BACKGROUND:Sepsis-induced organ dysfunction poses a significant clinical challenge with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide in sepsis and its underlying mechanisms, focusing on modulation of the gut microbiota-derived metabolome. METHODS:Public transcriptomic data analysis identified overlapping targets between liraglutide and sepsis-related genes. In a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, liraglutide treatment was evaluated for its effects on survival, systemic inflammation, and organ injury. The gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolome were assessed via 16S rRNA sequencing and UPLC-MS. We also measured plasma GLP-1 in sepsis patients and examined the microbiota-dependency of liraglutide's effects using antibiotic-depleted mice and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from liraglutide-treated mice. Additionally, citrulline, a key identified metabolite, was functionally validated both in vitro and in a clinical cohort. RESULTS:Liraglutide significantly improved survival, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alleviated lung, liver, and colon damage in septic mice. It partially restored sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis and modulating associated metabolites, including increasing citrulline. The survival benefit of liraglutide was abolished in microbiota-depleted mice, while FMT from liraglutide-treated mice conferred protection against sepsis, confirming the gut microbiota as a critical mediator. Furthermore, citrulline exhibited direct anti-inflammatory properties in cellular assays, and its plasma levels were negatively correlated with sepsis biomarkers (PCT and CRP) in patients. CONCLUSIONS:Taken together, our findings indicate that liraglutide mitigates sepsis by modulating the gut microbiota and regulating associated metabolic pathways. Citrulline may represent a potential microbial mediator or exploratory biomarker within this axis, warranting further mechanistic investigation.

Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units, and antibiotics continue to serve as the cornerstone of treatment. However, their potentially detrimental effects on gut health are often overlooked. Although antibiotic exposure may increase susceptibility to disease, its contribution to the progression of sepsis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and intestinal barrier integrity in healthy mice, and further evaluated their impact on subsequent sepsis outcomes. Using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model, we demonstrated that antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis exacerbated intestinal barrier damage and significantly increased mortality. In contrast, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) markedly improved survival and restored intestinal barrier function. Mechanistically, the protective effects of FMT were associated with modulation of the Hippo signaling pathway, which was accompanied by reduced intestinal permeability. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of sepsis and support FMT as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate intestinal barrier damage and improve survival in sepsis.

Hydrophobic SiO2 aerogels with highly uniform skeletons and excellent mechanical properties were synthesized without any surfactant. Methyltriethoxysilane served as the silicon source, while tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) functioned simultaneously as an alkaline catalyst and a solubilizing agent. By simply tuning the TMAOH concentration, the gel network could be precisely engineered. After supercritical drying, the aerogel exhibited a water contact angle of 163.6 degrees, a specific surface area of 704 m2 g-1 , and a low thermal conductivity of 19.2 mW (m K)-1 . Its compressive stress reached 0.302 MPa at 50 % strain. Solvent exchange of the wet gel with n-heptane enabled crack-free monoliths to be dried under ambient pressure. For the optimal formulation, the compressive stress further increased to 4.355 MPa at 60 % strain. The straightforward synthesis, superior performance, and the ability to dry the aerogel at ambient pressure without any additional surface modification make this material highly attractive for large-scale thermal-insulation applications. Moreover, exploiting the solubilizing capacity of TMAOH to suppress phase separation during gelation provides a valuable strategy for the preparation of hydrophobic SiO2 aerogels.

Leveraging the unique capability of customizing complex architectures, 3D-printed aerogels have shown significant potential for applications in various fields, including microelectronic thermal management, aerospace thermal protection, highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding, next-generation energy storage devices, and biomedical engineering. Nevertheless, the practical application of these materials is currently hindered by critical challenges such as printing ink instability, insufficient thermal insulation performance, and low mechanical strength. To address these challenges, this study reports a novel direct ink writing 3D printing strategy driven by the autocatalytic gelation mechanism of bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine, successfully fabricating hybrid aerogels that combine robust mechanical strength with highly efficient thermal insulation. Specifically, this strategy utilizes an ethanol–water bath as an instant coagulation medium, which offers the dual advantages of a facile fabrication process and excellent long-term storage stability for the precursor inks. The as-prepared hybrid aerogels exhibit exceptional low-density and high-strength characteristics, achieving a remarkable compressive strength of up to 9.19 MPa. Furthermore, the highly interconnected internal nanoporous network endows the material with an exceptionally low thermal conductivity of 0.025 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, demonstrating excellent thermal insulation capabilities. Consequently, this study provides an effective strategy for the design and development of high-performance, customizable thermal management materials.

