Continental sedimentary sequences of alternating loess and palaeosol horizons preserve detailed records of past global climate changes during the Pleistocene. Obtaining deeper and genuine knowledge on the history of past climates using proxy data depends on interdisciplinary approaches, novel techniques and thinking “out-of-the-box”. The LOEs-CLIMBE team members gather around this concept and present here the first pilot magnetic data from the Kolobar loess-palaeosol section in NE Bulgaria. The 25 m thick section is exposed in an active quarry and was sampled at 2-cm-resolution, covering the Holocene soil, seven palaeosol units and loess horizons L1 to L7 of varying thicknesses. New high resolution magnetic susceptibility data, delineates palaeosol horizons with high values of mass specific magnetic susceptibility except the special case of fourth palaeosol S4, showing no magnetic enhancement as compared to the underlying thin loess. Such depletion of pedogenic magnetic enhancement in paleosol units from the Lower Danube area is rarely reported. This phenomenon will be further examined by detailed magnetic and colorimetric methods. The strongest pedogenic magnetic signal is observed in the three youngest palaeosol units S1, S2 and S3, tentatively related to the interglacial stages MIS 5, MIS 7 and MIS 9. The weakest magnetic susceptibility is typical for the younger part of the loess unit L2, punctuated by the signal of a tephra layer, which is a widespread chronostratigraphic marker in the region. This research is carried out and financed within the framework of the second Swiss Contribution MAPS, LOEs-CLIMBE project № IZ11Z0_230102.

Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, is highly sensitive to evaporation–inflow balance and provides an important archive of Holocene hydroclimate change. We reconstructed Holocene lake-level and moisture-availability changes using a high-resolution multi-proxy sediment record integrating age-modelled sediment stratigraphy, micro-XRF geochemistry, stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O), grain size, XRD mineralogy and nanoscale TEM characterization of carbonate phases to identify the climatic drivers of hydrological change. Two major evaporative phases at ∼8050–7350 and ∼5450–4500 cal yr BP are marked by elevated Mg/Ca ratios and synchronous δ13C and δ18O maxima, indicating strongly reduced inflow, enhanced evaporation and substantially lower lake levels. The earlier interval represents the strongest evaporative phase in the record and followed the 8.2 ka event. The later interval reflects fluctuating hydrological conditions and alternating low- and high-stand phases during the onset of Neoglacial cooling. The first evaporative event coincided with post-8.2 ka summer warming linked to reinvigoration of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), whereas the second corresponded to widespread mid-Holocene hydroclimatic instability across Europe and the Mediterranean. This event was followed by the deepest lake phase between 4500 and 1900 cal yr BP. Our results demonstrate that Lake Balaton sensitively recorded both North Atlantic and Mediterranean hydroclimate forcings and provide new evidence for prolonged post-8.2 ka summer drought and mid-Holocene hydrological instability in Central Europe.

