This pilot study uses a Child Advocacy Center (CAC) case study to investigate the use of space and built environment in nonprofit organizations. Conceptually, we frame the built environment as a dimension of organizational capacity because design approaches may support or hinder the ability of a mission-oriented organization to implement its programs. Relying on a post-occupancy evaluation, we classify design choices into "Two-Dimensional Plan View," "Three-dimensional Room-View," and "Boundary Spanning" factors and show how they impact service delivery, both positively and negatively. We conclude with implications for future research.

The historical case study of the Carnegie Corporation's approach to program-related investments (PRIs) serves to investigate decision-making processes in foundations. In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation sector reacted to racial inequality and the crisis in America's inner cities against the backdrop of congressional investigations and inflation. PRIs emerged as one of the philanthropic strategies in response to this situation, aligning with the broader emphasis on the economic development of minority communities. However, the Carnegie Corporation initially chose not to utilize PRIs. By relying on archival records, I demonstrate that organizational tradition, identity, and legal regulations influence strategic practices by granting strategic agency to actors as they construct and interpret these factors to legitimize continuity or change with past practices. The study illustrates that history serves as a strategic resource for nonprofit managers, enabling them to justify managerial decisions by embedding them within organizational narratives that trace back to the past.

Philanthropic foundations are credited with being sources of social innovation. Yet, most scholarship focuses on foundations funding innovations rather than adopting innovative philanthropic practices. Program-related investments (PRIs) serve as lenses to understand how philanthropic innovations are adopted, implemented, and diffused. Scholars describe PRIs as innovations broadening grantmaking practices, but foundations today do not widely use PRIs despite their increased use in the 1980s and 2000s. I propose a theoretical model integrating foundation behavior literature with social transition theory, linking the diffusion of philanthropic innovations to specific configurations of micro-, meso-, and macrofactors. Drawing on archival research, the study analyzes the Ford Foundation's PRI Office and the Cooperative Assistance Fund between 1968 and 1988. It shows that individual foundations acted upon the favorable environment for PRIs created by a broader agreement that social responsibility was to be shared across sectors. Long-lasting norms about not mixing investments and philanthropy slowed the broad diffusion of PRIs in the foundation sector, which as an organizational field lagged the innovativeness of individual foundations. By focusing on how foundations adopt and implement innovative philanthropic strategies, the study moves beyond the practice of measuring philanthropic impact through grantees' performance rather than through philanthropic strategies.

In recent decades, increased attention has been given to the hierarchical nature and intrinsic power dynamics of CSO capacity building programs. In a global context, international donors tend to design and implement capacity building programs, which then prioritize donors' objectives and employ Western concepts in the Global South. This research note aims to reframe capacity building around inclusive and equal partnerships centered on civil society leaders who participate in designing and delivering capacity building programs. We propose action research as a process for co-creating contextually appropriate models that enable local ownership for capacity building and thus equip civil society to improve the lives of people in communities. We apply this approach to the Liberian case to develop a process to engage local civil society organizations in developing participatory capacity building programs that address place-based needs in non-Western contexts.

Scholars investigate philanthropy's ability to effect change but pay less attention to strategies changing practices within the philanthropic sector. The Cooperative Assistance Fund (CAF) pioneered program-related investments (PRIs) as a philanthropic strategy that merged commercial and philanthropic logics, thus moving beyond traditional grantmaking practices. Adopting an institutional work perspective, the study describes the types of institutional work that promote a new philanthropic model. Historical evidence shows that CAF's leadership reframed philanthropic approaches (framing work) and developed strategies influencing policy (political work), promoting PRIs (cultural work), and supporting interested foundations (technical work), but failed to develop a clear identity around these strategies (internal practice work). Taking advantage of historical methods, the study historically embeds the diverse types of institutional work that were employed, showing how these practices were often more reactive than proactive. The study contributes to our understanding of PRIs in linking their limited use to tensions between different institutional logics, while paradoxically contributing to the establishment of market-based approaches.

