Bruxism, defined as the grinding or clenching of teeth, is a multifactorial condition whose etiology involves both psychological and psychopathological aspects. In particular, it has been associated with variables such as anxiety, depression, and ruminative thinking. The aim of the present study is to examine the psychological characteristics associated with bruxism, with a particular focus on affective temperaments and depressive rumination. The subjects recruited from the general population were assessed through an online survey including the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Group differences were analyzed using the student's t-test for independent samples. Furthermore, a linear regression analysis was performed, thereby considering the RRS as the dependent variable and the TEMPS-A temperament dimensions as independent variables, in order to identify which temperamental profiles could explain depressive rumination in individuals with bruxism. The analyses revealed significant gender differences in the cyclothymic and anxious temperaments, as well as in the "Brooding" and "Depression" dimensions of the RRS. A regression analysis further indicated that cyclothymic and depressive temperaments predicted "Brooding" and "Depression", whereas only the cyclothymic temperament emerged as a predictor of "Reflection". These findings highlight the relevance of affective temperaments and depressive rumination in the psychological profile of patients with bruxism, thus underlining their importance for clinical practice.

BackgroundPain is a complex and multidimensional experience shaped by biological, psychological, and contextual factors. Complementary approaches, including hypnosis-based interventions, touch-based interventions, and biofield therapies, are increasingly explored in physiotherapy and rehabilitation as non-pharmacological strategies for pain management.ObjectiveThis scoping review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the clinical applications, reported outcomes, and proposed mechanisms of hypnosis-based interventions, touch-based interventions, and biofield therapies in the management of pain and related outcomes.MethodsThe review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs published in English between 2004 and December 2025. Databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 1,001 patients with conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, temporomandibular disorders, knee osteoarthritis, and chronic back pain.ResultsOverall, hypnotherapy was associated with consistent reductions in pain intensity and improvements in psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, and sleep quality. Several studies reported that these improvements were maintained at medium- and long-term follow-ups. Touch-based interventions and biofield therapies were associated with potential improvements in pain-related outcomes and, in some studies, physical function. Some combined approaches integrating hypnosis-based interventions, touch-based interventions, or biofield therapies with conventional treatments were associated with greater improvements than standard care alone.ConclusionsDespite encouraging findings, methodological heterogeneity and variable study quality limit definitive conclusions. Hypnosis-based interventions, touch-based interventions, and biofield therapies may represent complementary approaches to pain management and rehabilitation; however, the available safety and effectiveness evidence remains preliminary.

IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with variability in attentional and executive functioning, and individuals with ADHD frequently present problematic patterns of internet use. Virtual-reality (VR)–based assessments have been proposed to improve ecological evaluation of cognitive performance. This pilot study explored cognitive performance variations in adults with ADHD, examining associations with problematic internet-use during routine clinical treatment.MethodsA pilot study was conducted in 17 adults with ADHD and clinically relevant problematic internet use. Participants were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after 4 weeks (T1) using the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and an immersive VR continuous performance test (Nesplora Aquarium) assessing attentional and executive-function indices.ResultsComparison between T0 and T1 revealed a significant improvement in working memory (Z = −2.638, p = 0.008) and a reduction in IAT scores (Z = −2.392, p = 0.017). Conversely, attention scores showed a decline (Z = −2.899, p = 0.004). At baseline, a positive correlation was found between IAT scores and working memory, which disappeared after treatment.DiscussionThese results provide preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of VR-based cognitive monitoring in adults with ADHD and require confirmation in larger controlled studies.

Introduction:Suicidal spectrum behaviors (SSB) consist of a continuum ranging from non suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt to committed suicide. In adolescence, suicide is currently the second cause of death among adolescents aged 15 to 24 years and the third leading cause in children aged 10 to 14 years. Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), especially those with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, are at heightened risk. Methods:This is a cross-sectional, multicenter research study, which involves four Italian child neuropsychiatry units (Messina, Padua, Rimini, and Cagliari). The study aims to define a specific neuropsychological and psychopathological profile associated with suicidal behaviors in adolescents and pre-adolescents with NDDs (11-18 years). In a sample of 127 NDDs adolescents (60 females and 67 males), with and without SSB, several variables were compared through standardized measures, including emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and irritability as well as environmental risk factors. Results:The results of this study are consistent with the literature data and suggest that emotional dysregulation (p <.001) as an individual factor and Adverse Childhood Experiences (p = .002), as environmental factors, play a key role in promoting suicidality in pre-adolescents and adolescents with NDDs. Discussion:This awareness prompts the implementation of useful prevention methods during the clinical follow-up of individuals with NDDs.