In this study, electroless silver plating coatings are successfully prepared on the surfaces of titanium alloy using three distinct reducing agents-sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), potassium sodium tartrate (NaKC4H4O6), and glucose (C6H12O6). The structural characteristics, electrochemical performance, and antifouling efficacy of the silver coatings are systematically compared. It is demonstrated that NaH2PO2 enables the formation of dense silver deposits with superior crystallinity, whereas NaKC4H4O6 and C6H12O6 yield looser and rough microstructures. Moreover, the NaH2PO2-reduced coating exhibits optimal corrosion resistance, attributed to its denser structure. Remarkably, all silver coatings demonstrate >99 % inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) biofilm formation, which provides new insights for the anti-fouling technology of titanium alloys.

Polyimide (PI) foam combines the advantages of both resin and porous material, but its thermal insulation and sound absorption capabilities at low- and medium-frequencies are limited. To address these limitations, composite materials with superior multifunctional performance were developed by in-situ filling a PI foam matrix with high-surface-area, low-thermal-conductivity polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogels. These hierarchical composites exhibit significant potential for thermal insulation and noise reduction. In this study, PMSQ aerogel/PI foam composites with hierarchical pore structure were prepared by using methyl triethoxysilane (MTES) as the silicon source, deionized water as the solvent, and PI foam as the matrix through a two-step acid-base catalyzed process, vacuum impregnation, and CO2 supercritical drying method. Thanks to the meso-macroporous structure, the composites demonstrated excellent thermal insulation (thermal conductivity as low as 22 mW/(mK)) and sound absorption performance. Notably, the sound absorption band shifted to the low-frequency direction compared with pure PI foam, achieving a peak absorption coefficient of 0.86 at low- and medium-frequencies for 10 mm-thick samples, coupled with an average sound transmission loss of 12 dB. The sound absorption performance of composites was simulated and verified based on the Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model, and the numerical simulation results showed good agreement with the actual experimental results. This work provides useful guidance for the microstructural design of advanced materials with integrated thermal insulation and noise reduction functions.

Multispectrum-compatible stealth materials, and in particular, infrared/radar compatible materials, constitute one of the most important research areas in the stealth technology field. Although such materials have been extensively investigated at room temperature, those intended for the high temperature power parts of weapons and equipment have recently gained increasing attention. This study first analyses and summarises several typical conventional infrared/radar compatible stealth materials intended for high temperature conditions from a structural design and mechanistic viewpoint, then briefly summarises the research status of infrared/radar compatible stealth metamaterials applicable under high temperature conditions, and finally offers insights into future development directions.

Thermodynamic fault diagnosis of marine steam turbines remains challenging due to non-stationary multivariate sensor data under stochastic loads and transient conditions. While conventional threshold-based methods lack the sophistication for such dynamics, existing data-driven Transformers struggle with inherent non-stationarity. To address this, we propose a hybrid DLinear–Transformer framework that synergistically integrates localized trend decomposition with global feature extraction. The model employs a dual-branch architecture with adaptive positional encoding and a gated fusion mechanism to enhance robustness. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the framework’s superiority: on public benchmarks (SMD, SWaT), it achieves statistically significant F1-score improvements of 2.7% and 0.3% over the state-of-the-art TranAD model under a controlled, reproducible setup. Most importantly, validation on a real-world marine steam turbine dataset confirms a leading fault detection accuracy of 94.6% under variable conditions. By providing a reliable foundation for identifying precursor anomalies, this work establishes a robust offline benchmark that paves the way for practical predictive maintenance in marine engineering.