This paper investigates the perspective of community members engaged with experimental learning in student philanthropy courses. While most scholarship explores the impact that student philanthropy practices have on students' learning process and the overall effectiveness of these courses, this study aims to understand the impact of student philanthropy courses on community partners. We rely on a survey and focus groups to assess the perspectives of both nonprofits that participated in student philanthropy courses and nonprofits that decided against participating. We find that nonprofits see relational and advocacy benefits in participating in these courses, beyond the most obvious potential benefit of being awarded a grant. While we found overall satisfaction with the course, we also identified barriers to participation, which informs a list of practical recommendations. This study points to the possibility to better student philanthropy processes and improve the experience of participating nonprofits.

Nonprofit and philanthropic studies (NPS) is a visible presence at American universities and has achieved academic credibility. This study analyzes the role of academic centers devoted to the nonprofit sector in institutionalizing NPS as a distinctive academic field. It relies on a survey and selected case studies to map nonprofit academic centers and assess their field-building efforts. We find 55 US-based nonprofit academic centers that vary in size, revenue streams, and institutional location. Centers offer a broad range of services that span academia and practice supporting the local and regional nonprofit communities. Both endogenous and exogenous factors supported the founding of these centers, whose sustainability relies on interdisciplinarity, internal and external funding, and institutional support. We propose an evolutionary explanation for NPS’s institutionalization.

In the 1990s, nonprofit management education was an emerging discipline with few established academic centers seeking to increase connectivity, build out the field, and gain financial sustainability. While organized philanthropy supported this development, foundations’ impact on individual programs and the field more broadly is unclear. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation’s Building Bridges Initiative, a $13.5 million, five-year program to fund nonprofit academic centers as a strategy to increase the nonprofit sector’s capacity, exemplifies the potentials and limits of a private foundation’s engagement with emerging academic disciplines. This article assesses the long-term sustainability of grant investments and to what degree successful projects were integrated into the ongoing operation of universities, and examines the achievements and limitations of this philanthropic effort. This analysis finds that the initiative advanced the institutionalization of nonprofit management education by legitimizing grantees both within and outside universities, supporting program delivery and expansion, and fostering collaborative networks. However positive those outcomes, the strategy raises broader issues concerning philanthropic impact, as grantees struggled to ensure long-term sustainability, connections to practice, and expanding the field beyond U.S. borders. This study is intended to help foundations understand their impact on large-scale institutions like universities and colleges as well as on narrowly focused program areas. It concludes by offering alternative strategies for collaboration between the foundation sector and academia.

The historical case study of German associations during World War I highlights the limits of sociability in times of political polarization. At the war's beginning, German elites supported political associations that welcomed the entire political spectrum, thus radically breaking with associations that had developed along political, social, and religious dividing lines. The article shows how the inclusive sociability that the common cause of the war initially spurred failed to withstand the pressures of mass politics, extreme sociopolitical fragmentation, and the new republican institutions. The discrediting of associations as sources of inclusive sociability paved the path to conscious efforts to educate German citizens and political professionals to the working of democratic systems. The analysis suggests a conceptualization of civil society that relies on explicit strategies, such as political education, to cultivate the political conduct that modern democracies require, replacing the faith in associations as indirect sources of democratic governance.

Exclusionary nationalist movements' rise in recent years challenges liberal democracy's trust in political institutions' ability to neutralize and incorporate extremism. The crisis of liberal democracy likewise questions liberal civil society's emphasis on associational membership's intrinsic democratic side-effects. The study proposes a partisanship spectrum integrating attitudes to conflict into civil society theory, suggesting the centrality of cross-partisanship in mediating modern society's unavoidable conflicts, a question central to civil society theory and modern democracies. Germany's first school of public affairs serves as a historical case study to better understand how cross-partisanship addressed the extreme political polarization, radicalization of public discourse, and violence challenging interwar Germany's transition to democracy. While honouring political factionalism, cross-partisanship (uberparteilichkeit) countered extremism through a correct understanding of political facts and a common commitment to republican institutions. Relying on archival sources, I show that when cross-partisanship was equated to nonpartisanship, it favoured the penetration of extremism by emphasizing compromise and equal representation of all political parties, including the Nazi Party. The question of how to build a civil society is as crucial today as it was in interwar Germany.

