Most bacteria live in sessile biofilms that colonize the confined channels, pores and crevices of natural and engineered structures. In these environments, flow delivers nutrients necessary for growth while simultaneously generating mechanical stresses that cause detachment from surfaces. Bacteria, in turn, colonize flow passages, increasing hydraulic resistance and modifying transport properties. Although the importance of advective transport and hydrodynamic forces on bacterial populations is well established, the complex feedback mechanisms governing biofilm development in confined geometries remain poorly understood. Here, we study how couplings between flow and bacterial development control the spatiotemporal dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microchannel flows. We demonstrate that nutrient availability primarily drives the longitudinal distribution of biomass along the channel, while competition between growth and flow-induced detachment controls the transverse distribution and temporal dynamics. We find that biofilms undergo successive cycles of sloughing and regrowth, causing persistent fluctuations in the hydraulic resistance and biomass that prevent the system from ever reaching a true steady state. Our results indicate that these self-sustained fluctuations are a signature effect in confined flows, originating from a pressure build-up as growing bacteria obstruct flow paths. We further show that the sloughing dynamics can be described as a jump stochastic process with gamma-distributed interevent times, analogous to other bursting events such as earthquakes or avalanches. This stochastic framework provides a quantitative approach to characterizing the inherent randomness and apparent irreproducibility of biofilm experiments, opening new avenues for predictive modeling of biofilms in confined systems.

While various compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice and regulations ensures the safety and quality of manufactured products across the supply chain, the transition from controlled environment to home use represents a lurking hazard for microbial contamination, particularly among vulnerable populations. This comprehensive review examines the nature, extent, and clinical significance of microbial contamination in home-use medicines, medical devices, cosmetics, and personal care products, identifying common patterns and prevention strategies across product categories. Literature searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified studies examining secondary contamination of consumer-use products applied to skin and mucous membranes. Five categories were analyzed: medicines (eye drops, nasal irrigation devices), medical devices (nebulizers, breast pumps), infant care equipment (feeding bottles, pacifiers), cosmetics (mascara, lipsticks, eyeliners), and personal care products (contact lens cases, toothbrushes). Results showed that contamination rates ranged from 2 to 100% across products despite quality control and stringent regulation oversights. The predominant microbial contaminants were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, fungi, and molds. Biofilm formation was ubiquitous across nebulizers, contact lens cases, and feeding equipment, despite reported compliance with manufacturer instructions. Vulnerable individuals, including immunocompromised individuals, neonates, and elderly persons, are exposed to serious risk, including keratitis, respiratory exacerbations, and neonatal sepsis. These findings indicate that post-marketing contamination represents a critical regulatory gap between manufacturing controls and home-use. Addressing this hazard requires integrated strategies, including innovative product designs, antimicrobial surface technologies, standardized evidence-based hygiene protocols, post-market surveillance systems, and targeted public health interventions, accounting for socioeconomic barriers and health literacy disparities.

Most bacteria live in sessile biofilms that colonize the confined channels, pores and crevices of natural and engineered structures. In these environments, flow delivers nutrients necessary for growth while simultaneously generating mechanical stresses that cause detachment from surfaces. Bacteria, in turn, colonize flow passages, increasing hydraulic resistance and modifying transport properties. Although the importance of advective transport and hydrodynamic forces on bacterial populations is well established, the complex feedback mechanisms governing biofilm development in confined geometries remain poorly understood. Here, we study how couplings between flow and bacterial development control the spatiotemporal dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microchannel flows. We demonstrate that nutrient availability primarily drives the longitudinal distribution of biomass along the channel, while competition between growth and flow-induced detachment controls the transverse distribution and temporal dynamics. We find that biofilms undergo successive cycles of sloughing and regrowth, causing persistent fluctuations in the hydraulic resistance and biomass that prevent the system from ever reaching a true steady state. Our results indicate that these self-sustained fluctuations are a signature effect in confined flows, originating from a pressure build-up as growing bacteria obstruct flow paths. We further show that the sloughing dynamics can be described as a jump stochastic process with gamma-distributed interevent times, analogous to other bursting events such as earthquakes or avalanches. This stochastic framework provides a quantitative approach to characterizing the inherent randomness and apparent irreproducibility of biofilm experiments, opening new avenues for predictive modeling of biofilms in confined systems.

