate counseling, follow-up, seizure control, vigilance, and treatment of comorbidities, as they may have a great impact on the patient's quality of life.

This study describes the findings of the clinical and anatomopathological diagnosis in cattle affected by perforated abomasal ulcers and with comorbidities. Twenty-five cattle were evaluated, young (n=8, aged less than two years) and adults (n=17, aged greater than two and a half years), diagnosed with perforated abomasal ulcers. Epidemiological information was retrieved from the medical records. Blood, ruminal fluid, and peritoneal fluid (PI) samples were collected for laboratory examination. Ultrasound examination, exploratory laparotomy, and post mortem examinations were performed for diagnostic purposes. The main clinical findings of perforated ulcers in the present study were: apathy, dehydration, intestinal hypomotility, diarrheal stools, hypomotile or atonic rumen, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal distention with bilateral bulging, and increased abdominal tension. The most frequent abnormal hematological findings were hypoproteinemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift. The peritoneal fluid (PL) showed an inflammatory reaction in the cytology, characteristic of an exudate. A confirmatory diagnosis of peritonitis by ultrasonography was possible in five cases, and in two cases at exploratory laparotomy. In the post mortem examination, the ulcers were characterized as type 3, 4, or 5, with comorbidities present in 68% of the cases. It is necessary to combine ultrasonography with abdominal centesis and exploratory laparotomy procedures to suggest perforated ulcers. However, post mortem examination better characterizes the type of perforated ulcer present, particularly type 5.

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar os achados epidemiológico e anatomopatológico de úlceras do abomaso tipo 1 e 2 em bovinos com diferentes comorbidades primárias. Um total de 201 animais; 40/201 (20%) eram bovinos jovens com idade inferior a dois anos e 161/201 (80%) eram bovinos adultos com idade superior a dois anos, os quais foram internados para atendimento clínico 152/201 (75,62%), 19/201 (9,45%) obstétrico, 17/201 (8,46%) para atendimento clínico-cirúrgico e 13/201 (6,47%) para diagnóstico anatomopatológico, sendo eutanasiados ou tiveram morte natural. O diagnóstico das úlceras foi baseado no exame post-mortem (análise macroscópica e histopatológica). O exame histopatológico foi realizado em 201 fragmentos de úlceras e classificado como tipo 1 ou do tipo 2. Destes, 193/201 (96,01%) corresponderam a úlceras tipo 1, das quais, 12/193 (5,97%) corresponderam a lesões subtipo 1a, 101/193 (50,25%) a subtipo 1b, 77/193 (38,31%) a subtipo 1c, 03/193 (1,49%) ao subtipo 1d, enquanto 08/201 (3,98%) foram úlceras tipo 2. As úlceras foram caracterizadas por processo inflamatório focal, focalmente extenso, multifocais ou difusos, principalmente por células mononucleares. Abomasite associada à mucosa ulcerada foi encontrada em 160/201 (79,60%). Em 26/201 (12,93%) a abomasite apresentava focos difusos de proliferação linfocítica multifocal por linfócitos atípicos. As comorbidades digestivas e reprodutivas foram observadas com maior frequência em bovinos com úlceras tipo 1 ou tipo 2. As úlceras focais subtipo 1b e úlceras multifocais subtipo 1a e 1b foram mais prevalentes. Além da presença de comorbidades, a maioria dos casos ocorrerem no período seco, associados à alimentação com maiores aportes de concentrados e silagens.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das formas clínica e subclínica da toxemia da prenhez (TP) na dinâmica dos metabólitos sanguíneos, compondo os perfis proteico, enzimático e mineral das cabras leiteiras durante o período de transição. Foram utilizadas 111 cabras multíparas que eram criadas em sistema intensivo. Grupos experimentais (n=3) foram criados utilizando diferentes concentrações séricas de βHB como ponto de corte, o G1 grupo controle (n=40), G2 grupo subclínico da TP (n=39) estabelecido quando pelo menos um dos momentos experimentais apresentou valores de βHB entre 0,8 mmol/L e 1,6 mmol/L; e o grupo G3, com manifestação clínica da TP (n=32), que em qualquer um dos momentos os valores de βHB foram superiores a 1,6 mmol/L. Os animais foram avaliados aos 30º, 20º e 10º dias antes do parto (dap), no parto e no 10º, 20º e 30º dia pós-parto (dpp). Proteínas totais (PT), albumina, globulina, ureia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), creatina quinase (CK), amilase, fósforo, cloreto e cálcio, sódio e potássio foram mensurados. A análise de variância (Teste F) foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos e interações entre os tempos dos grupos. A doença clínica e/ou subclínica resultou num aumento das concentrações de fósforo e potássio (P<0,05), foi observada uma diminuição nos valores de proteína total, albumina, globulina e cálcio ionizado (P<0,05). Não houve efeito estatístico da TP sobre a uréia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, amilase e sódio (P>0,05). A ocorrência da forma subclínica foi maior que a clínica durante o período de transição. As variáveis que compõem o perfil mineral foram as que apresentaram alterações decorrentes da TP, destacando-se, o cálcio ionizado. Chama-se a atenção o impacto que a doença reflete nesses componentes e na saúde do animal.

