Deformation mechanism activation near grain boundaries in polycrystalline magnesium alloys often deviates from classical Schmid law due to complex local stress state. This study investigates the interaction between basal slip and {10-12} extension twinning in an extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Using quasi-in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), we demonstrate that twin variant selection at grain boundaries is primarily governed by strain accommodation with adjacent slip activity. To quantify this effect, we introduce a composite Schmid factor for slip-twin interactions (CSFST), which integrates the global Schmid factor of the twin system with the product of the Schmid factor of the adjacent slip system and their geometric compatibility factor (mꞌ). Statistical analysis reveals that the ratio of CSFST to values for alternative modes (e.g., slip-slip, twin-twin) reliably predicts the dominant deformation mechanism. Notably, CSFST significantly outperforms the conventional Schmid factor in predicting twin variant selection: approximately 65% of observed twins correspond to the variant with the highest CSFST, compared with only 40% for the highest Schmid factor. Crystal plasticity finite element simulations confirm that local stress concentrations induced by basal slip bands preferentially trigger twinning events as predicted by the CSFST criteria. Furthermore, the framework successfully rationalizes cases where slip-twin interactions are absent by identifying competing mechanisms with higher CSF values. This work establishes a comprehensive and robust criterion for predicting deformation mechanisms and twin variant selection at grain boundaries in magnesium alloys, overcoming the limitations of classical Schmid law.

To mitigate the long-standing trade-off in magnesium (Mg) alloys between low elastic modulus and strength-damping incompatibility, Mg-7Y-2.5Zn-xSi (x = 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 wt%) alloys were fabricated via Si alloying followed by hot extrusion. Increasing Si drives the second-phase evolution from Mg3Zn6Y/LPSO to thermally stable SiY, with additional Mg2Si forming at 1.2 wt% Si. Hot extrusion further fragments and refines these phases and modulates recrystallization (decreasing then increasing), accompanied by strengthening the texture. The introduction of high-modulus Si-containing phases increases the elastic modulus from 47 GPa to 50 GPa. The extruded WZ72–1.2Si alloy exhibits the highest tensile yield strength (TYS) of 210 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 303 MPa, which is mainly attributed to the synergistic contributions of dispersion strengthening by second-phase particles, dislocation strengthening and orientation hardening. In contrast, the extruded WZ72–0.6Si alloy shows superior room-temperature damping capacity (Q−1> 0.01 at a strain amplitude of ε = 0.1%), primarily due to the reduced solute-atom content and the high density of mobile dislocations induced by an appropriate number of Si-containing phases. With increasing temperature, the damping enhancement in both WZ72–0.6Si and WZ72–1.2Si alloys becomes more pronounced, indicating a higher high-temperature energy-dissipation capability than that of the low-Si alloy; this is closely related to the increased activity of dissipation mechanisms such as grain-boundary migration and interphase sliding at elevated temperatures.

Carotenoids are valuable hydrophobic nutraceuticals with established health benefits, yet their application is constrained by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and low gastrointestinal bioaccessibility. Although multiple reviews have summarized colloidal delivery systems for carotenoid encapsulation, they rarely elucidate how interfacial architecture mechanistically governs digestion, micellization, and absorption, thereby limiting rational design. This review critically synthesizes recent progress in interfacial engineering of carotenoid-loaded colloidal systems, integrating evidence across simple, particle-stabilized, composite, and multilayer interfaces. We systematically analyze how interfacial composition, thickness, charge and permeability regulate lipid hydrolysis kinetics, enzyme accessibility, interfacial remodeling, and mixed-micelle formation, and how these processes collectively determine carotenoid release and bioaccessibility. Rather than descriptive comparisons, a conceptual framework is proposed to connect specific interfacial strategies with programmable delivery behaviors, highlighting inherent tradeoffs between physical stability and digestive responsiveness. In addition, limitations of in vitro digestion models, the scarcity of in vivo validation, feasibility in real food matrices, regulatory considerations, and scale-up challenges are critically discussed. Future research priorities are outlined, including advanced dynamic digestion models, structure-bioaccessibility mapping, and translational validation. This review aims to provide mechanistic insight and actionable design guidance for next-generation carotenoid delivery systems.