Micrometre-sized particles of layered cupric hydroxy-fluoride Cu(OH)F were prepared through hydrothermal route from CuO powder and diluted aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Mass Spectrometric (MS) evolved gas analyses showed a deviation of 0.06% from the expected OH : F ratio of 1 : 1 in this heteroanionic material (HAM). The isoelectric hydroxide and fluoride anions occupy distinct crystallographic sites and are therefore perfectly ordered in the monoclinic structure of Cu(OH)1.06F0.94 determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. The bactericidal activity of the Cu(OH)1.06F0.94 particles was evaluated at 20 °C in sterile water against pathogenic Escherichia coli. The number of bacterial colonies falls by more than six orders of magnitude in the first hour alone, and the entire inoculum is eradicated after 3 hours of contact with the Cu(OH)1.06F0.94 particles. This fast bactericidal kinetics is attributed to fluoride ions which both promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cupric ions released and located on the surface of particles, and prevent E. coli from detoxifying them.

Inanimate surfaces are critical reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms, increasing the risk of infectious disease transmission across healthcare, household, and public settings. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on microbial contamination mechanisms, examining the complex interplay between pathogen characteristics, surface properties, and environmental conditions that govern fomite-mediated transmission. Contamination sources are diverse, originating from human shedding, respiratory secretions, environmental reservoirs, including airborne particles and water drainage systems, as well as contaminated materials such as medications, medical devices, and personal items. Pathogen persistence on surfaces ranges from hours to months, influenced by microorganism-specific attributes such as biofilm formation capacity, spore production, and structural characteristics that distinguish bacterial, viral, and fungal species. Environmental parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, pH, and light exposure, influence patterns of survival. Moisture-rich environments, in particular, enable persistence of Gram-negative bacteria and biofilm development. Surface characteristics, notably porosity, roughness, and material composition, create distinct microenvironments affecting microbial adhesion and persistence. Non-porous surfaces such as stainless steel and plastic generally support extended bacterial viability, whereas porous materials exhibit complex, pathogen-dependent survival patterns. Evidence from experimental studies, epidemiological investigations, and mathematical modeling confirms that inanimate surfaces are significant transmission vectors, particularly in healthcare settings where they contribute to 20–40% of healthcare-associated infections. Critical knowledge gaps persist regarding viable but non-culturable organisms, real-world transmission dynamics, and optimal cleaning/disinfection strategies. Future research priorities include developing advanced detection methods, refining cleaning and disinfection protocols, validating antimicrobial surface technologies, and establishing predictive models of transmission.

Molds are frequent indoor contaminants, where they can colonize many materials. The subsequent aerosolization of fungal spores from moldy surfaces can strongly impact indoor air quality and the health of occupants. The investigation of fungal contamination of habitations is a key point in evaluating sanitary risks and understanding the relationship that may exist between the fungal presence on surfaces and air contamination. However, to date there is no “gold standard” of sampling indoor air for such investigations. Among various air sampling methods, impingement can be used for capturing fungal spores, as it enables real-time sampling and preserves analytical follow-up. Its efficiency varies depending on several factors, such as spore hydrophobicity, sampling conditions, etc. Sampling devices may also impact the results, with recovery rates sometimes lower than filtration-based methods. The Coriolis µ air sampler, an impingement-based device, utilizes centrifugal force to concentrate airborne particles into a liquid medium, offering flexibility for molecular analysis. Several studies have used this device for air sampling, demonstrating its application in detecting pollen, fungal spores, bacteria, and viruses, but it is most often used in laboratory conditions. The present case study, conducted in a moldy house, aims to investigate the efficiency of this device in sampling fungal spores for DNA analysis in indoor environments. The results obtained suggest that the use of this device requires an optimized methodology to enhance its efficiency and reliability in bioaerosol research.