The diagnosis of mushroom poisoning (MP) typically relies on patient-reported symptoms and biochemical indicators. However, when patients are in the early stage of poisoning or present with atypical clinical manifestations, traditional diagnostic methods become difficult. Metabolic biomarkers may play a key role in individualized monitoring and early detection. This study aims to identify biomarkers associated with MP using metabolomics to support early clinical diagnosis. Plasma samples were collected from 58 MP patients, 30 healthy controls (HC), and 25 patients with severe traumatic infections (SI). A non-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), detecting 1,142 metabolites. Various statistical methods were applied to identify differential metabolites and analyze their correlations with clinical biochemical indicators. Plasma metabolomics analysis revealed significant metabolic differences between MP patients and both HC and SI groups. In total, 34 differential metabolites were identified between MP and HC, and 91 between MP and SI, while 112 differential metabolites were found between SI and HC. Metabolic abnormalities in MP patients were mainly related to cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and lipid metabolism disorders. Among the three groups, 11 metabolites were significantly upregulated and 4 significantly downregulated in MP patients. Notably, four metabolites exhibited excellent predictive capabilities, with AUC values all exceeding 0.9, demonstrating strong discriminatory power for MP. This study identified several metabolites strongly associated with MP, including 5-Oxo-L-norvaline, L-Ergothioneine, Valylvaline, and 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol Ether. These biomarkers demonstrated outstanding predictive performance, providing crucial evidence to support the early diagnosis of mushroom poisoning. This study did not classify mushroom poisoning by type, but used a general analysis method. Whether this approach is useful in practice needs further study.

The development of new multi-functional high-temperature insulation materials is of crucial significance for promoting energy conservation and emission reduction and improving energy utilization efficiency. Silicon carbide (SiC) materials possess good thermal and chemical stability and are promising high-temperature insulation materials. However, the thermal and mechanical properties of intrinsic SiC materials must be further improved to fulfil the practical requirements. Microstructure control and component optimization are the main strategies for enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of SiC materials. Therefore, studies for simultaneously synergizing the structure control and component optimization and simplifying the preparation process are of considerable significance. In this study, hollow core-shell SiC@SiO2 fibers (HCSFs) were prepared via simple chemical vapour infiltration and high-temperature heat treatment, which enabled the facile construction of multiple structures and dual components. The HCSFs exhibit a light weight (36 mg/cm3), low thermal conductivity (0.032 W/(m & sdot;K)) and high operating temperature (1000 degrees C) as well as good mechanical properties (flexibility and tensile strength).

BACKGROUND:α-Amanitin, the primary lethal toxin of Amanita phalloides, induces irreversible hepatotoxicity by selectively inhibiting RNA polymerase II, leading to transcriptional arrest. Despite advancements in managing mushroom poisoning, a targeted antidote remains unavailable. The sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), a hepatic bile acid transporter, facilitates α-amanitin entry into hepatocytes. Pharmacological blockade of NTCP represents a promising therapeutic strategy. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate ezetimibe, an NTCP inhibitor, as a protective agent against α-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS:Transcriptomic profiling of α-amanitin-exposed mouse liver tissues (NCBI accession: PRJNA809431) was conducted using DESeq2. Molecular docking simulations assessed interactions between NTCP, α-amanitin, and ezetimibe. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in vivo (mouse models) and in vitro (cultured hepatocytes). Key outcomes included survival rates, liver injury markers (ALT, AST), apoptosis (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio), and oxidative stress parameters. RESULTS:NTCP expression was upregulated in α-amanitin-exposed livers. Molecular docking revealed α-amanitin binding at NTCP residue VAL-160, whereas ezetimibe interacted with LEU-14 and ASN-17. Ezetimibe (50 mg/kg) improved survival rates from 25 % to 80 % in α-amanitin-exposed mouse models (p < 0.01), reduced serum ALT (68 ± 5 U/L vs. 165 ± 12 U/L; p < 0.05) and AST (72 ± 6 U/L vs. 158 ± 10 U/L; p < 0.05), and attenuated apoptosis (60 % decrease in Bax/Bcl-2; p < 0.05). In vitro, ezetimibe restored hepatocyte viability 2.1-fold (p < 0.05) and reduced oxidative stress (40 % decrease in malondialdehyde; p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis linked α-amanitin toxicity to p53-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION:Ezetimibe protects against α-amanitin hepatotoxicity by blocking NTCP-mediated uptake, supporting its potential clinical repurposing as a targeted antidote.