A gradient ultrafine-grained structure was successfully fabricated on the surface of 3.5 wt% Tip/VW94 composites by sliding friction treatment (SFT), and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material were investigated. The results show that due to the gradient strain, a gradient deformation layer with a thickness of approximately 400 mu m is formed on the material's surface. The grain size of the surface layer is refined to 87 nm as a result of severe plastic deformation. During the SFT process, numerous dislocations are activated, and many twins form, facilitating coordinated deformation and promoting grain refinement. Additionally, the strength of the gradient-structured composites is significantly enhanced without a noticeable loss in ductility compared to the initial state. Specifically, the ultimate tensile strength increases from 329 MPa to 383 MPa, while the yield strength rises from 254 MPa to 309 MPa. The presence of Ti particles leads to the formation of a strain misfit field, which hinders dislocation migration and provides energy for twin nucleation, inducing numerous dislocations and twin boundary strengthening. These findings highlight the effectiveness of SFT in optimizing the mechanical properties of Ti-reinforced Mg-based composites.

The effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on grapes' microstructure, texture, characteristics of three pectin fractions were investigated over vacuum drying temperature ranging from 65 to 85 °C. Ultrasonic treated samples exhibited a better microstructure and texture quality than with vacuum drying alone. High drying temperature led to increased water-soluble pectin (WSP, from 23.85 to 25.66 mg/g AIR) and chelate-soluble pectin (CSP, from 1.92 to 2.87 mg/g AIR) content, decreased sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP, from 12.11 to 4.43 mg/g AIR) content. Within pectin fractions, monosaccharide content and molecular weight both decreased as the drying temperature increased after ultrasonic pretreatment. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, circular dichroism, and scanning electron microscopy revealed differences between pectin fractions in terms of structures. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that the changes in galacturonic acid content and sugar ratio of WSP, NSP fractions influenced the texture properties of dried grapes.

Interface segregation of solute atoms has a profound effect on properties of engineering alloys. In this study, we report a novel strategy for breaking the strength-ductility dilemma of Mg alloy via solute segregation. The hot extruded Mg-1.8Gd-0.3Zr (wt.%) alloy sheet was subjected to three different passes of rolling, and then heat-treated at 200 °C. The high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) reveals a remarkable segregation of solute Gd atoms along high and low-angel grain boundaries (GBs). Under almost precipitation-free conditions, the strength and ductility of rolled alloy sheets are simultaneously improved after annealing. Especially for the annealed 3-passes-rolled specimen, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation are simultaneously increased by 11.2%, 7.3%, and 18%, respectively. The solute segregation endows the rolled plate with excellent grain size stability and provides a prominent extra solute cluster strengthening, which completely resists the other softening effects, including dislocation annihilation and grain coarsening during the heating. Meanwhile, the directional migration of Gd atoms and the annihilation of dislocations provide a “clear” space within the grain, which is beneficial for the moving and accumulating of subsequent dislocations. This work sheds light on the solute partitioning behavior and realizes a good application of GB segregation in improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of Mg alloys.

In this study, four types of lutein emulsion gel with different interval multi-layer structures were prepared through 3D printing technology with double nozzles. The lutein release curves and the release kinetics revealed that the design of different interval multi-layer structures achieved the time-lagged release of lutein and changed its release mechanism. The kinetic changes of lutein bioaccessibility indicated that the time-lagged release of lutein leaded to the slow micellization of lutein, and improved its bioaccessibility. The release behavior of lutein was significantly correlated with its bioaccessibility. Further analysis of the FFAs release indicated that the release rate and final release degree of FFAs of the samples with lutein time-lagged release were high. Furthermore, the kinetics analysis of micellar fraction revealed that high concentrations of fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, could be found in the lutein time-lagged release samples. And the micellization rate of fatty acids had a similar trend to lutein. In addition, the particle size distribution of the mixed micellar phase suggested that the high concentration of fatty acid reduced the particle size, which enhanced lutein bioaccessibility. Overall, the regulation of lutein release characteristic through a 3D printing system with different interval multi-layer structures could enhance its bioaccessibility, which will provide new ideas for design delivery systems.

Plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment is an effective technique for the quality retention of fresh vegetables with cold atmospheric plasma using controllable parameters. This study investigated the effect of PAW on the postharvest quality of shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). The results displayed that PAW treatment with an activation time of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min reduced the yellowing rate and weight loss of the shepherd’s purse during 9 days of storage. Compared with untreated samples, PAW treatment at different times reduced the number of total bacteria, coliform, yeast, and mold by 0.18–0.94, 0.59–0.97, 0.90–1.18, and 1.03–1.17 Log CFU/g after 9 days of storage, respectively. Additionally, the treatments with PAW-5 and PAW-10 better preserved ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents. They also maintained the higher antioxidant and CAT activity and inhibited the formation of terpenes, alcohols, and nitrogen oxide compounds of the shepherd’s purse at the end of storage. The microstructural result illustrated that the cells of the shepherd’s purse treated with PAW-5 and PAW-10 were relatively intact, with a small intercellular space after storage. This study demonstrated that PAW treatment effectively improved the postharvest quality of shepherd’s purse.