Abstract Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder characterized by a substantial variability in symptoms, which may involve attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity to varying degrees. It is the most commonly diagnosed disorder in childhood and adolescence (4-7% of the population). In 65% of cases, this condition continues into adulthood [1] or it might only be diagnosed at this age. Currently, the DSM-5-TR divides this disorder into three main subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined [2]. The classifications are often inaccurate due to the heterogeneity of symptoms among individuals. To ensure effective treatment, current guidelines advise a comprehensive approach that combines psycho-social and pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly recommended as the primary or co-primary medication; its effectiveness has been demonstrated both in children and adults with ADHD [3]. Few studies have investigated the relationship between the neuropsychological profile of ADHD patients and the quality/quantity of improvement in response to MPH treatment. Aims & Objectives Based on this background, the use of virtual reality can provide an additional medical tool capable of improving diagnostic precision. Methods 15 patients from the clinical population afferent to the Neurodivergences Outpatient Clinic for ADHD in Adults at the Psychiatry Unit of the University Hospital of Messina, Italy, were recruited in the study. All subjects were screened by a psychiatric clinical examination and a DIVA 2.0 screening test for ADHD [4] to confirm the diagnostic hypothesis. Each patient was furtherly assessed with Nesplora Aquarium, a VR-based continuous performance test [5] specifically designed to examine eight different subtypes of attentional processes and working memory in adults. Then, the sample started pharmacological treatment with MPH and underwent periodical clinical and neuropsychological assessments including Nesplora Aquarium after three and six months to assess treatment response. Results The use of MPH was differently effective according to specific neuropsychological profiles. Amongst all eight profiles (attention, hit discrepancy, processing, vigilance, inhibitory control, switching, perseverations and working memory) obtained via Nesplora Aquarium, better treatment response was associated with "inhibitory control" and "switching" profiles. Other profiles showed less marked improvements, which is compatible with a different treatment response to MPH depending on patients’ neuropsychological features. No substantial changes emerged in the response to treatment at 3 and 6 months follow-ups. Discussion & Conclusion MPH treatment was related with a good overall therapeutic response; nevertheless, specific neuropsychological profiles (inhibitory control and switching) responded better than others. Pharmacological treatment may in fact provide different more or less satisfactory results depending on the type of patient to whom it is administered. Future studies should address the identification of a custom “patient profile” with the aim of reaching a better knowledge on possible correlations between such profiles and specific treatments (mono- or co-treatment with other drugs like NDRI or mood stabilizers) for providing a more tailored, patient-centered pharmacological treatment for ADHD patients. References [1]Retz, W. et al. (2020) 'Methylphenidate treatment of adult ADHD patients improves the degree of ADHD severity under routine conditions,' Journal of Neural Transmission, 127(10), pp. 1427–1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02226-7. [2]Association, A.P. (2022) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787. [3]Buitelaar, J.K. et al. (2011) 'Functional improvement and correlations with symptomatic improvement in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder receiving long-acting methylphenidate, Psychological Medicine, 42(1), pp. 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000845. [4]Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. et al. (2016) 'Criteria and Concurrent Validity of DIVA 2.0: A Semi-Structured Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD,' Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(10), pp. 1126–1135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716646451. [5]Baader, A. et al. (2020) 'A Within-Sample comparison of two innovative neuropsychological tests for assessing ADHD,' Brain Sciences, 11(1), p. 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010036.

