Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Bacia Hidrográfica do Igarapé do Bindá, em Manaus-AM, abrangendo os bairros Cidade Nova, Mundo Novo, Flores, Parque Dez de Novembro e Chapada, e desaguando no igarapé dos Franceses, afluente da Bacia do São Raimundo. Para identificar os padrões de uso e ocupação do solo, foi aplicada uma classificação supervisionada de imagens de satélite, que também possibilitou a detecção de alterações estruturais no igarapé. Adicionalmente, foram realizados sobrevoos com drone ao longo do canal principal, resultando em imagens aéreas que complementaram ao mapeamento. Observou-se uma heterogeneidade nas ocupações e nos métodos construtivos ao longo do canal, refletindo desigualdades socioeconômicas que evidenciam a fragilidade das políticas públicas de ordenamento territorial. O Igarapé do Bindá, assim como outros cursos d'água em Manaus, sofre diversas modificações antrópicas, especialmente devido a intervenções de macrodrenagem, como a construção de muros de gabião e a instalação de galerias, que visam controlar o fluxo hídrico e mitigar enchentes. Os resultados indicam que o uso irregular das margens e a falta de ordenamento do solo urbano são fatores significativos na degradação ambiental da bacia. A degradação da Bacia Hidrográfica do Igarapé do Bindá pode ser atribuída ao uso inadequado do solo e à expansão urbana desordenada, resultando em um cenário crítico. Nesse contexto, é essencial estabelecer articulações entre diferentes esferas do poder público para reverter a degradação das bacias urbanas, promover a sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais e melhorar as condições de vida das populações vulneráveis

In a changing climate, there is an imperative to build coupled social-ecological systems-including fisheries-that can withstand or adapt to climate stressors. Although resilience theory identifies system attributes that supposedly confer resilience, these attributes have rarely been clearly defined, mechanistically explained, nor tested and applied to inform fisheries governance. Here, we develop and apply a comprehensive resilience framework to examine fishery systems across (a) ecological, (b) socio-economic and (c) governance dimensions using five resilience domains: assets, flexibility, organization, learning and agency. We distil and define 38 attributes that confer climate resilience from a coupled literature- and expert-driven approach, describe how they apply to fisheries and provide illustrative examples of resilience attributes in action. Our synthesis highlights that the directionality and mechanism of these attributes depend on the specific context, capacities, and scale of the focal fishery system and associated stressors, and we find evidence of interdependencies among attributes. Overall, however, we find few studies that test resilience attributes in fisheries across all parts of the system, with most examples focussing on the ecological dimension. As such, meaningful quantification of the attributes' contributions to resilience remains a challenge. Our synthesis and holistic framework represent a starting point for critical application of resilience concepts to fisheries social-ecological systems.

ABSTRACT Kelp forests are important habitats in the strongly environmentally and seasonally variable Arctic. There is a critical lack of knowledge about how seasonal conditions and climate change scenarios influence survival and reproduction of kelp early life stages. To better understand the regulation of kelp life cycle processes in this harsh environment we focused on the physiological performance and reproductive success of early life stages in Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata from Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. Gametophyte growth and survival during Arctic winter and subsequent sporophyte recruitment under spring conditions were investigated. Winter conditions (2°C, complete darkness) halted gametophyte growth and prevented the onset of gametogenesis in both species. The gametophytes of L. digitata but not A. esculenta became fertile after returning to spring conditions, suggesting that sporogenesis, sexual reproduction and recruitment in A. esculenta must occur successively during summer/autumn while in L. digitata a new generation of sporophytes could develop from over-wintering gametophytes. The effects of simulated canopy shading (offering protection against extreme irradiance stress, particularly as sea ice retreats), present-day and projected Arctic summer seawater temperatures, and nutrient levels on gametophyte survival, fertility and sporophyte recruitment success were also investigated in both species. A. esculenta gametophytes had greater survival and reproductive success than L. digitata, except under very low light (simulating dense canopy). In contrast, shading was required for reproductive success in L. digitata gametophytes. Predicted summer temperatures of 9°C reduced sexual reproduction in both species. Interactions observed between these environmental drivers probably reflect species-specific seasonal patterns of survival and reproduction. These differences between kelp species in response to abiotic factors and light levels (simulated canopy shading) suggest that climate change could alter community structure in the Arctic through effects on sexual reproduction and sporophyte recruitment success. HIGHLIGHTS• Gametophytes were able to endure long periods of darkness.• Parental kelp canopy is key for gametophyte survival and recruitment.• Climate change may alter kelp recruitment patterns.