Loess–paleosol sequences (LPS) constitute continuous terrestrial archives of Quaternary climate change, recording both local environmental conditions and large-scale atmospheric dynamics. While LPS have been extensively studied worldwide, those of the Lower Danube–Black Sea (LDBS) region of Romania and Bulgaria remain comparatively underexplored. Situated at the nexus of Mediterranean, central European, and continental western Asian air masses, the LDBS region offers a unique opportunity to investigate large-scale climate shifts and their associated environmental responses.The LOEs-CLIMBE project, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through the Multilateral Academic Projects (MAPS) scheme with support from the Romanian (UEFSCDI) and Bulgarian funding agencies, addresses this gap through a high-resolution, multi-proxy investigation of two key LPS sites: Urluia (Romania) and Kolobar (Bulgaria). Spanning the last ~800 ka, with particular focus on the Mid-Brunhes Event onwards (MBE), the project integrates elemental composition, stable isotope records, and molecular biomarkers within a newly established chronological framework. These proxies support reconstructions of vegetation dynamics, climate variability, and pedogenic processes across multiple glacial–interglacial cycles.Here, we present preliminary results from both LPS. The site at Urluia, located in southeastern Romania, is a former quarry exposing a >20 m thick, continuous LPS. The sequence comprises multiple complex palaeosols (S1–S5), interpreted as interglacial soils, interbedded with massive loess units deposited during glacial periods.Near the village of Kolobar, situated in northeastern Bulgaria and distal from both the Danube and the Black Sea, is an active quarry. Here, a ~25 m thick LPS is exposed with ~1.1 m of modern soil on top. Approximately seven major palaeosols (S1–S7) extend back to ~800 ka. Field observations identify a marked stratigraphic shift at S4, from thick loess units with thin palaeosols above to massive palaeosols with thinner loess below. This transition coincides with an increase in bulk density from ~1.41 to 1.61 g cm⁻³ and is interpreted as the onset of the MBE, a transition not represented at Urluia. Carbonate precipitation is observed in all palaeosols above the S7, while loess dolls occur in the L1 and L2. Bioturbation, including crotovinas from mammals and earthworm burrows as well as root traces, is widespread throughout the whole sequence. However, this is present at different depths in different assemblages. Altogether, these field observations argue for an apparent grass steppe vegetation with fluctuating populations of burrowing organisms throughout the last 800 ka, while hydrological and sedimentary conditions have changed considerably between periods with predominant loess sedimentation and stronger soil formation. We will present these first findings and support them with elemental and stable isotope composition alongside organic matter composition gained from infrared spectroscopy measurements.

Cave sediments are well-preserved terrestrial archives of Quaternary hydroclimatic variability, often recording changes at high temporal resolution. Ursilor and Muierilor caves in the Romanian Carpathians contain extensive paleoflood deposits that provide insight into past hydrological dynamics. Here, we integrate new and previously published data to reconstruct palaeohydrological activity during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3-2, a period marked by rapid climate fluctuations. Our approach combines detailed stratigraphic logging, granulometric and clast-shape analyses, and chronological constraints derived from radiocarbon dating of fossil remains and U-Th dating of speleothems. The results indicate that both cave systems record recurrent high-magnitude flash floods, particularly during MIS 3 and the post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) phase of MIS 2, suggesting episodic intensification of hydrological extremes in the Carpathian region. Cave sediments are subdivided into allostratigraphic units, with paleoflood sequences represented by diamicton and thalweg facies, locally exhibiting channelized structures, and underlain by either backswamp (Muierilor) or slackwater deposits (Ursilor). Microstratigraphic variability within stalagmite PM163 further documents rapid environmental changes affecting the local hydrology at Muierilor. Three coeval hydrological events are identified in both caves, with deposition occurring after: similar to 46 ka, similar to 34.5 ka, and similar to 29 ka. These results demonstrate that integrating sedimentological, microstratigraphic, and chronological data provides a robust framework for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The sedimentary record indicates that flooding was modulated by large-scale hydroclimatic variability, although the relative contributions of precipitation and glacial meltwater remain unresolved. Overall, the studied cave deposits represent valuable archives of high-energy paleofloods during MIS 3-2 in the Romanian Carpathians, offering new constraints on the timing of hydrological extremes and suggesting regional synchronicity across karst systems with contrasting geomorphological settings.

Loess profiles along the Danube River provide a record of long-term Quaternary dust (loess) deposition in central-eastern Europe. Here, Sr-Nd isotopic data from four loess-palaeosol profiles (47 samples) spanning the last two-glacial-interglacial cycles are presented. The isotopic compositions generated by this study are compared with bedrock and sedimentary samples from Europe and North Africa to decipher the sources of sediment. The results demonstrate that over the last 300 ka the alluvial plains of the Danube (which are themselves sourced from surrounding mountain belts) are a local source of material and consequently sediment experiences aeolian transport over relatively short distances. The results dispute the commonly held assumption that the Sahara was a sediment contributor to loess in central-eastern Europe as North African contributions are not needed to explain loess signatures. Consequently, the findings suggest a suppressed southerly wind direction and dominance of the westerly and north-westerly wind systems over the entirety of the record.