The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global health crisis, driven by the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens. This growing threat, coupled with the stagnation in the development of novel antibiotics, necessitates the investigation of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, multi-targeted mechanisms, and capacity to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Recent studies have underscored the potential of EOs in disrupting biofilms, inhibiting quorum sensing, modulating efflux pumps, and reversing resistance in a variety of bacterial pathogens, including those listed as priorities by the World Health Organization. Notably, many of these effects have been demonstrated against resistant strains isolated directly from clinical samples, thereby enhancing the translational significance of EOs. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, advances in analytical, omics-based, and microfluidic technologies have further elucidated the mechanisms of EOs and may accelerate their therapeutic development. Nevertheless, challenges such as variability in composition, lack of standardized testing protocols, and limited in vivo data continue to impede clinical application. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to critically examine the advances over the past decade in the antibacterial activity of plant EOs against clinical isolates, with a particular focus on their efficacy against resistant bacterial pathogens and their potential role in combating AMR.

Spaceflights induce unique environmental conditions such as cosmic radiation, microgravity, and temperature fluctuations that alter microbial behavior and the human microbiome. These changes include enhanced virulence, increased biofilm formation, and elevated antimicrobial resistance, posing challenges to astronaut health. Microorganisms transferred from Earth to spacecraft can adapt to these conditions, leading to increased pathogenicity. Current antimicrobial measures, including surface disinfectants, can be hazardous and show limited long-term effectiveness against these adapted microorganisms, highlighting the need for novel solutions for microbial control in space environments. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficiency of Pylote SAS inert mineral oxide microspheres incorporated into varnishes and resins under conditions in line with spaces use to provide a long-term solution for microbial control in spacecraft environments whatever the surfaces materials. The antimicrobial efficacy, robustness, and safety of samples, with and without Pylote technology, were tested using standardized methods. The antimicrobial activity was assessed according to ISO 22196, comparing Pylote-treated samples to controls against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis, selected through the MATISS program to represent relevant microorganisms in space environments. The technology's robustness test was undertaken under simulated real-use conditions through 1,352 cleaning cycles using chlorhexidine-based wipes. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using ISO 10993-5 standard based on XTT assay regarding leachable substances. Results showed that Pylote-treated samples exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared to untreated samples, with a log reduction of >2 against the selected strains. After 1,352 cleaning cycles, no bacterial growth was detected after the contact with the Pylote-treated surfaces, confirming the technology's sustainable antimicrobial effect. Cytotoxicity testing revealed no leachable substances at cytotoxic concentrations, ensuring safety for aerospace applications. These findings demonstrate the potential of Pylote’ mineral oxide microspheres to provide a innovative, safe, and efficient solution for microbial contamination control on numerous different surfaces, equipment and devices in space environments.

Colonization of medical devices by microorganisms, often progressing to the formation of resilient biofilms, presents a common clinical issue. To address this challenge, there is growing interest in developing novel biomaterials with antimicrobial/antibiofilm properties as a promising preventive measure. This study explores nanocomposite biomaterials based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) deposited on thin silica (SiO2) layers for their potential effect on the adhesion, detachment, viability and biofilm formation of the opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The AgNPs-based biointerface effect on biofilm development is investigated on the PAO1-Tn7-gfp strain by combining experiments under static and dynamic conditions. For the latter, a shear-stress flow chamber is used to mimic conditions encountered around certain medical devices. The findings reveal a rapid bactericidal effect of the AgNPs, noticeable within 30 min of exposure. Moreover, a delay in surface colonization is observed with a thin and unstructured biofilm, even after 72h of dynamic culture. A considerable fragility and sensitivity to hydrodynamic stresses is noticed for this loosely attached bacterial monolayer when compared with the thick and resilient biofilm formed on SiO2 surface. This study underlines the potential of AgNPs-based biomaterials in the conception of novel antimicrobial/antibiofilm surfaces with controlled release of the biocidal agent.