Water adsorption kinetics of adsorbents plays a key role in determining the feasibility of practical application of adsorption cooling systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with ultrahigh surface area and excellent water adsorption capacity have been recognized as the next-generation adsorbents for adsorption cooling. However, the impacts of structure characteristics of MOFs on their water adsorption rate and adsorption cooling performance are still elusive. In this work, six representative water-stable MOFs i.e., DUT-67, NU-1000, MIL-101(Cr), PCN-777, MIL-100(Fe) and UiO-66 were synthesized and tested. It is demonstrated that the water adsorption rate of MOFs is in the following order: DUT-67 > NU-1000 > MIL-101(Cr)> PCN-777 > MIL-100(Fe)>UiO-66, which is ascribed to the co-effects of the particle size, pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity of MOFs. The specific cooling power (SCP) and coefficient of performance for cooling (COPC) of six MOF/water working pairs exhibit similar trends which are dominated by water adsorption rate.

Ingestion of amatoxin-containing mushrooms can result in acute hepatotoxicity and carries a high risk of progression to liver failure with considerable mortality. Timely identification of patients at risk is essential for improving outcomes. This study investigated admission biomarkers predictive of liver failure in amatoxin poisoning and identified key prognostic indicators through machine learning analysis. A retrospective cohort of 71 patients was stratified into liver injury (n = 36) and liver failure (n = 35) groups. Comparative analysis revealed significant intergroup differences across multiple admission biomarkers. The machine learning model incorporating aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fibrinogen (FIB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDP) demonstrated high predictive performance. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.98, specificity of 0.98, and sensitivity of 0.94, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 in the training set; test performance remained robust, with 0.90 accuracy, 0.89 AUC, 0.93 specificity, and 0.85 sensitivity. Quartile analysis further identified admission D-dimer >2.5 μg/mL and prothrombin time >19.2 s as critical risk thresholds for liver failure progression. These findings highlight a panel of early hemostatic and hepatic injury markers-particularly elevated D-dimer and prolonged PT-as effective predictors of liver failure in amatoxin-induced hepatotoxicity, offering valuable guidance for early clinical intervention.

BackgroundMushroom poisoning represents a significant food safety issue globally, particularly neurotoxic mushroom poisoning, which raises considerable concern due to its potential to induce central nervous system symptoms. Ibotenic acid is identified as the primary neurotoxin associated with this form of poisoning; however, the underlying mechanisms of its neurotoxicity remain poorly understood.ObjectiveThis study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of ibotenic acid exposure across three consecutive key time points, from intoxication to recovery, on neurotransmitters related to the GABA/Glutamic-Acid, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems in five brain regions: the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, brain stem, and cerebellum.MethodsThrough behavioral tests, we assessed the effects of ibotenic acid exposure on voluntary activities and learning and memory functions in mice. Additionally, we analyzed the changes in neurotransmitter concentrations across different brain regions using targeted metabolomics.ResultsBehavioral results indicated that the total movement distance and speed in the open field test were significantly reduced, while the resting time was prolonged in the ibotenic acid-exposed group (P < 0.0001). The results of targeted metabolomics demonstrated that, compared to the control group, levels of glutamic acid in the hippocampus and brain stem significantly decreased after 4 h of ibotenic acid exposure (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). Additionally, epinephrine levels in the cerebral cortex decreased at 20 min (P < 0.05), while tyrosine levels in the brain stem and cerebellum decreased after 4 h (P < 0.05). In the brain stem region, the tryptophan levels in each exposure group decreased significantly compared with the 4-h exposure group (P < 0.01), and brain stem choline levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conversely, homovanillic acid levels in the brain stem increased (P < 0.01).ConclusionPreliminary studies have demonstrated that acute exposure to ibotenic acid inhibits motor activity but does not significantly affect learning and memory in mice. Exposure to ibotenic acid induces alterations in GABA/Glutamic-Acid, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and neurotransmitters associated with the cholinergic system in the brains of mice, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the brain stem region, exhibiting time-dependent and region-specific effects. This study offers new insights into the neurotoxic mechanisms of ibotenic acid.