An increasing number of studies exploit the advantages of a single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol (SAR) for equivalent dose determination with sampling at relatively closely-spaced vertical intervals (of the order of 10-30 cm). The resulting ages are, at least in principal, ideally suited for age-depth modelling. The modelling, however, is made difficult owing to the variety and complex combination of uncertainties associated with luminescence dating. Moreover, we previously reported on a variability in age results for coeval loess samples that is significantly larger than expected and remains to be understood.In this study, we examine this problem explicitly by observing the degree of precision and accuracy that can be achieved by luminescence dating of multiple coeval loess samples of known age. The main goal is to improve our understanding of how luminescence ages are to be incorporated into age-depth models, thus increasing their robustness and accuracy.Fourteen samples were taken at closely-spaced horizontal intervals from loess deposits immediately over- and underlying the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5 tephra layer (40Ar/39Ar dated to 39.2±0.1 ka), as exposed at a section in the Lower Danube Basin in southeastern Europe. Luminescence analyses were carried out using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol and OSL signals from 63-90 µm quartz fraction. We report an average age of 46 ka for the samples collected below the tephra layer and 40 ka for the samples collected above it. The individual random and systematic uncertainties contributing to the individual ages vary from 1.9 % to 5.4 % and from 6.0 % to 6.1 %, respectively. We obtain an improved overall precision on the age of the sedimentary context by calculating the weighted average age and combining the individual random and systematic uncertainties following Aitken (1985, Appendix B). Thus we report weighted average ages of 46 ka and 40 ka for the horizontally sampled sediment layers intercalating the ash layer and associated overall random uncertainties of 1.3 % and 1.1 %. The overall systematic uncertainties are 6.1 % and 6.0 %. The insights gained from this are discussed in relation to age-modelling studies of luminescence-dated paleoclimate archives, and loess deposits in particular.Keywords: luminescence dating; precision; random uncertainty; quartz

The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Carpathians and Danube lowlands constitute key contexts for tracing the dispersal of Homo sapiens into central-western Europe and the replacement of Homo neanderthalensis. Surprisingly, the Romanian archaeological inventory lacks transitional technologies and only a few sites have been systematically excavated and numerically dated, explaining the incomplete understanding of the Middle Palaeolithic and hence Neanderthal population dynamics. Here we present new age constraints for the Abri 122/1200 and Pestera Mare caves in the Romanian Carpathians, obtained by radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone and by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of cave sediments. Methodological issues and the method's upper limit cause grossly underestimated radiocarbon ages for charcoal from Abri 122/1200 and provide only minimum ages (>41-60 14C ka bp) for bones from Pestera Mare cave. However, the OSL ages suggest Middle Palaeolithic cave occupation in the Carpathians since early Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 7 and lasting at least until MIS 5. These ages reinforce the vast potential of Carpathian cave sites in solidifying our understanding of Neanderthal dynamics in the region and their habitats. We discuss the reliability of this new chronology and the archaeological implications for the Middle Palaeolithic of neighbouring areas.

Super-eruptions disperse volcanic ash over vast areas, impacting the environment and human health. Fine ash, particularly its respirable fraction (< 4 µm), poses a significant health hazard by inhalation due to its high dispersal potential. Understanding the aerodynamic properties but also composition of ash particles is fundamental to constrain dispersal and deposition mechanisms in both proximal and distal environments. Current atmospheric dispersal models rely on empirical drag equations calibrated with geometric shape descriptors. However, these models often overlook the effects of the actual particle density, as a uniform componentry is typically assumed. In addition, particles have variable shapes but such data from super-eruptions remains limited and no standardized measurement methods exist. Here, we determine the terminal fall velocity ( v t ) of fine ash from the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption (~ 40 ka, Campi Flegrei), by evaluating the components and particle shapes from proximal to ultra-distal locations. To verify the attribution of the proximal sample to the CI eruption, a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating was performed, allowing its correlation with the ultra-distal deposits. Results show that, due to the influence of shape and density, glass particles exhibit lower v t compared to mineral phases ( v t , feldspar / v t , glass = 1.05 ± 0.03, v t , SiO2 / v t , glass = 1.09 ± 0.02), enabling greater travel distances. Drag equations accounting for measured particle shapes differ significantly from spherical approximations. The spherical model overestimation of v t highlights the necessity of shape-specific models to produce more accurate dispersal predictions. Extremely low v t (< 0.1 cm/s) for respirable ash fraction, which indicates prolonged atmospheric suspension and long-time resuspension potential, along with the presence of cristobalite, lead to important implications for health hazards. These findings further enhance our understanding of volcanic ash aerodynamic behaviour and the far-reaching impact of super-eruptions .