Controlling the speed of malolactic fermentation in red wine is an important challenge to produce certain short-rotation wines, like primeur style wines, for entry-level market segments. This study shows the possibility of inducing the adhesion and biofilm formation of Oenococcus oeni Vitilactic F© and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 522D©, in a low-nutrient medium, on Nylon© carriers in a continuous flow 250 mL bioreactor. The biofilm formation medium was then replaced by fermentation media (grape must for co-alcoholic and malolactic fermentations with O. oeni and S. cerevisiae biofilms) or wine (with O. oeni biofilms only) and the progress of malolactic fermentation was monitored: over periods of three to four weeks under a continuous regime, stable conversion speeds for L-malic acid of 0.53 g/L/24 h (malolactic fermentation in wine medium) and of 2.04 g/L/24 h (co-fermentations fermenting grape must medium) are reached. O. oeni biofilms on Nylon© carriers were also transferred in wine for four successive batch fermentations: in these conditions, L-malic acid conversion speed was 0.35 g/L/24 h. These biofilm implementation systems could be the first step towards perfectly controlled industrial malolactic fermentation processes.

INTRODUCTION:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex global health challenge with significant, yet underutilized economic dimensions. Beyond the clinical aspect, this growing threat demands interdisciplinary solutions that bridge economic theory and practice. AREAS COVERED:This scoping review synthesizes economic perspectives on AMR through systematic analysis from Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, EconLit, and PubMed (December 2023 to June 2025). We examine four critical domains: (1) foundational economic theories explaining AMR drivers through public goods theory, tragedy of commons, externalities, and market failures; (2) real-world market dynamics including supply-demand imbalances and principal-agent relationships in clinical settings; (3) policy interventions spanning regulatory frameworks, fiscal measures, and behavioral economics applications in antimicrobial stewardship; and (4) economic evaluation methodologies encompassing descriptive, evaluative, and predictive analyses. Our analysis reveals how theoretical economic frameworks arise in healthcare practice and why comprehensive multi-component interventions outperform single-approach strategies. EXPERT OPINION:Sustainable AMR mitigation requires fundamentally rethinking policy design through these interconnected economic lenses, transitioning from fragmented interventions to economically coherent frameworks that align short-term clinical decisions with long-term antimicrobial preservation. These changes demand unprecedented collaboration between economists, clinicians, and policymakers to align individual incentives with collective health security.

The interaction of foreign implants with their surrounding environment is significantly influenced by the adsorption of proteins on the biomaterial surfaces, playing a role in microbial adhesion. Therefore, understanding protein adsorption on solid surfaces and its effect on microbial adhesion is essential to assess the associated risk of infection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of conditioning by fibronectin (Fn) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein layers of silica (SiO2) surfaces on the adhesion and detachment of two pathogenic microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1-Tn7-gfp and Candida albicans CIP 48.72. Experiments are conducted under both static and hydrodynamic conditions using a shear stress flow chamber. Through the use of very low wall shear stresses, the study brings the link between the static and dynamic conditions of microbial adhesion. The results reveal that the microbial adhesion critically depends on: (i) the presence of a protein layer conditioning the SiO2 surface, (ii) the type of protein and (iii) the protein conformation and organization in the conditioning layer. In addition, a very distinct adhesion behaviour of P. aeruginosa is observed towards the two tested proteins, Fn and BSA. This effect is reinforced by the amount of proteins adsorbed on the surface and their organization in the layer. The results are discussed in the light of atomic force microscopy analysis of the organization and conformation of proteins in the layers after adsorption on the SiO2 surface, as well as the specificity in bacterial behaviour when interacting with these protein layers. The study also demonstrates the very distinctive behaviours of the prokaryote P. aeruginosa PAO1-Tn7-gfp compared to the eukaryote C. albicans CIP 48.72. This underscores the importance of considering species-specific interactions between the protein conditioning layer and different pathogenic microorganisms, which appear crucial in designing tailored anti-adhesive surfaces.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been demonstrated herein to reduce CO2 without any cofactor, photon or hydrogen (H2) addition during reaction. S. maltophilia reduces 13CO2 into 13C-labeled formate in batch mode. Two intracellular enzymes are curently being considered for their ability to catalyze the CO2 reduction reaction: a Fe-nitrogenase and a formate dehydrogenase (FeS-FDH). The reaction was intensified by implementing the bacteria in an electrolysis cell continuously fed with CO2. In this configuration, CO2 removal reached up to 25% v/v at 30°C and atmospheric pressure.

