公共建筑用能量和用能强度不断攀升,强化公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度不仅是实现能源消费总量和强度“双控”目标的需要,更是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的需要.针对公共建筑节能低碳考核中缺少能源消费量化目标,难以分解到各地区,主管政府机构间缺乏协同合作的工作机制,目标责任与政策、措施间缺少互补互促等问题,建议把强化能源消费计量和统计工作放在突出位置,推动建立多方协调合作、建筑能耗数据共享的工作机制,加快推动能耗限额管理、能效测评和能耗公示等节能减碳措施的落实,尽快修订《民用建筑节能条例》,为完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度提供法律依据.

China's industrial sector dominates the country's total energy consumption, and improving energy efficiency in that sector is crucial to help China reach its energy and carbon dioxide emissions reduction goals. There are many energy efficiency policies in China, but the motivation and willingness of enterprises to improve energy efficiency has weakened. This article first identifies barriers that enterprises face to be self‐motivated to implement energy efficiency measures and then categorizes these barriers into four categories: awareness, information, technical capacity, and financial availability. It then reviews international policies and programs to improve energy efficiency, and evaluates how these policies have helped to address the barriers identified. We found that policies and programs in energy efficiency and carbon reduction need to go hand in hand to incentivize companies, and that those policies and programs send clearer signals and help change enterprises' decisions when they are persistent but dynamic. Our specific policy recommendations to China fall under three key categories: identification of energy efficiency potential, workforce development, and market channels for energy efficiency financing.This article is categorized under: Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy Energy Efficiency > Climate and Environment

氢能有望成为未来我国能源体系的重要组成部分,巨大需求预期引发了强烈的市场关注,进而也使得"以何种方式来制取氢气"的问题成为焦点.近期,传统制氢领域的相关产业和企业表现活跃,制氢工艺路线呈现出"高碳化"的苗头.笔者认为,我国氢能大规模发展必须立足于清洁制氢,而清洁制氢应在全生命周期内具有低能耗、低污染和低碳特点.在"氢能热"的时候,需要从生态文明建设和落实能源革命战略的高度进行"冷思考",长远且慎重地规划和布局氢能产业,避免化石能源制氢产业"一拥而上",造成新的环境问题,加重人民美好生活需要与不平衡不充分发展之间的矛盾,对经济高质量发展产生不利影响.

我国已成为高效照明产品生产大国,高效照明产业也已成为我国战略性新兴产业的组成部分,但如何成为高效照明产业强国,使高效照明产业成为经济高质量、高效益发展的新增长点,不能仅依靠市场的推动,尚需通过完善政策机制加速高效照明产业由“大”到“强”的转变.我国经过20多年的努力,已基本建立起鼓励高效照明产业发展的政策框架,但政策机制还不能充分满足做强高效照明产业的需求,尚需补缺扶弱.我国应掌握照明产业正在向高效、健康、智能、跨界发展的趋势,并在借鉴国际经验的基础上,夯实法律法规、科技创新、标准体系等产业发展的基石,推进品牌战略、人才战略和绿色发展战略的实施,增强政府在市场监管、扶优罚劣、做强品牌等方面的支持力度,完善财政、税收、金融政策,建立科技创新和管理机制,克服高效照明产业现存的技术专利布局不平衡、原始创新和系统集成创新能力不足、标准国际话语权较弱、缺乏自有品牌、国际竞争力较弱等障碍,以实现高效照明产业提质发展.

改革开放40年,我国节能在经历了从解决能源供需不平衡矛盾转向追求能源经济效益、成为绿色低碳的可持续发展模式、肩负着能源消费革命使命三次大转变的同时,取得了以低能源消费增速支撑国民经济的快速增长、推动全社会技术进步、创新政府节能管理模式等卓越成效.节能和提高能源效率已成为我国中长期能源发展战略的第一战略,我国节能的全球影响力也不断提升.面临新挑战,应继续发挥节能“指挥棒”的作用,以政府规制和市场信号共同引导全社会节能,鼓励创新节能手段和措施,常抓不懈地落实节能优先战略,推动经济社会的高质量发展.

提高能源利用效率是我国能源发展的第一战略和生态文明建设的必然要求,也是"转方式"和"降成本"的重要抓手.在经历了从节能1.0时代的"管"和2.0时代的"推"之后,我国企业能源利用效率显著提高.当前节能工作正在迈向以"技术创新、系统优化、工艺改进"为主题的3.0时代,在这一新的历史时期,如何通过改革为节能注入新的活力、应建立何种政策机制才能保证节能的持续推进,是政府亟待解答的重大命题.