The Loveland paratype section contains valuable records of the climatic conditions during glacial and interglacial periods across the midcontinent of North America. Previous studies have focused on developing chronological data for the last glacial period, and only a few studies have reported ages for older loess units. Therefore, the aim of this study is to refine the chronological framework of the Loveland paratype section, especially for the deposition of Loveland Loess, using a combination of state-of-the-art luminescence methods. Three sets of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were obtained by applying single-aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose protocol on coarse (63-90 mu m) quartz and two elevated temperature post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) protocols, namely pIRIR225 and pIRIR290, on polymineral fine grains extracted from seven samples. For the uppermost five samples collected from Pisgah Loess and upper Loveland Loess, we report coarse quartz SAR-OSL ages that range from 49 +/- 4 ka to 146 +/- 13 ka. For the older samples, only pIRIR ages were reported due to the saturation of lumi nescence signal from quartz. Except for the lowermost sample, the ages agree with those of previous studies reported for this loess section. However, for the oldest samples, which were collected from the bottom of the Loveland Loess, an age is reported that predates the Illinoian glaciation.

Understanding the temporal and spatial environmental response to past climate change during the Last GlacialInterglacial Transition (LGIT, 16-8 ka) across Europe relies on precise chronologies for palaeoenvironmental records. Tephra layers (volcanic ash) are a powerful chronological tool to synchronise disparate records across the continent. Yet, some regions remain overlooked in terms of cryptotephra investigations. Building on earlier work at the same sites, we present the first complete LGIT high -resolution cryptotephra investigation of two lake records in the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, Lake Brazi and Lake Lia. Numerous volcanic glass shards have been recognised as originating from various volcanic regions, including: Iceland (Katla, Askja, and Torfajokull), Italy (Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Lipari, and Pantelleria), and central Anatolia (Acigol and Ericyes). In total, four distinct tephra horizons have now been identified in these records: 1) an LGIT Lipari tephra (11,515 -12,885 cal BP, 95.4% range); 2) Askja-S (11,070 -10,720 cal BP, 95.4% range); 3) an Early Holocene Lipari tephra, (12,590 -10,845 cal BP, 95.4% range) and; 4) an Early Holocene Ischia tephra (11,120 -10,740 cal BP, 95.4% range). The use of trace element analysis on selected cryptotephra layers provided additional important information in identifying volcanic source and facilitating correlations. These tephra layers, along with numerous other discrete cryptotephra layers, offer promise as significant future isochrons for comprehending the spatial and temporal fluctuations in past climate change throughout Europe and the Mediterranean area. This research has emphasized the significance of the Carpathian region in expanding the European and Mediterranean tephra lattice and establishing it as a keystone area within the framework.

Central-eastern to southeastern Europe, from Bohemia to Greece is home to some of the richest ore deposits on earth, with archaeological evidence suggesting a long history of metal use. However, the exact timing and extent of past metal processing activities remains unclear. The Middle Ages and Early Modern period (c. 500-1800 common era (CE)) in Europe, saw the expansion of metal use at an unprecedented scale, continent-wide. Here we analysed rates of past atmospheric lead (Pb) deposition in six peat bogs from Romania, Serbia and Greece. We show that after 1000 CE, the redevelopment of central European mining industry was synchronous with Pb pollution in southeastern Europe, with the onset of metal pollution occurring in the area prior to central Europe. Therefore, southeastern Europe may have led regional mining developments, with technological advances rapidly shifting from east to west through the Middle Ages. This indicates how southeastern Europe should be included in future discussions of Middle Age metallurgy not simply as a contributor, but at times as a leader in metal production.