The microbial contamination of eye drop tips and caps varies between 7.7% and 100%. In seeking patient protection and continuous improvement, the Pharmacy Department in the Sterile Ophthalmological and Oncological Preparations Unit at Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France, conducted a two-phase study to compare the antimicrobial efficiency and practical use of standard packaging and a marketed eye drop container incorporating a self-decontaminating antimicrobial green technology by Pylote SAS at the tip and cap sites. The first phase was conducted in situ to identify the microbial contaminants of eye drops used in the hospital and community settings. A total of 110 eye drops were included for testing. Staphylococcus species were the most prevalent bacteria. Candida parapsilosis was detected in only one residual content sample and, at the same time, on the cap and tip. The second phase was performed in vitro, according to JIS Z2801. Reductions above one log in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts were noted in Pylote SAS eye drop packaging after 24 h of contact. The practical tests showed satisfactory results. Pylote SAS antimicrobial mineral oxide technology exhibited promising effects that combined effectiveness, safety, and sustainability to protect the patient by preventing infections due to the contamination of eye drop containers.

Driven by many applications, the development of new biomaterials has considerably increased in the last decade. Silver, and particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained popularity in the biomedical domain due to their inherent antimicrobial properties. Beyond the validation of their efficiency, achievement of sustainable applications of AgNPs-tailored antimicrobial surfaces implies knowledge on the released amount of ionic silver $\left(\mathrm{Ag}^{+}\right) / \mathbf{A g N P s}$ in order to control their biocidal/toxicity level and prevent from users and environmental risks. To that end, we propose here a reliable approach for measuring DC conductivity of highly insulating liquid media (water solutions containing low concentrations of silver ions) by using the alternate polarization current method. The current, which is related to the conductivity of the media, is measured in the $10^{-14}$ to $10^{-5} \mathrm{~A}$ range with high accuracy (dispersion less than 2%). The amount of silver ions $\left(\mathbf{A g}^{+}\right)$ is then determined.

La perte des parts de marché sur le segment des vins rouges d’entrée de gamme est un problème actuel pour la filière vitivinicole française. Parmi différentes stratégies, comme la réorientation d’une partie de la production vers des segments plus porteurs (premiumisation) ou la recherche de nouveaux débouchés de Marché, le recours à des technologies permettant de limiter les coûts de production est l’une des solutions explorées. Pour l’élaboration de ces vins à rotation de marché rapide, la réduction de la vitesse des fermentations alcoolique (FA) et malolactique (FML) est l’un des enjeux.