The aim was to carry out a retrospective study of bovine anaplasmosis diagnosed at the Bovine Clinic of Garanhuns, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (CBG/UFRPE) from 2012 to 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed of the epidemiological, clinical, and hematological data of 230 clinical records of cattle of different age groups. The disease represented 79.9% of the hemoparasites diagnosed at the Institution. Females aged ? 24 months of taurine lineage and their crosses, reared under intensive and semi-intensive systems, were the most affected. A higher occurrence of the disease was observed in the months of August to December. The most frequently observed clinical findings were apathy, decreased appetite, icteric mucous membranes, and tachycardia. Spontaneous abortion occurred in 12.8% of pregnant cows. Hematological findings revealed regenerative anemia, and the severity of the anemia was associated with a greater intensity of bone marrow response. Antimicrobials (oxytetracycline LA and enrofloxacin) were effective in reducing parasitemia, which, together with blood transfusion, were essential for the patient's clinical improvement. Clinical resolution with hospital discharge occurred in 82.6% of patients, with a mean hospital stay of eight days. Anaplasmosis was the most frequent hemoparasitosis in CBG/UFRPE. It is important to provide guidance measures for producers in the region, especially at the end of the rainy season before the dry season, so that the diagnosis and disease treatment are carried out as early as possible, allowing a faster recovery and return of the animals to production, and thus minimizing the economic impact to the dairy basin of the state of Pernambuco.

Resumo Os estudos relacionados as doenças neurológicas assumem grande importância na Medicina Veterinária, particularmente os que envolvem animais de produção como os bovinos, em virtude da grande importância sanitária e de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a frequência de ocorrência dos principais achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos dos bovinos diagnosticados com doenças neurológicas de origem viral. Realizou-se a triagem no livro de registro geral dos pacientes com enfermidades que cursaram com sintomatologia neurológica e que foram diagnosticados através de exame anatomopatológico e/ou complementares com enfermidades de origem viral, os quais deram entrada (vivos ou mortos) na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns-UFRPE no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. As informações obtidas foram inseridas em um banco de dados elaborado no programa de computador Microsoft Excel 2010® distribuídas em dados clínicos, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicos. Os achados clínicos das enfermidades neurológicas de etiologia viral foram muito variados e inespecíficos, sendo os achados anatomopatológicos, aliados aos métodos laboratoriais, de importância fundamental para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico. A elevada frequência dos casos de raiva neste estudo demonstra a importância sanitária desta enfermidade para a pecuária bovina, como também para a saúde pública. Ressalta-se a importância da inclusão da febre catarral maligna e da meningoencefalite herpética no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças neurológicas na região, assim como a adoção de medidas sanitárias.