ObjectiveMeta-analysis focusing on the role of first-trimester neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prediction of preeclampsia.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were queried from inception up to December 31, 2022.Study eligibility criteriaThe study included all types of original research that was conducted in humans and values of NLR were measured during the first trimester, among patients who later developed preeclampsia, compared to the values of control groups.Study appraisal and synthesis methodsTwo reviewers independently performed data abstraction and quality appraisal, and disagreements were resolved by consensus and, if necessary, by the opinion of a third reviewer. During the analysis, PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed. All statistical analyses were made with R.ResultsFor the research on the predictive role of NLR values in the first trimester for preeclampsia, a total of 6 studies were selected for analysis, covering 2,469 patients. The meta-analysis revealed a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the effect size of 0.641 to 1.523, with a prediction interval of 0.027 to 2.137.ConclusionBased on the analysis, NLR is a promising biochemical marker for future pieces of research that try to find new screening methods for first-trimester preeclampsia. We encourage other researchers to examine NLR’s predictive value combined with other markers in preeclampsia screening, this way being able to find new and affordable protocols for first-trimester preeclampsia screening.Systematic review registrationidentifier CRD42023392663.

The Campi Flegrei (CF) caldera, in southern Italy, is the source of some of the most powerful Late Pleistocene eruptions of the European sub -continent (e.g., Campanian Ignimbrite, Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruptions). Although the CF caldera has been continuously and intensively investigated for decades, relatively little is known regarding its earliest volcanic activity. In this work, integrating existing and new tephrostratigraphic data, we provide a comprehensive and updated framework for the CF volcanic activity which has occurred at -160 ka and between -110 ka and -90 ka. The new tephrostratigraphic, geochemical (EMPA + LA-ICP-MS), chronological ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating) and grain -size distribution data relate to CF tephra deposits preserved in mid -proximal (Campanian Plain), distal (Tyrrhenian Sea) and ultra -distal (Lower Danube area) sedimentary archives. Our results allowed us to recognize the presence of at least 13 CF eruptions covering the investigated time frame, with 12 eruptions occurring between 110 and 90 ka. Our high -resolution stratigraphic and chronological investigation also allowed us to recognize that the Triflisco/C-22 tephra, previously considered as a single marker layer, can be actually separated into three different events, sourced from within the CF area in the short time interval of -9390 ka, suggesting a more complex and intense volcanic history than previously thought. Moreover, a Bayesian age -depth model, constrained by previous and new high precision 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages, has led to a reliable estimate of the ages of those undated CF eruptions. Overall, the updated framework on the stratigraphy, chronology, dispersion, and geochemistry of the CF tephra of -160 ka and between 110 ka and 90 ka consolidates the notion that the Middle -Late Pleistocene activity in theCF area represents a significant stage of its volcanic evolution, characterised by intense and frequent explosive eruptions.

We analyzed mineralogical characteristics, and major as well as rare earth element concentrations, from a cryptotephra layer in sediments of the infilled maar of Auel (Eifel, Germany). The results of detailed geochemical analyses of clinopyroxenes and their glassy rims from the Auel cryptotephra layer showed that they are similar to those from the thick Campanian Ignimbrite tephra occurrence in a loess section at Urluia (Romania). Both tephras show idiomorphic green clinopyroxenes and formation of distorted grains up to millimeter scale. The cryptotephra in the Auel core has a modelled age of around 39,940 yr b2k in the ELSA-20 chronology, almost identical to the latest 40Ar/39Ar dates for the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y-5 (CI/Y-5) eruption. These observations suggest that parts of the CI/Y-5 ash cloud were transported also northwestward into Central Europe, whereas the main branch of the CI/Y-5 ash plume was transported from southern Italy towards the NE, E, and SE. Based on pollen analyses, we conclude there was no direct effect on vegetation from the CI/Y-5 fallout in the Eifel area. Trees, shrubs, and grasses remained at pre-tephra-airfall levels for roughly 240 years, but changed around 39,700 yr b2k when thermophilic woody plants (e.g., Alnus and Carpinus) disappeared and Artemisia spread. This change in vegetation was well after the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion and also after the GI9 interstadial and quite probably represents the onset of the Heinrich Event 4 (H4) cold spell, when climatic conditions over the North Atlantic, and apparently also in Central Europe, deteriorated sharply.