An assessment of climate change impacts on the habitat suitability of fish species is an important tool to improve the understanding and decision-making needed to reduce potential climate change effects based on the observed relationships of biological responses and environmental conditions. In this study, we use historical (2010-2015) environmental sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling index (UI), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and biological (i.e., anchovy adults acoustic presence) data (i.e., Maxent) to determine anchovy habitat suitability in the coastal areas off central-northern (25 degrees S-32 degrees S) Chile. Using geographic information systems (GIS), the model was forced by changes in regionalized SST, UI and Chl-a as projected by IPCC models under the RPC (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) emissions scenarios for the simulation period 2015-2050. The model simulates, for all RCP scenarios, negative responses in anchovy presence, reflecting the predicted changes in environmental variables, dominated by a future positive (warming) change in SST and UI, and a decrease in chlorophyll-a (i.e., phytoplankton biomass). The model predicts negative changes in habitat suitability in coastal areas from north of Taltal (25 degrees S) to south of Caldera (27 degrees 45 ' S) and in Coquimbo littoral zone (29 degrees-30 degrees 12 ' S). The habitat suitability models and climate change predictions identified in this study may provide a scientific basis for the development of management measures for anchovy fisheries in the coastal areas of the South American coast and other parts of the world.

En el Pleno de 1977, el PCCh establecio la tesis del Vacio Historico en torno a lo militar, asi como los lineamientos politicos para salir de el. Diversos fueros los afluentes militantes que comenzaron a llenar con reflexion y propuestas este vacio, la gran mayoria de ellos en el exilio. Este articulo, reconstruye y analiza la experiencia historica y la trayectoria politica de un contingente de militantes comunistas formados profesionalmente en las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Cuba a partir de 1975. Al respecto, sostenemos que el recorrido militante de este colectivo de comunistas, da cuenta de las complejas dinamicas partidarias internas, marcadas por la autocritica inicial pos golpe de Estado y luego por las urgencias establecidas en funcion del termino a la dictadura. De esta manera, el inicio del proceso de formacion, la vida en las unidades militares, asi como la produccion politica-teorica desarrollada por estos militantes en torno a la Politica Militar del PCCh es un claro reflejo de las necesidades y vaivenes que experimento el comunismo chileno en la decada de los setenta, sobre todo en una tematica esquiva dentro del debate partidario.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are adjusted to predict monthly landings of anchovy ( Engraulis ringens ) and sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) in northern Chile (18°21’-24°00’S). Fishing effort (FE), landings and twelve environmental variables are considered from 1980 to 2012. External validation for the best models using all variables showed an R 2 of 95% for anchovy and 99% for sardine, with an efficiency of 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The models were simplified by considering only FE and sea surface temperature (SST) from NOAA satellites (SST-NOAA). Using these variables, very similar fits were achieved, comparing with the previous models, maintaining their predictive capacity. Downscaled SST for A2 climate change scenario (20152065) obtained by statistical regionalization from the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and three FE scenarios (2010-2012 average, + 50% and 50%), were used as inputs for ANN simplified models. For A2 future climate change scenario (2015-2065) using 2010-2012 average FE as inputs, anchovy and sardine landings would increase 2.8% and 19.2% by 2065 respectively. With FE variations (-50%), sardine landings show the highest increase (22.6%) by 2065 when FE is decreased.