Background: Memory disorders are common among elder people, and nonclinical cognitive decline is commonly experienced with age. Preclinical investigations have explored the possible role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a known antioxidant compound abundant in vegetables and animal tissues, in reducing oxidative stress in the aging brain and preventing cognitive decline. However, clinical evidence is limited, and the few existing results are contrasting. In addition, while most of the existing trials have been focused on the effects of ALA administration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or other types of dementia, studies evaluating its effects on nonclinical elder population are still missing. Methods: In the present open-label, pilot study, fifteen elder patients (mean age: 84.5 ± 5.77) received ALA at a daily dose of 600 mg/day for 12 weeks. General cognitive function, executive function, and mood symptom assessment were carried out at baseline and at the endpoint. Results: Overall, ALA administration was generally well-tolerated (only one dropout due to gastrointestinal side effects). However, no statistically significant effects either on cognitive function, executive function, or mood were found. Conclusions: Despite several limitations, our study found no evidence of positive effects on cognition and mood after ALA administration in elder people without the diagnosis of AD or cognitive impairment. Further clinical trials are needed to better investigate ALA effectiveness on cognition and mood in elder subjects.

According to the scientific literature, climate change, due to human activities, can damage the environment, with psycho-physical consequences for humans. The scientific literature has highlighted how severe weather events can cause fear, stress, concern for the future, and eco-anxiety. In light of this information, this study aims to explore the concept of eco-anxiety. However, climate change is still perceived as a secondary problem. It would also be worth investigating the real importance that people attach to environmental issues compared to other circumstances, such as wars or pandemics.

Background. Cyberchondria is a term used to refer to excessive surfing the web looking for health care information, excessive checking behavior being related to health-related anxiety. This period of quarantine for the Covid-19 pandemic is increasing the pathological use of the internet, and the excessive surfing the web looking for health care information. Another dimension related to the Covid-19 outbreak refers to uncertainty intolerance, for this reason being necessary for the healthcare professionals to provide clear and linear information. Aim. The aim of this review is to identify the psychological correlations connected to cyberchondria in the quarantine period. Methods. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a systematic review of the literature on PubMed. The terms used for the search were “Cyberchondria” OR “Anxiety” AND “Quarantine”. Results. As resulting from the reviewed literature, there is a relationship between anxiety for one’s own state of health and cyberchondria, with negative psychological effects of quarantine, including post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, low mood, irritability, insomnia, uncertainty, emotional exhaustion, this condition being associated with hypervigilance, and catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily signs. Conclusion. In the light of this and according to the literature, it would be desirable that research can further explore the factors influencing the increase in cyberchondria in the future.

PURPOSE:Body image is a multidimensional construct that encompasses perceptions about body size, emotions, and cognition about physical appearance. Obese identity is related to body image in the lifetime, and according to scientific literature body image dissatisfaction among obese patient persist after bariatric surgery. The objective of this review is to examine the body image changes in patients with obesity pre-and post-bariatric surgery.METHODS:We have carried out a systematic review of literature on PubMed. Initially, 169 publications have been identified, but in total, in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 studies have been analyzed.RESULTS:According to the examined literature, body image does not change after bariatric surgery. These patients will be difficult to adapt for a new body, because there is a persistent obese view of self. Furthermore, ex-obese patients are dissatisfied with the excessive skin after bariatric surgery. Excessive body weight, and negative self-image are replaced with dissatisfaction with excessive skin, and the factors associated with body image stability are still unknown.CONCLUSION:Literature examination raises the issue of body image dissatisfaction, but does not explain why it varies so widely across bariatric patients. Obese identity is related to body image across the lifetime and is an important factor of post-surgical outcomes. Longitudinal studies based on ideal body image pre- and post- bariatric surgery and evidence-based controlled studies on psychotherapeutic treatment for body image dissatisfaction are strongly recommended. Psychotherapy could improve body image quality and wellbeing.LEVEL I:Evidence obtained from: systematic reviews of experimental studies.