Key energy intensive enterprises attach great importance to achieve national energy conservation and pollutant reduction targets. A comprehensive policy system has been established under the Energy Conservation Law include administrative, standard, financing measures to promote energy efficiency among key energy intensive enterprises. However, this working system is dominated by government administrative measures, thus initiative from enterprises has not been promoted, the function of market mechanism as"invisible hand"has not been performed yet, therefore, long-term mechanism for energy efficiency has not been established. New Normalposes great challenge to energy efficiency in China, a"Supply-side reform" of energy efficiency policy system is required according to new demand from enterprises. The role of plan in energy efficiency promoting system needs to be systematically optimized. In order to increase the inner driving force in enterprises to promote energy efficiency, on one hand, market-oriented mechanism should be established, on the other hand, the regulation and service function from the government should be enforced.

The problems and challenges of pushing energy efficiency improvement in the 13th Five-Year Plan have changed compared with the last decade. It is necessary to break through the original ideas and methods to solve the key problems such as the policies and measures emphasis on technical retrofit but structural adjustment and consumption guidance; invested energy efficiency while abandoned hydro, wind, and solar power at the same time; lack of effective policies and measures to enhance energy efficiency according to new situation. Improving the energy efficiency of the whole society through reducing housing vacancy, advanced housing demolition and over the ground of infrastructure construction; practicing energy efficiency in priority strategy; improving energy efficiency as the first energy resource in the energy development plan; guiding reasonable consumption behavior in public; establishing a comprehensive policy framework to form joint forces should become the policy focus in future.

Promote the revolution of energy consumption and inhibit the unreasonable energy consumption is the head of the ifve requirementsof national security strategy. The inhibition of unreasonable energy consumption is also the basic task and requirement of energy consumption revolution, should also become the key component of the 13th FYP. Due to many unused buildings and demolishing old buildings and constructing new ones in a large-scale have led to the energy waste of more than 600 million tce. Spare production capacity and over advanced infrastructure construction and wasteful life consumption caused the irrational energy consumption. In the future, we should improve the mechanism of the system, play the role of comprehensive regulation and urban planning, set up the coordination mechanism of regional industrial layout, promote and implement appropriate consumption and behavior so as to curb unreasonable demand as early as possible and ifnally to build eco consumption patterns.

英国长期以来一直在节能和应对气候变化领域进行尝试和实践,并在提高能源效率、优化能源结构、提高发展质量和效益等方面取得显著成效.经过多年努力,英国不仅已经建立起了推进节能和减少温室气体排放的法律体系、财税制度和各项政策工具,逐渐探索出一套基于市场经济原则的、有效的政府监管模式和规制手段,更在如何高效、准确、低成本执行政策,形成“政府、社会组织、企业”之间的良性互动方面积累了大量成功经验,可为我国完善节能减排政府监管模式、建设监管平台、创新监管手段提供借鉴.

一、各级政府加快转变经济发展方式、确保实现“十二五”节能减排目标的举措频现，有利于完成节能目标<br>　　为进一步贯彻落实国务院《节能减排“十二五”规划》和《“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案》的部署，今年2月19日科技部、工业和信息化部印发了《2014-2015年节能减排科技专项行动方案》，提出要坚持以企业为创新主体，加大重点行业关键共性技术攻关与集成应用力度，加速科技成果转化和产业化，推动新技术、新产品的大规模应用，提升节能减排产业技术创新能力和产业化水平，有效支撑国家“十二五”节能减排目标的实现。今年5月15日，为确保全面完成“十二五”节能减排降碳目标，国务院办公厅印发了《2014-2015年节能减排低碳发展行动方案》，提出了2014年、2015年单位GDP能耗下降3.9%的工作目标，从八个方面明确了推进节能减排降碳的三十项具体措施，特别是提出了重点区域实行煤炭消耗等量或减量替代、高耗能行业新增产能实行能耗等量或减量置换、实施燃煤锅炉节能环保综合提升工程、推进节约能源法修订工作等新举措，进一步明确了节能工作方向和工作重点，为完成今年节能目标提供了更好的政策环境。

我国能源管理师试点工作已在山东、北京及河北等五个地区陆续开展,各地在制定试点制度内容时都不同程度地借鉴了日本能源管理师的经验.但从实际情况看,各地试点工作都存在一些问题且尚未取得预期效果,因此有必要重新审视和分析日本能源管理师制度有效执行的深层原因,为完善试点工作提供参考.同时,以美国注册能源管理师为代表的基于市场化的运作模式也为我国提供了另一种思路.未来我国能源管理师制度若在全国开展,必须博采众长、以“人”为本,从完善法律、制度设计、岗位安排、能力建设等方面入手,建立适合我国国情的、与企业实际需求相衔接的能源管理师制度.

The United States has a long-standing, well-developed framework for regulating energy efficiency. The framework permits federal, or centralized regulation of many elements of energy demand and supply management, but is flexible enough to accommodate state and local regulation as appropriate. This paper describes the impacts of energy efficiency policies on U.S. energy consumption trends, as well as the types of regulations typically adopted at each level of government. It also indicates the means for resolving conflicts among regulations. We conclude the U.S. regulatory system works-it succeeds in saving energy despite its complexities, and despite the complexities of human behavior. Officials in China's provincial governments may find useful corollaries in the work of the U.S. states to regulate energy-using equipment and utilities.