Compressive creep tests were performed on sand-cast and peak-aged Mg–14Gd–1Zn–0.4Zr (wt.%) alloys at 250 °C in this study. The microstructures before creep and at the secondary creep stage were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that plenty of fine precipitates, especially β′-series precipitates or a combination of β-type and γ′ precipitates, could effectively enhance the creep resistance of Mg alloys. Large amounts of β'+β′F precipitate chains in the regions near grain boundaries of the sand-cast alloy blocked the motion of -type dislocations, while the interaction of basal and prismatic dislocations could be inhibited by synergy of γ′ and β-type precipitates. In contrast, transformation of β′-series precipitates to β1 or β precipitates in the peak-aged alloy reduced their capacity to impede the dislocation movement, seemingly presenting worse microstructures for creep resistance. However, the peak-aged alloy exhibited a uniform distribution of numerous semi-coherent β1 precipitates and dense rectangular networks composed of γ′ and β-type precipitates within the whole grain, which was superior to the uneven distribution of β-type and γ′ precipitates as well as a lack of ample precipitates at the center of grain in the sand-cast alloy. Thus, the peak-aged Mg–14Gd–1Zn–0.4Zr alloy obtained better creep resistance than the sand-cast alloy to some extent.

The weak corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys greatly limited the industrial application. Though functional self-healing coatings have been proposed as countermeasures, repeated damages on coatings under practical installation and complex external environments could require self-adaptive corrosion protection against multiple abrasions. In this study, an ultra-high corrosion-resistant Mg-1Zn-1Sc (wt.%) alloy with a corrosion rate of 0.087 mm/y has been designed and prepared, which has fine grains and uniform structure of a nano-scale ScZn phase with low potential. A unique and dense corrosion product film with a three-layered structure was found and studied on Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy, providing excellent corrosion protection. In addition, the formation and protection mechanisms of the three-layered corrosion product film on Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy have been discussed and proposed. The growth behavior of protective corrosion product film could be driven by the synergy of Sc and Zn elements. Furthermore, with the increase of Sc content, the strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance of Mg-1Zn-xSc (x = 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, in wt.%) alloys increased simultaneously. The high corrosion resistance and moderate mechanical performance qualify Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy as a promising candidate for diverse industrial applications.

A novel LPSO containing Mg-5Y-2n-2Li-0.5Al alloy with superior mechanical behaviors and damping capacities was first developed in this paper. The microstructure evolution, mechanical and damping properties of Mg-5Y2n-2Li-0.5Al alloy were analyzed and compared with those of Mg-5Y-2Zn-2Li alloy. The results indicated the extruded Mg-5Y-2n-2Li-0.5Al alloy exhibited bimodal grain structure, including fine dynamically recrystallized grains (DRXed grains) and coarse un-dynamically recrystallized (unDRXed) grains, accompanied by the produce of the 14H LPSO phase, Al3(Y, Zn) particle and nano-precipitates AlLi phase. Due to the strengthening effects of grain boundary, residual dislocation and precipitation, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tension yield strength (TYS) and elongation (EL) of the extruded Mg-5Y-2Zn-2Li-0.5Al alloy were 312 MPa, 229 MPa and 10.9%, respectively, which were higher than that those of the extruded Mg-5Y-2Zn-2Li alloy. In addition, the extruded Mg-5Y-2Zn-2Li-0.5Al alloy displayed good damping capacities at both room and high temperature (RT and HT), and its RT damping value (Q-1) at 5 x 10-4 strain amplitude exceeded 0.01, which associated with a high density of movable dislocation. With rising the temperature, the extruded Mg-5Y-2n-2Li-0.5Al alloy possessed superior damping properties than the Al-free alloy, which derived from the grain boundary slide (GBS) and the activation of the incoherent interface between the Al3(Y, Zn) and alpha-Mg phase after adding Al element.