Nonprofit and philanthropic studies (NPS) as an academic field grew over the past four decades. Academic centers are more flexible entities than traditional academic structures and as such play a central role in the field's growth. Our study maps members of the Nonprofit Academic Centers Council (NACC) with specific attention on centers' establishment and development. We survey NACC centers and review archival records to study NPS's evolution. We find center creation clustered in the period 1999-2003, when a combination of external funding and academic growth created a favorable environment for academic entrepreneurs to establish academic centers. We illustrate two trends over the past decades. Academic centers increasingly emphasized a NPS disciplinary focus, while, in the same period, traditional university structures absorbed several centers. These two trends suggest contrasting narratives emphasizing either the field's successful institutionalization or these centers' loss of independence.

Nonprofit studies programs have grown over the past three decades in both number and size. Although scholars have devoted increasing attention to both the field of study and its infrastructure, not much attention has been devoted to the administration of these programs. This study reviews the over three-decade-long history and development of the nonprofit leadership studies program at Murray State University and reflects on the various challenges the program has faced, including enrollment concerns, program reorganization, and declining resources. This analysis highlights the importance of developing a clear program identity, which in this case was shaped around the concepts of service learning and student philanthropy. The conclusions extrapolate broad recommendations that can serve as a road map to similar programs that face common budgetary and enrollment challenges in a changing higher education landscape.

Letter to:Overlapping Phenotype from Double Trouble SMARCA2 and POLG1 Variants c.2556A > C and c.3708G > T, RespectivelyNeuropediatrics 2020; 51(03): 235-236DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402008

The essay aims to foster reflection and discussion on the institutionalization of undergraduate nonprofit education. Undergraduate nonprofit programs (certificates, minors, and majors) have been developing at a slower pace than their graduate counterparts. This essay focuses on the development of these programs and identifies particular challenges in the administration of four undergraduate programs selected as case studies. Common concerns include (1) development of programs broad enough to allow students to pursue multiple career and educational paths after graduation, which forces a curriculum development that differs from the path laid out at the graduate level, and (2) misconceptions and lack of knowledge about nonprofit careers in prospective students, parents, and high school counselors. The discussion is contextualized in broader trends of nonprofit education.

The etiologic diagnosis of fetal anomaly syndromes remains difficult despite significant advances in prenatal ultrasound, fetal MRI and molecular genetic technologies. We present the challenges of a late prenatal presentation and adverse outcome in a child with multiple malformations, for which joint multidisciplinary efforts have led to a final dual diagnosis of autosomal recessive Boissel syndrome and geleophysic dysplasia.

As student demand for nonprofit management education (NME) grows, new program offerings proliferate. While longitudinal data track the development of graduate NME programs, their curricula and location, we know less about the trajectory of undergraduate programs. Preliminary research finds evidence of undergraduate programs that are more diverse and span a greater number of locations than ever before. As a compilation, these findings facilitate analysis of the institutionalization of NME by expanding the focus beyond courses to include program development (certificates, majors, and/or minors). The results enable data-driven discussions, highlighting NME distinctiveness in facilitating the development of student engagement with community.

Abstract Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS) is a rare disease caused by a mutation in the SMARCA2 gene. Clinical features include craniofacial dysmorphia and abnormalities of the limbs, as well as intellectual disorder and often epilepsy. Hepatotoxicity is a rare complication of the therapy with valproic acid (VPA) and a mutation of the polymerase γ (POLG) might lead to a higher sensitivity for liver hepatotoxicity. We present a patient with the coincidence of two rare diseases, the NCBRS and additionally a POLG1 mutation in combination with a liver hepatotoxicity. The co-occurrence in children for two different genetic diseases is discussed with the help of literature review.