Chile, according to the criteria of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is highly vulnerable to climate change since it has coastline areas of low height, arid, semi-arid and forest areas, susceptibility to natural disasters, areas prone to droughts and desertification, urban areas with atmospheric pollution issues and mountain ecosystems. Ocean acidification, variations in the sea temperature and level, as well as the increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, such as surges, rainfall, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have a direct impact on the ocean’s primary and secondary production, on the biological cycles and their seasonality, on the distribution of fishing resources, and on the supporting infrastructure for fisheries and aquaculture activities, which ultimately affect the benefits of the communities dedicated to the extraction of fishing resources and small-scale aquaculture activities. The assessment of these potential scenarios will demand further 10

In this study, an integrative weight of evidence (WOE) tetrad methodology was developed and used to assess environmental quality and ecological risk at contaminated sites by fish farm effluents using spatial modelling tools [geographical information systems (GIS) and fuzzy logic and multicriteria analysis (MCA)], taking into account the results of four lines of evidence (LOE): the physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediment, acute toxicity bioassays, biomarkers and the in situ alteration of benthic communities. The methodology was tested in the Rio San Pedro salt marsh creek in southwestern Spain. The proposed approach allowed for a quantitative spatial characterization of ecological risk and a better discrimination based on various types of physical, chemical and biological data. The methodology illustrates how GIS spatial models may be used in conjunction with other tools such as fuzzy logic and MCA to assist in decision-making processes based on multiple environmental quality criteria and lines of evidence, with the transparency, objectivity and synoptic ability required to address environmental management problems in general and the management of contaminated marine areas affected by fish farms in particular.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to predict landings of anchovy (Engraulis ringens), common sardine (Strangomera bentincki), and jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) in central-southern Chile. Twelve environmental variables were considered along with fishing effort (fe) and landing statistics from 1973 to 2012. During external validation, the best models with all of the selected variables gave r 2 values of 90 % for anchovy, 96 % for common sardine, and 88 % for jack mackerel. The models were simplified by considering only fe and sea surface temperature from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (SST-NOAA), and very similar fits were achieved (87, 92, and 88 %, respectively). Future SSTs were obtained from the A2 climate change scenario and regionalized using statistical downscaling techniques. The downscaled SSTs were used as input for landings predictions using ANN simplified models. In addition, three scenarios of future fishing efforts (2010–2012 average, average + 50 %, and average − 50 %) were used as the input data for landing simulations. The results of the predictions show a decrease of 9 % in future landings of sardine and an increase of 17 % for jack mackerel when comparing 2015 and 2065 monthly projections. However, no significant differences are shown when comparing the estimated landings for the three fishing effort scenarios. Finally, more integrative and complex conceptual models that consider oceanographic-biophysical, physiological, environmental-resource, and interspecies processes need to be implemented.