In this study, a remarkable annealing hardening effect was detected in gradient ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg-0.32Gd-0.11Zr (at.%) alloy sheet fabricated by sliding friction treatment (SFT). Under the precipitation -free condition, the annealed UFG structure shows an obvious hardness increment from 1.40 GPa to 1.89 GPa after 200 degrees C heating for 12 h, which exhibits a much higher hardening response than the annealed coarse-grained (CG) structure. The high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission elec-tron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and elemental mapping reveal prominent segregation of solute Gd atoms along grain boundaries, which endows the UFG structure with excellent grain boundary stability. More-over, Gd segregation is also found around the extrinsic stacking fault (E-SFs) and the low-angle grain boundaries composed of edge dislocations. The large-scale solute partitioning provides a significant seg-regation hardening effect, which completely resists the softening effect aroused by the grain coarsening and dislocation annihilation. This work realizes a good combination of surface mechanical processing for fabricating UFGs and subsequent heat treatment, which earns desirable segregation hardening effects.(c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Gradient ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr (wt%) alloy sheet, with a UFG layer of about 118 nm on the topmost treated surface, was fabricated by sliding friction treatment (SFT). The corrosion resistance of the SFT-processed UFG surface layer was greatly improved compared to the original coarse-grained (CG) structure, representing as a higher impedance and a lower corrosion rate (CG: 4.11 mm y −1 , UFG: 2.71 mm y −1 ). The UFG layer with high density of grain boundaries exhibits an excellent impeditive effect on the cracking of corrosion product films. Compared to the CG sample, the stable corrosion product film inhibits the formation of pitting so providing a better protective effect. In addition, the Gd-rich clusters are randomly distributed after SFT processing, which decreases the tendency of galvanic corrosion on the UFG surface.

In order to clarify the content and structural changes of different pectin fractions in grape cell walls under ultrasonic treatment, the grapes were treated with different ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power in this study, and the content of pectin fractions, composition of monosaccharides and structural changes of grape cell walls were analyzed by means of carbazole sulfuric acid method, PMP pre-column derivatization, high-performance liquid gel chromatography , scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Results showed that the highest and the lowest contents in fresh grape cell walls were alkali-soluble pectin (NSP) and chelate pectin (CSP), respectively, and they were 27.41 mg/g AIR and 8.25 mg/g AIR. The total pectin decreased after ultrasonic treatments, in which the water-soluble pectin (WSP) increased and the CSP and NSP decreased. A total of six monosaccharides were detected in three pectins, and the monosaccharides of different pectin were not the same. The galactose and arabinose were high in WSP, the glucuronic acid was the most abundant of CSP and the rhamnose were the highest in NSP. After ultrasonic treatment, the contents of monosaccharides decreased, while the composition did not change, and the main chain structure of pectin was no change, but the linear structure and the degree of branch chain were changed. With the increase of ultrasonic times and powers, the molecular weight of different pectins declined gradually. And in the microstructure showed a more loose morphology. In addition, ultrasonic treatment had an effect on the structure and chain conformation of CSP and NSP, which made their maximum response values shift, and the effect of ultrasonic power was more significant. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment could reduce the pectin and monosaccharide contents in grape cell walls, and affect the molecular linear structure and molecular chain conformation of pectin. These results can provide theoretical basis for the quality change of grape products under ultrasonic treatment.

The present work reports the creep behavior and microstructural evolution of the sand-cast Mg–14Gd–0.4Zr alloy (wt.%) prepared by the differential pressure casting machine. Their compressive creep tests at 250 °C were performed under various applied stresses (i.e., 60, 80 and 100 MPa). Among them, the sand-cast Mg–14Gd–0.4Zr samples examined under 250 °C/80 MPa for 39 and 95 h, respectively, were chosen to systemically analyze their creep mechanisms using high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The obtained results showed that the enhancement of creep resistance can be mainly attributed to the coherent β' and β'F phases with an alternate distribution, effectively impeding the basal dislocations movement. However, with the creep time increasing, the fine β'+β'F precipitate chains coarsened and transformed to semi-coherent β1 phase and even to large incoherent β phase (surrounded by precipitate-free areas) in grain interiors. The precipitate-free zones (PFZs) at grain boundaries (GBs) were formed, and they could expand during creep deformation. Apart from the main cross-slip of basal and prismatic dislocations, type dislocations were activated and tended to distribute near the GBs. The aforementioned phenomena induced the stress concentrations, consequently leading to the increment of the creep strain.

以香葱叶片为对象,研究微波-热风联合干燥香葱叶片的最佳工艺条件.采用单因素试验考查微波功率、转换点含水率和热风温度对香葱叶片干燥速率、复水比、ΔE值、硫代亚磺酸酯和蒜氨酸保留率的影响,利用响应面试验优化微波联合热风干燥香葱叶片的工艺条件,同时对微波联合热风干燥香葱叶片的干燥动力学进行研究.微波功率、转换点含水率和热风温度对脱水香葱叶片品质有显著影响,最优工艺参数为微波功率 3000 W,转换点含水率40%,热风温度 75℃.联合干燥前期微波干燥动力学模型为Page模型,回归方程为MR=exp(0.03126t1.79815),后期热风干燥为Midilli模型,回归方程为MR=0.30427exp(0.13891t)0.000175419t,R2 分别为 0.998 和 0.999.表明2 个模型能够良好预测香葱叶片微波联合热风连续干燥过程,可为生产中香葱叶片干燥提供理论和技术支撑.