The Romanian Carpathians host some of the richest base and precious metal deposits in Europe. The existing lead isotopic data for Romania covered almost exclusively Miocene epithermal and porphyry deposits in the Baia Mare area and the South Apuseni Mountains. There is, therefore, an evident lack of isotopic and chronological constraints which have limited the metallogenic interpretation of the metal sources and hindered data-supported comparisons with the neighboring metallogenic units within the Western Tethyan Belt. New lead isotopic analyses were carried out on ore samples selected from Cambrian to Miocene magmatic sulfide, porphyry, skarnrelated, replacement, epithermal, and metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits located in the Apuseni Mountains (North and South), Banat, Southern Carpathians, and Dobrogea. The range of the analyzed ores is 17.926 to 19.083 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.550 to 15.741 for 207Pb/204Pb, and 38.062 to 39.224 for 208Pb/204Pb. It turns out that the lead isotopic composition of the ores clusters by age, i.e., Paleozoic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Miocene. The average of lead isotopic values of Paleozoic ores is 18.168 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.681 for 207Pb/204Pb, and 38.216 for 208Pb/204Pb; of Triassic-Jurassic ores is 18.442 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.606 for 207Pb/204Pb, and 38.324 for 208Pb/204Pb; and of Cretaceous and Miocene ores is 18.677 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.662 for 207Pb/204Pb, 38.726 for 208Pb/204Pb. The wider age range and the broader geological coverage of the analyzed ore deposits reveal that the radiogenic lead isotopic composition of the ores increases with time but always overlaps with the isotopic ranges defined by the host rocks. Since the Paleozoic, except a Late Jurassic magmatic sulfide deposit related to tholeiitic magmatic rocks where the upper mantle is the main source of lead, the lead incorporated in Carpathian ores has a typical crustal signature with a model mu value (238U/204Pb) of about 10 and a time-integrated Th/U ratio of about 4.0. The calculated model ages of the ores are generally older than the ore deposition ages demonstrating that older crustal material contributed to the lead within the ores. Our results significantly increase the available lead isotopic data for Romanian ores, and allows for the first comprehensive overview of the lead isotopic signatures of the ore deposits in the Western Tethyan Belt through geological time.

We present chironomid-based reconstructions of mean July air temperature changes over the last 2000 years from Lake Latoriței (1530 m a.s.l.) in the Southern Carpathians. A multi-proxy analysis was performed along a 58 cm long sediment core and two training sets were used for quantitative July air temperature reconstructions: the Eastern-European (EE, 212 lakes) and the Finnish-Polish-Carpathian (FPC, 273 lakes). The transfer functions had a coefficient of determination ( r2) 0.88 and 0.91 with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) 0.88°C and 1.02°C. Despite possible biases resulting from methodological problems and the ecological complexity of the chironomid response to both climatic and environmental changes, the agreement of the temperature reconstruction of Lake Latoriței with other alpine records suggests that the transfer function successfully reconstructed past summer temperatures between 750 and 1830 CE. Biases in the temperature reconstruction in the period before 750 and after 1830 CE were likely caused by increased abundance of rheophilic and semi-terrestrial chironomid species related to increased inflow activity before 750 CE and local land use changes after 1830 CE, which was also indicated by increasing deforestation and increasing lake productivity in the pollen and diatom records. Our results suggest that the region experienced a warm period between 750 and 1360 CE, and a cold period between 1360 and 1600 CE followed by fluctuating summer temperatures until 1830 CE. These events were associated with the so-called ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’ (MWP) and the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA), respectively. The inference models reconstructed a decrease in July air temperatures by 0.7°C–1.1°C during the LIA relative to the warmer MWP. We also demonstrated that the FPC training set gives better results, supporting that local/continental training sets are efficient to detect weak amplitude summer temperature changes in the Late-Holocene.