The effects of climate change on ocean conditions will have impacts on fish stocks, primarily through physiological and behavioural effects, such as changes in growth, reproduction, mortality and distribution. Habitat and distribution predictions for marine fishery species under climate change scenarios are important for understanding the overall impacts of such global changes on the human society and on the ecosystem. In this study, we examine the impacts of climate change on anchovy fisheries off Chile using predicted changes in global models according to the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate System Model 3.0 (CCSM3) and IPCC high future CO2 emission scenario A2, habitat suitability index (HSI) models and satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) estimates from high-resolution regional models for the simulation period 2015-2065. Predictions of SST from global climate models were regionalised using the Delta statistical down scaling technique. Predictions of chlorophyll-a were developed using historical Chl-a and SST (20032013) satellite data and applying a harmonic model. The results show an increase. in SST of up to 2.5 degrees C by 2055 in the north and central-south area for an A2 scenario. The habitat suitability index model was developed using historical (2001-2011) monthly fisheries and environmental data. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) was used as an abundance index in developing the HSI models and was calculated as the total catch (ton) by hold capacity (m(3)) in a 10' x 10' fishing grid square of anchovy, integrated over one month of fishing activity. The environmental data included the distance to coast (DC), thermal (SST) and food availability (Chl-a) conditions. The HSI modelling consists of estimating SI curves based on available evidence regarding the optimum range of environmental conditions for anchovy and estimating an integrated HSI using the Arithmetic Mean Model (AMM) method. The results of this work show that the model has produced robust estimates of habitat suitability and geographic distribution off Chile and has been especially effective in capturing the spatial and temporal variability of CPUE.Using IDRISI geographical information system (GIS), these HSI models simulated monthly changes in the habitat suitability (i.e., relative abundance) and distribution of anchovy off Chile forced by changes in the regionalised SST and Chl-a as projected by the NCAR model under the A2 emission scenario. The simulations predicted a moderate negative change of 17% and 13% for the north and central-south areas, respectively, in the habitat suitability (i.e., potential relative abundance) of anchovy by 2055. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recent studies have demonstrated the effects of climate change on both oceanographic conditions and the relative abundance and distribution of fisheries resources. In this study, we investigated the impacts of climate change on swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) fisheries using predictions of changes from global models (according to the NCAR model and IPCC emissions scenario A2), bioclimate envelope models and satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from high-resolution regional models for the simulation period 2015-2065. Predictions of SST from global 'climate models were regionalised using the Delta statistical downscaling technique. The results show an SST trend of 0.0196 degrees C per year in the study area, equivalent to 0.98 degrees C for the simulation horizon and for a high CO2 emission scenario (A2). The bioclimate envelope models were developed using historical (2001-2011) monthly environmental and fisheries data. These data included the local relative abundance index of fish catch per unit effort (CPUE), corresponding to the total catch (kg) by 1000 hooks in a 1 degrees latitude x 1 degrees longitude fishing grid for swordfish and to the total catch (ton) by hold capacity (100 m(3)) in a 10' latitude x 10' longitude grid for common sardine. The environmental data included temporal (month), spatial (latitude) and thermal conditions (SST). In the first step of the bioclimate modelling performed in this study, generalised additive models (GAMs) were used as an exploratory tool to identify the functional relationships between the environmental variables and CPUE. These relationships were then parameterised using general linear models (GLMs) to provide a robust forecasting tool. With this modelling approach, environmental variables explained 58.7% of the variation in the CPUE of swordfish and 60.6% of the variation in the CPUE of common sardine in the final GLMs.Using IDRISI GIS, these GLMs simulated monthly changes in the relative abundance and distribution of the studied species forced by changes in the regionalised SST projected by the NCAR model under the A2 emission scenario. The simulations predicted a slight decline of 6% (17 kg/1000 hooks) and 7% (3.8 ton/100 m(3)) for swordfish and common sardine, respectively, in the spatial mean of the potential relative abundance (CPUE) by 2065. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Based on a review of published and unpublished reports we analyzed Rapa Nui's (Easter Island) traditional and artisan fisheries. We include information from 2000-2009 on landings, species, fishing grounds, fleet and number of fisherfolks according to the Servicio Nacional de Pesca (SERNAPESCA) and personal communication with SERNAPESCA officials. Presently, 29 species of fishes and two invertebrates are fished (along with a group of species reported as "non-identified"), primarily from the 10 main fishing grounds within 5 nm from the shore. Sporadic fishing trips reach areas up to 25 nm offshore. Statistics about the artisan fleet and number of operative fishers is spotty and unreliable. In 2011 SERNAPESCA reported 123 artisan fishers and 31 boats for the island. Landings occur in five coves, of which Hanga Piko and Hanga Roa are the most important. Between 2000-2009 the mean annual landing ranged between 109-171 ton. The main exploited resources during this period were yellowfin tuna, snoek, Pacific rudderfin, rainbow runner, glasseye, oilfish, deep-water jack and swordfish. We highlight the urgent need to improve fisheries statistics (catch, effort, fishing grounds) in order to develop a science-fishery management and conservation plan, particularly linked with artisan fishery activities. Globally, we identify the need to integrate across fields (i.e., ecology, conservation, fisheries, education, outreach) more broadly in the national research system, to improve the management and conservation of Easter Island's unique marine environment. Within this framework, we identify an urgent need to create a research marine station on the island with permanent personnel, which can focus on this fragile oligotrophic ecosystem.