Recent literature has extensively examined sexual behavior during lockdown due to COVID-19. However, there are no recent studies that have considered the relationship between body image quality, sexual arousability, and sexual anxiety. The present study has two main objectives: (1) to examine gender differences in bodily and sexual experience; and (2) the comparison of bodily and sexual experience, before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 301 adult subjects (161 women and 140 men) aged between 16 and 73 years (Mean = 37.4; S.D. = 10.3) participated in the study. Data on biographical information were collected via an online panel. The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT) and the Sexual Arousability Inventory (SAI) were used for the assessment. Univariate ANOVA showed worse scores for women, compared with men, in terms of body image avoidance, depersonalization, overall severity of body image quality, sexual arousability, and sexual anxiety dimensions. When compared against time, only women showed significant correlations between the function of sexual arousal and all parameters concerning body image alteration. Interestingly, these correlations were weak and sporadic before lockdown, but strong and numerous during lockdown. This finding suggests that the impact of COVID-19 restrictions affected the female population more, with a profound repercussion on self-image and sexual and mental well-being.

BACKGROUND:Internet addiction (IA) is an emerging psychopathological entity, often comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Subthreshold psychopathology has recently emerged as a new field of research, with solid evidence highlighting its role in causing psychological distress. AIMS:The study aimed to evaluate the presence of subthreshold psychopathological symptoms and IA in Italian adults recruited from the general population, searching for possible correlations between specific subclinical psychiatric disorders and internet abuse. METHODS:The study was conducted by an online survey released through social networks, web advertising, institutional and professional mailing lists, and messaging services. The General 5-Spectrum Measure (GSM-V) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were chosen to assess subthreshold symptoms, and IA, respectively. RESULTS:Significant positive correlations between the total score of the IAT total scores and the multiple domains of GSM-5 (p <0.0001), except for the "Mania" dimension (p = 0.717). CONCLUSIONS:IA is very common in subjects unaffected by major psychiatric disorders and it is associated with subthreshold psychopathological dimensions. Further studies on larger samples and the inclusion of a dimensional framework in research settings and clinical practice are needed to better understand the nature and the reciprocal relationships between IA and subthreshold psychopathology.

The authors' purpose in the present study is to examine the role of subthreshold mental disorders as predictors of Postpartum Depression (PPD). 110 pregnancy women were evaluated as follow: the General 5-Spectrum Measure at 26 weeks of gestation; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 3/6 months after delivery. Only 4.5% of the sample developed PPD at 3/6 months after delivery. Agoraphobia/panic, depressed mood, social anxiety and eating problems relate positively to PPD at 3/6 months. Early identification of symptoms that could indicate the development of future mood problems in the mother is of crucial importance for mental health and prevention.

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to examine a possible relationship among the three constructs of impulsivity, according to Barratt's theory and metacognition subdimensions, as described in Wells and Cartwright - Hatton's theory, in various psychiatric disorders, in order to explore the potential predictive role of impulsivity on metacognition. Method: The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) were administered to a sample of 100 patients affected by psychiatric disorders. Linear regression was used first to study the relationship between impulsivity as an independent variable and metacognition as a dependent variable and then to evaluate the relationship between the three construct of impulsivity and the five subdimensions of metacognition. Results: BIS-11 total score was a valid predictor of Total MCQ-30 (p <.0001), whereas Attentive Impulsiveness was a good predictor of the factors "Negative Beliefs" (p <.0001), "Cognitive Confidence" (p = .004) and "Need to control thoughts" (p = .002). Conclusions: since "Attentive Impulsiveness", "Negative believes", "Cognitive Confidence" and "Need to Control Thought" are psychological constructs, psychotherapy is the more effective tool to intervene on their imbalance. In particular, literature demonstrates the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Mindfulness therapies in rebalancing impulsivity and enhancing metacognitive skills.

Relatively little research has examined sex differences among people affected by obesity. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between negative emotions and eating behaviors, taking into account the role of biological sex. The final sample consists of 200 candidates for bariatric surgery, 62 males (31%) and 138 females (69%), aged from 18 to 60 years (M = 40.71; SD = 11.30). Participants were screened with the Binge Scale Questionnaire (BSQ) and individually evaluated with the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Correlations were calculated by splitting the sample by sex. Analyses of the relationship between negative emotions and eating behavior showed a large number of correlations in the sample of women and few correlations in men. The differences between women and men with obesity suggest the need for a different theoretical construct that explains the differentiated mechanisms of functioning and lays the foundations for specific therapeutic paths.