Abstract Studies related to neurological diseases are of great importance in Veterinary Medicine, particularly those involving production animals, such as cattle, due to their wide sanitary and public health significance. Therefore, the current study aims to describe the frequency of occurrence of the main clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological findings of cattle diagnosed with neurological diseases of viral origin. Screening was performed in the general register of patients diagnosed through anatomopathological and/or complementary examination with illnesses of viral origin, admitted (live or dead) to the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns-UFRPE from January 2009 to December 2019. The information recovered was entered in a database created in the computer program Microsoft Excel 2010®, distributed into clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological data. The clinical findings on neurological diseases of viral etiology were very varied and non-specific, and the anatomopathological findings, together with laboratory methods, were of fundamental importance for the establishment of the diagnosis. The high frequency of rabies cases in this study demonstrates the importance of this disease for cattle rearing, as well as for Public Health. We emphasize the importance of including malignant catarrhal fever and herpes meningoencephalitis in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases in the region, as well as the adoption of sanitary measures.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remains a medical challenge with no easy resolution. Over the last few decades, significant advances have been achieved in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, and new assessment tools have been developed, both functional and imaging, to quantify the proportion and quality of nerve recovery. The exploration of new animal models, larger, more complex, and with more similarities to humans, has made it possible to reduce the gap between the results obtained in classic animal models, such as rodents, and the application of new therapies in humans and animals of clinical interest. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique recurrently used in clinical practice to assess the peripheral nerves, allowing for its anatomical and topographic characterization, aiding in the administration of anesthesia, and in the performance of nerve blocks. The use of this technique in animal models is scarce, but it could be a useful tool in monitoring the progression of nerve regeneration after the induction of controlled experimental lesions. In this work, sheep, a promising animal model in the area of peripheral nerve regeneration, were subjected to an ultrasonographic study of three peripheral nerves of the hind limb, the common peroneal, and tibial and sciatic nerves. The main aim was to establish values of dimensions and ultrasound appearance in healthy nerves and landmarks for their identification, as well as to perform an ultrasound evaluation of the cranial tibial muscle, an effector muscle of the common peroneal nerve, and to establish normal values for its ultrasound appearance and dimensions. The results obtained will allow the use of these data as control values in future work exploring new therapeutic options for nerve regeneration after induction of common peroneal nerve injuries in sheep.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and pathological findings of type 1 and 2 abomasal ulcers in cattle with different primary comorbidities. A total of 201 animals; 40/201 (20%) were young cattle under the age of two years and 161/201 (80%) were adult cattle over the age of two years, which were hospitalized for clinical care 152/201 (75,62%), 19/201 (9,45%) obstetric care, 17/201 (8,46%) surgical care and 13/201 (6,47%) for anatomopathological diagnosis, being euthanized or had natural death. The diagnosis of ulcers was based on the result of the post-mortem examination (macroscopic and histopathological analysis). Histopathological examination was performed on 201 fragments of ulcers and classified as type 1 or type 2. Of these, 193/201 (96.01%) corresponded to type 1 ulcers, of which 12/193 (5.97%) corresponded to subtype 1a lesions, 101/193 (50.25%) to subtype 1b, 77/ 193 (38.31%) to subtype 1c, 03/193 (1.49%) to subtype 1d, while 08/201 (3.98%) were type 2 ulcers. The ulcers were characterized by a focal, focally extensive, multifocal or diffuse inflammatory process, mainly by mononuclear cells. Abomasitis associated with ulcerated mucosa was found in 160/201 (79.60%). In 26/201 (12.93%) the abomasitis had diffuse foci of multifocal lymphocytic proliferation by atypical lymphocytes. Digestive and reproductive comorbidities were seen more frequently in cattle with type 1 or type 2 ulcers. The Subtype 1b focal ulcers and subtype 1a and 1b multifocal ulcers were more prevalent. In addition to the presence of comorbidities, most cases occur in the dry period, associated with feeding with higher amounts of concentrates and silages.