We present the first use of amperometric detection to assess the viability of mammalian cells in continuous mode, directly in the cell culture medium. Vero or HeLa cells were injected into electrochemical sensors equipped with a 3-electrode system and containing DCIP 50 mu M used as the redox mediator. DCIP was reduced by the viable cells and the reduced form was detected amperometrically at 300 mV vs silver pseudo-reference. The continuous regeneration of the oxidized form of the mediator ensured a stable redox state of the cell environment, allowing the cells to survive during the measurement time. The electrochemical response was related to cell metabolism (no response with dead cells or lysed cells) and depended on both mediator concentration and cell density. The protocol was applied to both cells in suspension and adhered cells. It was also adapted to detect trans-plasma membrane electron transfer (tPMET) by replacing DCIP by ferricyanide 500 mu M and using linear scan voltammetry (2 mV/s). The pioneering results described here pave the way to the development of routine electrochemical assays for cell viability and for designing a cell-based analytical platform.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Burkholderia cepacia are notorious pathogens known for their ability to form resilient biofilms, particularly within the lung environment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The heightened concentration of NaCl, prevalent in the airway liquid of CF patients' lungs, has been identified as a factor that promotes the growth of osmotolerant bacteria like S. aureus and dampens host antibacterial defenses, thereby fostering favorable conditions for infections.In this study, we aimed to investigate how increased NaCl concentrations impact the development of multi-species biofilms in vitro, using both laboratory strains and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. cepacia co-cultures. Employing a low-nutrient culture medium that fosters biofilm growth of the selected species, we quantified biofilm formation through a combination of adherent CFU counts, qPCR analysis, and confocal microscopy observations.Our findings reaffirmed the challenges faced by S. aureus in establishing growth within 1:1 mixed biofilms with P. aeruginosa when cultivated in a minimal medium. Intriguingly, at an elevated NaCl concentration of 145 mM, a symbiotic relationship emerged between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, enabling their co-existence. Notably, this hyperosmotic environment also exerted an influence on the interplay of these two bacteria with B. cepacia. We demonstrated that elevated NaCl concentrations play a pivotal role in orchestrating the distribution of these three species within the biofilm matrix.Furthermore, our study unveiled the beneficial impact of NaCl on the biofilm growth of clinically relevant mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, as well as two strains of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. This underscores the crucial role of the microenvironment during the colonization and infection processes. The results suggest that hyperosmotic conditions could hold the key to unlocking a deeper understanding of the genesis and behavior of CF multi-species biofilms.

The antimicrobial activity of surfaces treated with zinc and/or magnesium mineral oxide microspheres is a patented technology that has been demonstrated in vitro against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of the technology in vitro, under simulation-of-use conditions, and in situ. The tests were undertaken in vitro according to the ISO 22196:2011, ISO 20473:2013, and NF S90-700:2019 standards with adapted parameters. Simulation-of-use tests evaluated the robustness of the activity under worst-case scenarios. The in situ tests were conducted on high-touch surfaces. The in vitro results show efficient antimicrobial activity against referenced strains with a log reduction of >2. The sustainability of this effect was time-dependent and detected at lower temperatures (20 ± 2.5 °C) and humidity (46%) conditions for variable inoculum concentrations and contact times. The simulation of use proved the microsphere's efficiency under harsh mechanical and chemical tests. The in situ studies showed a higher than 90% reduction in CFU/25 cm2 per treated surface versus the untreated surfaces, reaching a targeted value of <50 CFU/cm2. Mineral oxide microspheres can be incorporated into unlimited surface types, including medical devices, to efficiently and sustainably prevent microbial contamination.

Dental implants provide a good solution for the replacement of tooth roots. However, the full restoration of tooth functions relies on the bone-healing period before positioning the abutment and the crown on the implant, with the associated risk of post-operative infection. This study aimed at developing a homogeneous and adherent thin calcium phosphate antibacterial coating on titanium dental implants by electrodeposition to favor both implant osseointegration and to limit peri-implantitis. By combining global (XRD, FTIR-ATR, elemental titration) and local (SEM, Raman spectroscopy on the coating surface and thickness) characterization techniques, we determined the effect of electrodeposition time on the characteristics and phases content of the coating and the associated mechanism of its formation. The 1-min-electrodeposited CaP coating (thickness: 2 ± 1 μm) was mainly composed of nano-needles of octacalcium phosphate. We demonstrated its mechanical stability after screwing and unscrewing the dental implant in an artificial jawbone. Then, we showed that we can reach a high copper incorporation rate (up to a 27% Cu/(Cu+Ca) molar ratio) in this CaP coating by using an ionic exchange post-treatment with copper nitrate solution at different concentrations. The biological properties (antibiofilm activity and cytotoxicity) were tested in vitro using a model of mixed bacteria biofilm mimicking peri-implantitis and the EN 10993-5 standard (direct contact), respectively. An efficient copper-doping dose was determined, providing an antibiofilm property to the coating without cytotoxic side effects. By combining the electrodeposition and copper ionic exchange processes, we can develop an antibiofilm calcium phosphate coating on dental implants with a tunable thickness and phases content.