Background and Objectives: to investigate the current state of art in the study of personality disorders in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), also taking into account the dimensional approach. Materials and Methods: this systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. We included articles written in English or Italian, published in peer reviewed journals from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020. Results: after the screening, 10 studies were included. The results suggest that CSC patients are not characterized by the prevalence of a formal personality disorder, but they are better explained by typical personality traits that may alter their relationship with others. CSC patients seems to be characterized by high levels of aggressiveness and anxiety traits along with low sociability. We propose a model of disease where stress exacerbates prior specific traits in a vicious circle where some traits might be involved in disease progression and manifestation. Conclusions: maladaptive personality traits might be an essential feature of the disease and may represent a possible link between psychiatric symptoms, such as insomnia, anxiety, and depression, and endocrinological patterns. Further research should use a specific assessment scale evaluating both the level of interpersonal functioning and specific maladaptive traits.

Introduction: In this review, the authors discuss the role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) for schizophrenia, focusing on the effectiveness and new perspectives introduced by such treatment strategy. Despite their promising pharmacokinetic features and their potential advantages in medication adherence, clinical outcomes, and medical costs, LAIs are not habitually presented as an option for patients, especially in the early phase of schizophrenia. Areas covered: This review explores the panorama of available LAIs for the treatment of schizophrenia, first-episode of psychosis, approved indications, medical costs, medication adherence, side effects, effectiveness and differences between first-generation (FGA)-LAIs and second-generation (SGA)-LAIs. Expert Opinion: LAIs differ in terms of specific indications, approved injection sites, needle size, injection volume, injection interval as well as potential drug-drug interactions, and commonly reported adverse reactions. The approved indications have expanded beyond schizophrenia to include bipolar and schizoaffective disorder. SGA-LAIs are often preferred to FGA-LAIs. FGA-LAIs although are less chosen in new patients due to the induction of cognitive and extrapyramidal side effects, even if, on the other hand, many SGA-LAIs are burden by hyperprolactinemia and weight gain. After a review of the available evidence, insight is provided into the potential and current therapeutic opportunities offered by LAI antipsychotic formulations.

Background: Alexithymia is a psychological construct characterized by inability to express emotions, poor imagination and operational thinking. It is well known its association with several chronic disease such as Diabetes type 2, little is known about diabetes type 1. We examined the association of alexithymia with clinical and psychological outcomes in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The study was conducted in a single diabetes center. The patients fully completed a protocol composed of the following instruments: the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). TAS-20 scores were subdivided into tertiles, Correlations and two linear regression analyses, adjusted for only clinical and clinical plus psychological characteristics, were performed. Overall, 75 patients were enrolled (mean age 41.0±11.4 years, diabetes duration 19.9±11.9 years, 49.3% males, 30.7% treated with CSII). Results: People with diabetes of the upper TAS-20 tertile had the greatest rate of depression (with the highest degree of severity) and the higher levels of anger and anxiety. There was a significant correlation between TAS-20 scores with BMI (r=0.26; p=0.03), HAMD (r=0.38; p=0.001), STAXI-2 (r=0.34; p=0.003) and STAI-Y (r=0.48; p<0.0001). Further regression analysis showed TAS-20 scores were associated with BMI (beta=0.29; p=0.02). The association with BMI was confirmed (beta=0.28; p=0.007) when psychological variables are considered; furthermore, a strong association with STAI-2 (beta=0.48; p<0.0001) was detected, while the analysis did reveal any significant correlation between alexithymia and HbA1c levels. Conclusions: Alexithymia is strongly associated both with clinical and psychological characteristics, notably with BMI and anxiety traits. People with diabetes type 1 should be assessed for alexithymia. Future studies on the current topic are therefore required in order to elucidate the role of alexithymia in diabetes type 1. We believe that patients with diabetes and alexithymia could take advantage of psychological counseling.