Energy efficiency (EE for short) incentives are crucial to promote energy conservation in China. In the 11 th FYP, a number of incentives have been introduced, which have become the main driving-force for energy conservation. However, the public concerns have been raised over issues such as high implementing costs, weak supervision abilities and poor applicability. In recent years, aiming at strengthening energy security and enhancing national competitiveness,numerous countries have developed various types of incentives,such as sub-sidies or grants for promoting R&D in EE, encouraging EE projects among enterprises, increasing the market share of energy efficient products and etc.,which could be characterized by long-sighted policy designs,comprehensive oriented contents, flexible mechanisms and diversified tools. These practices provide experiences for China to improve energy conservation incentive system, as well as to enhance the cost effectiveness of public spending. This paper presents the U.S and Japan to improve industrial and residential energy efficiency, and conducts the comparison analysis with China's related policies.It proposes suggestions to improve EE incentives in China, based on the analysis.

During the 12th-FYP,energy conservation is facing more complex situation and severe challenges,on the consequence more innovations and breakthroughs are needed on the base of existed policies and measures.Japan is one of the countries with the best energy efficiency;this outstanding performance could be attributed to not only continuously energy-saving technology progress but also comprehensive understanding of energy conservation and aggressive attempts.Through integrating energy saving into economic development strategy,"people-oriented" management and having more systematic and holistic views of reconsidering energy conservation technology and products,and then plus system innovation of energy manager,top-runner,Japan has always kept a leader position in global energy saving.This paper reviews innovations of energy conservation concept and measures in Japan in recent years.And then combined with the experiences achieved in the 11th-FYP,it puts forward some policy suggestions of energy conservation task in the 12th-FYP.

Energy intensity ("EI" for short) is a key index for comparison on energy efficiency in different countries and regions. Through the systematical analysis on historical EI trends among those industrialized countries, we've found that the trend of EI correlated with the contents of industrialization process and leading industries, rather than the proportion of secondary industry (value-added) and the production of energy-intensive products. Traditional industrialization characterized by rapid urbanization process and infrastructure constructions would substantially raise the EI, while developing modern industries characterized by high valueadded, high-tech industries would partly offset this trend. China is witnessing the rapid developing speed of traditional industry and insufficient development of modern industry, while tertiary industry developing relatively slowly. Therefore, all these factors might push the EI to rise quickly.

<正>一、预计今年能够完成3.5%的节能目标并略有超额据国家统计局数据,今年第一季度单位GDP能耗仅下降了2.2%,上半年单位GDP能耗下降3.4%,意味着下半年单位GDP能耗要下降3.6%才能完成全年下降3.5%的节能目标。从目前的经济调整和能源消费形势看,完成今年节能目标的可能性较大,并有可能超额完成0.2—0.5个百分点。第一,经济增速放缓,结构节能效果显现。今年1—8月工业增加值增速比去年同期下降4.1%,建材、造

The emphasis of energy conservation work in the "12th Five-Year"period will further turn to building field.To promote building energy efficiency work needs powerful support of building energy use data.By the investigation of the present situation of these data in China,it was found that there had not been authoritative data to meet the demand of building energy efficiency analysis and the existing energy use statistics method had hindered the scientific acquirement of these data.In this paper,it reviews the current main methods to obtain building energy use data,and analyzes the problems in current building energy use statistics.Finally,it puts forward preliminary suggestions of improving building energy use statistics.

"十二五"开局年完成年度单位GDP能耗下降3.5%目标的可能性非常小。主要原因,是高耗能行业增速过快,重点用能企业拉动节能的作用明显减弱,新开工高耗能项目也拉高能耗增长。建议加紧完善"地区综合发展指数",尽快纳入领导干部考核指标体系,建立实现长期节能目标的体制机制;加强重点高耗能行业发展的统筹规划,严格控制高耗能行业的盲目扩张,在高耗能行业试行地方能耗总量控制;在加强重点用能企业节能监测、监察和考核工作的同时,大力推动中小企业节能降耗工作。

总结"十一五"中国绿色照明工程实施的主要成效,分析了绿色照明工程实施过程中存在的主要问题和"十二五"期间实施绿色照明工程面临的新形势,提出"十二五"期间我国实施绿色照明工程在基本思路及工作重点方面应该注重的六个"转变",建议完善和强化高效照明产品的质量监督管理体系,制定鼓励高效照明产品生产企业树品牌、保质量、扩大国内销售份额的财税政策,尽快制定节能灯清洁生产和回收处理的相关制度和政策,加大新技术、新产品研发投入,正确引导新型高效照明电器产业的发展,推动"十二五"时期中国绿色照明工程的深入实施。