Sepsis originates from the host's dysregulated response to pathogens, and its pathophysiological mechanisms are extremely complex. Recent research has found that post-translational modifications (PTMs) can regulate gene transcription without altering the genetic sequence, thereby playing a key role in the occurrence and development of sepsis. This review aims to systematically categorize the main types of PTMs and elucidate their roles in the pathogenesis of sepsis, thereby providing new perspectives for a deeper understanding of the complex pathophysiological processes of this disease. We searched databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), covering the period from their establishment to July 2025. The search strategy combined keywords related to "sepsis" (such as "sepsis", "septic shock") and "post-translational modifications" (such as "PTM", "lactylation", "acetylation", "methylation", "phosphorylation", "ubiquitination", "glycosylation"). After removing duplicates and low-quality literature, the remaining articles were analyzed and summarized to ultimately complete the writing of this review. PTMs exert profound influences on the inflammatory process, immune cell function, cell death modes, and energy metabolism in sepsis by regulating key effector molecules and signaling pathways. Research indicates that PTMs play a dual role in this process, which can either exert protective effects or lead to destructive outcomes. PTMs represent a core regulatory mechanism in the pathophysiology of sepsis. A comprehensive understanding of the functions and interactions of various PTMs is of great significance for profoundly elucidating the complexity of sepsis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.

In this study, the corrosion behavior of B30 copper-nickel alloy under two typical service conditions are comparatively investigated. Note that, the environmental conditions of crevice corrosion result in the transition of the corrosion film from a single-layer structure to a double-layer structure. Under full seawater exposure condition, a single-layer corrosion film is discovered, consisting of NiO/Ni(OH)2 and Cu2O/Cu2(OH)3Cl. However, under crevice corrosion, a distinct double-layer film structure emerges, with Ni(OH)2 predominating in the inner and a combination of Cu2O/Cu2(OH)3Cl and Ni(OH)2 in the outer, which can be attributed to the varying chloride ion tolerance levels of Cu2O and NiO.

BackgroundSepsis is a global health challenge associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Early diagnosis and treatment are challenging because of the limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of sepsis through an integrated multi-method approach.MethodsMendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using data on 1400 plasma metabolites, 731 immune cell phenotypes, and sepsis genome-wide association studies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data GSE167363 was used for cell annotation, differential expression analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), transcription factor activity prediction, and cellular pseudotime analysis. The hub genes were identified via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression using GSE236713. The predictive models were constructed using the CatBoost, XGBoost, and NGBoost algorithms based on the data from GSE236713 and GSE28750. SHapley Additive ex Planations (SHAP) was used to filter the key molecules, and their expressions were confirmed via RT-qPCR of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients with sepsis and healthy controls.ResultsTwo-step MR revealed that glutamine degradant mediated the causal relationship between SSC-A on HLA-DR + NK and sepsis. ScRNA-seq analysis revealed distinct variations in the composition of immune cell phenotypes in the control and sepsis groups. NK cells were associated with glutamine metabolism. GSEA illustrated the top 10 pathways positively and negatively correlated in NK cells with high vs. low glutamine metabolism. Transcription factor prediction revealed opposing transcription factor profiles for these NK cells subsets. NK cell cellular pseudotime plot and immune cell infiltration analysis results were displayed. The predictive models achieved AUCs of 0.95 (CatBoost), 0.80 (XGBoost), and 0.62 (NGBoost). SHAP analysis identified SRSF7, E2F2, RAB13, and S100A8 as key molecular of the model. RT-qPCR revealed decreased SRSF7 expression and increased RAB13, E2F2, and S100A8 expression in sepsis.ConclusionSSC-A on HLA-DR + NK cells reduced the risk of sepsis by decreasing glutamine degradation. SRSF7, E2F2, RAB13, and S100A8 were identified as potential pathogenic biomarkers of sepsis.