Background: Grief is a common reaction to the feeling of loss and it is considered a physiological and instinctive response. The 'normal' grief evolves into an 'integrated' phase within 1 year from death, and it is a non-pathological condition, that do not require specific therapeutic interventions. When this 'integrated phase' does not occur, the subject could reach pathological manifestations related to the grief. The Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder (PCBD) is a new DSM5 clinical category characterized by symptoms related to the detachment and to the post-traumatic distress and it differs from normal and uncomplicated grief, for the disability caused by these reactions and their persistence and pervasiveness. Aim: The purpose of this work is the analysis of the pathways that led to this new definition, through a review of the main studies published in the last 20 years, with the aim to clarify the clinical utility of this new diagnostic category. Method: Relevant publications done in the last 20 years were identified via electronic searches of Pubmed, Embase, and Elsevier databases using the terms 'complicated grief' AND 'persistent', according to PRISMA guideline and PICO study design. Results: PCBD results a new important clinical category showing specific symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment. It presents many differences with other pathologies, that goes into differential diagnosis with PCBD, and it and can be treated with targeted therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic criteria for PCBD could allow an early diagnosis and a correct treatment avoiding underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. Conclusion: Further researches could focus on the evaluation of more neurobiological aspects, new psychometric tools, for assessing susceptibility to this pathology, and on the cultural aspects that may influence mourning reactions, in an ethno-psychiatric perspective.

OBJECTIVE:Comorbidity in psychiatric patients has been widely examined in the literature, enucleating the role in misinterpretation of symptom's root in a multi-disease background, as well as the impact on the quality of life, outcome, and health-care effects. This research aimed to examine, in an Italian population of psychiatric patients, the diagnostic continuum in the context of lifetime psychiatric comorbidity, assessing possible differences related to the onset disorder.METHOD:A retrospective analysis of medical records of 458 subjects, in which various psychiatric diagnoses were represented and categorized in 16 nosographic classes, was conducted.RESULTS:Results showed that "Bipolar disorder" (22.06%) was the most frequent diagnosis, "Eating disorder" had the earliest age onset (Mean age years = 16 ± 1.41), and "Schizophrenia" showed the longest disease duration (Mean years = 24.20±12.76). Moreover, 54,4% of the final sample presented at least one psychiatric comorbidity in disease history, while "Other personality disorders" was the most comorbidity-associated diagnosis, representing 29% of all the cases with more than 3 past diagnoses. Heterotypic transition was observed in fairly all considered onset diagnoses, exception made for "Schizophrenia" with 75% of the subjects showing homotypic progression.CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest a tendency to make multiple diagnoses over psychiatric patients' lifetime in the majority of cases, often escaping from the original onset nosographic domain. More generally, our findings agree with a broad consensus that describes psychiatric symptomatic dimensions rather overlapped and correlated with each other, leading to a more transdiagnostic clinical approach.

Background: Workplace violence is defined as an aggression when staff members are abused, intimidated or attacked in circumstances related to their work, including commuting to and from work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being or health. Violence against healthcare professionals is frequent, and constitutes a source of concern in the health system. Scientific literature highlights negative behavioral, emotional, cognitive and physical outcomes. The aim of this review is to examine the impact that exposure to workplace violence against healthcare professionals can produce, to improve healthcare professionals' knowledge about the consequences of workplace violence, and to guide future research in identifying strategies that could effectively reduce the incidence of workplace violence. Method: We have conducted, in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic search for the literature on PubMed. Search terms related to WPV were ("Workplace violence", "Aggression", "Aggression department emergency"), and search terms related to WPV consequences were ("Mental health", OR "Health care workers", OR "Burnout"). Initial search identified 1.434 articles. One-hundred publications have been selected and the relevant publications, appropriate to the topic review, was reduced to twenty-seven. Result: According to examined literature, workplace violence mostly occurs in psychiatric departments, emergency services, polyclinics/waiting rooms, and geriatric units. Negative factors such as lack of information, insufficient personnel and equipment, and communication breakdowns increase the risk of violent behavior in healthcare services. Most violence in health institutions is perpetrated by patients and their relatives in the forms of verbal abuse, psychological violence, physical assault, and sexual abuse. Conclusion: Workplace violence might lead to various negative impacts on health workers' psychological and physical health, such as increase in stress and anxiety levels; feelings of anger, guilty, insecurity, burnout.