This paper introduces a socio-ecological analysis of the artisanal fisheries system on Easter Island (27 degrees 07'S, 109 degrees 22'W) through the identification and interaction of stakeholders. It also comprises a structural analysis of the system aiming to identify any key issues and then propose research and development programs for multiple fisheries that will contribute to their sustainable development. The methodology is divided into four stages: i) identification of issues with stakeholder (fishers, government workers and expert scientists) participation, ii) analysis of a structural matrix consisting of a direct causality study of the symmetric, structural and binary matrix based on socio-ecological issues allowing the calculation of the level of influence and dependence of each issue, iii) identification of key issues with an influence/ dependency diagram, and iv) proposal of research and development programs according to the needs and opportunities identified in the previous stages. The Easter Island artisanal fishing system is used as a case study for this methodological approach. Thus, the fishers identified 108 issues, which were then grouped by similarity, reducing the number to 27 global issues, of which seven were identified as key. Surveyed local and central government workers and expert scientists identified 7, 2 and 5 issues, respectively. Finally, research and development programs are proposed that will encourage a series of changes to the fisheries situation on the island, in order to resolve issues and promote their sustainable development.

Siphonophores collected in Chilean Patagonian fjords, between the Gulf of Penas and the Trinidad Channel in 2008 were analysed. A total of 12 species were recorded, of which Muggiaea bargmannae, Lensia subtilis, Praya dubia and Sphaeronectes fragilis were identified for the first time in this sector of the Patagonian fjords. M. bargmannae represents a new record for the southeastern Pacific. The most abundant species were Muggiaea atlantica (78.6%), Lensia conoidea (8.7%) and Dimophyes arctica (8.5%). M. atlantica, the dominant species, showed high densities in both oceanic and interior waters. L. conoidea and D. arctica, on the other hand, were principally collected in interior waters. M. atlantica was collected in less saline (< 30), more oxygenated (6-7 mL L–1) shallow strata (0-50 m), while L. conoidea and D. arctica were collected below 50 m depth in more saline (30-33) and less oxygenated (4-6 mL L–1) waters. The eudoxids of these species followed the same horizontal and vertical distribution patterns as their polygastric stages. These results confirm the success of M. atlantica in the colonization of all the southern fjords and document an increase with respect to the results obtained for the same geographical area in the spring of 1996. They also allowed us to infer that salinity and dissolved oxygen vertical gradients play an important role in determining the depth distribution patterns of these species.

Epipelagic medusae collected in the Magellan Region (Southern Patagonian Zone) during spring 2009 were analyzed. A total of 27 species of medusae were identified (25 hydromedusae and 2 scyphomedusae). Twelve medusae species were recorded for the first time in the Magellan region. Six dominant species were found: Clytia simplex (19.8%), Rhopalonema funerarium (16.2%), Aurelia sp. (15.9%), Bougainvillia muscoides (15.5%), Proboscidactyla stellata (8.9%), and Obelia spp. (6.0%). The horizontal distribution of all these species, except Obelia spp., showed the highest abundances to the south of 54°S, particularly in the Almirantazgo and Agostini fjords and in the Beagle Channel. Most of the dominant species were collected in shallow strata (0-50 m), with less saline waters (<30), except for R. funerarium, which was mainly collected above depths deeper than 25 m in more saline waters (30-33). These results confirm the success of several species in the colonization of the inland waters of the Southern Patagonian Zone.