Novel high-temperature structural stealth materials are the current focus area of stealth material research. However, their development is limited by the key problems of structural failure, mechanical property degradation and multiband stealth performance mismatch of traditional materials under thermal-force coupling. In this work, a multiscale heterostructure material, layered hollow fiber skeleton based SiC@SiO2 nanowire aerogel (LHSNA), is successfully prepared through multiscale heterostructure design, which achieves the synergistic optimization of mechanical-thermal-electromagnetic properties. The unique layered hollow fiber framework combined with the micro-nano aerogel network interwoven with SiC@SiO2 nanowires enables LHSNA to maintain an ultra-low density (17.92 mg/cm(3)) while significantly enhancing mechanical strength and effectively resisting thermal stress deformation. The SiC@SiO2 core-shell structure provides excellent high-temperature stability, preserving structural integrity and functionality at 1200 degrees C. Furthermore, the interface effect and its microstructure enhance the polarization effect and conductance loss, enabling it to achieve a wide microwave absorption bandwidth of 5.46 GHz and a strong reflection loss of -67.62 dB at room temperature with a thin matching thickness (<2 mm). At 800 degrees C with only 2.5 mm thickness, it maintains an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.2 GHz in the X-band. Due to the multi-scale heterostructure design and the unique phonon/electron co-regulation mechanism of the SiC@SiO2 interface, LHSNA effectively supposes infrared radiation at 1100 degrees C and achieves a thermal gradient greater than 1000 degrees C, demonstrating excellent infrared stealth performance. This work provides a new idea for the multi-scale design of stealth materials under high-temperature multi-physics field coupling conditions.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), initially developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, have evolved into multi-organ potential therapeutics due to their pleiotropic effects beyond glycemic control. Mechanistically, GLP-1 signaling modulates immune and inflammatory pathways, regulates autophagy and pyroptosis, alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress, and interacts with the gut microbiome. These pleiotropic effects provide a rationale for exploring their role in multiple organ systems. Clinical trials have demonstrated cardiovascular and renal protection, leading to additional approvals in high-risk populations. Early data also suggest potential benefits in liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic respiratory disorders, neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions, reproductive dysfunction, obesity-associated cancers, and sepsis, although these remain investigational. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize the evidence on the mechanistic expansion of GLP-1RAs from metabolic regulators to systemic modulators of inflammation, autophagy, and organ protection, and explores their therapeutic repurposing across diseases.

High-strength mullite-based lattices with a hierarchical porous structure were assembled using waste fly ash hollow microspheres (FAHMs) as the main raw material by a direct ink writing (DIW) technique. The hollow microspheres were uniformly distributed in the strut matrix, creating a pore structure with a size ranging from 54 mu m to 97 mu m. Wet printed lattices were solidified by a protein gelling technique to further inhibit the shape deformation. Hollow microspheres, together with the dense matrix formed by aluminum silicate powder, formed the three-dimensional skeleton of struts in the mullite-based lattices. The lattice with a porosity of 84.3 % exhibited a high compressive strength of 2.74 MPa, along with a low thermal conductivity of 0.191 W m-1 K-1. Compared to most reported lattices with the same density, such as conventional mullite lattices, the stretching -bending dominated hierarchical porous mullite-based lattice exhibited superior mechanical properties. These lattices with both high porosity and high strength are cost-effective, flexible, scalable, and can facilitate the application of porous ceramics in emerging fields.