BACKGROUND:Evidence supporting the benefits of delayed cord clamping is increasing; however, there is no clear recommendation on cord management during newborn resuscitation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resuscitation initiated with an intact umbilical cord, hypothesizing it is a safe stabilization procedure that improves neonatal outcomes. METHODS:Systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science from inception to March 1, 2024. Eligible articles compared neonatal outcomes in newborns receiving initial stabilization steps before and after cord clamping. RESULTS:Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria, with six RCTs included in the quantitative analysis. No statistically significant differences were found in delivery room parameters, in-hospital mortality, or neonatal outcomes between the examined groups. However, intact cord resuscitation group showed higher SpO2 at 5 min after birth compared to cord clamping prior to resuscitation group (MD 6.67%, 95% CI [-1.16%, 14.50%]). There were no significant differences in early complications of prematurity (NEC ≥ stage 2: RR 2.05, 95% CI [0.34, 12.30], IVH: RR 1.25, 95% CI [0.77, 2.00]). CONCLUSION:Intact cord management during resuscitation appears to be a safe intervention; its effect on early complications of prematurity remains unclear. Further high-quality RCTs with larger patient numbers are urgently needed. IMPACT:Initiating resuscitation with an intact umbilical cord appears to be a safe intervention for newborns. No statistically significant differences were found in delivery room parameters, in-hospital mortality, and neonatal outcomes between the examined groups. The utilization of specialized resuscitation trolleys appears to be promising to reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Further high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are urgently needed to refine recommendations.

We aimed to compare enteroscopy-assisted ERCP (EA-ERCP), laparoscopy-assisted ERCP (LA-ERCP), and endoscopic ultrasound-directed ERCP (EDGE) in terms of safety and efficacy in post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. We conducted a rigorous analysis based on a predefined protocol (PROSPERO, CRD42022368788). Sixty-seven studies were included. The technical success rates were 77

A Páreng-hegységcsoportban (Munții Parâng, Déli-Kárpátok) lévő magashegyi tó (Latorica-tó, Iezerul Latorița, 1530 m) üledékének késő glaciális és kora holocén korú szakaszán növényi makrofosszília és pollen analitikai elemzéseket végeztünk, hogy megállapítsuk a fahatár, az erdőhatár és a szubalpi vegetáció éghajlatváltozásra adott válaszreakcióit. A Latorica-tó vízgyűjtőjén és partján 15 510–14 765 kal. BP évek (Grönlandi 2-es oxigénizotóp fázis (GS-2) vége) között a gleccserek visszahúzódása nyomán nem volt, vagy csak ritka növényborítás lehetett, tehát a fahatár valószínűleg a tó alatt húzódott. Az ezt követő GI-1 fázisban (kormodellünk alapján 14 765–13 340 kal. BP évek között) bekövetkező felmelegedés hatására a tó körül kialakuló fahatár ökoton zónában törpefenyő, lucfenyő és szálanként vörösfenyő (Pinus mugo–Picea abies–Larix decidua) keveredésével jellemezhető, boreális nyílt erdő expanzióját rekonstruáltuk. A fahatár fokozatosan magasabbra húzódott, majd a GI-1 végén (13 340–12 930 kal BP évek közt) nagy intenzitású erdőtűz következhetett be a tó körül, annak vízgyűjtőjére is kiterjedve. A fiatal driász lehűlés a jelenlegi kormodell szerint 12 930 és 11 995 kal. BP évek között a tó szerves anyag produkciójának csökkenéséhez vezetett, ugyanakkor a lehűlés csak kis mértékben hatott a tó menti vegetációra. A legjelentősebb változás a havasi cirbolyafenyő (Pinus cembra) megjelenése és előretörése volt ebben az időszakban. A kora holocénben (11 995–11 300 kal. BP évek közt) a fa- és erdőhatár folyamatosan emelkedhetett, az erdőszerkezet zárult és tovább diverzifikálódott a molyhos nyír (Betula pubescens) megjelenésével: luc- (P. abies), vörösfenyő (L. decidua) és törpefenyő (P. mugo) alkotta nyílt, de a késő glaciálisnál zártabb erdők uralták a tó körüli tájat. Eredményeink alapján elmondhatjuk, hogy a késő glaciális erdőexpanzió gyorsasága közeli refúgiális populációkra utal a fenyőfélék esetében, valamint eredményeink megerősítik a Déli-Kárpátok Retyezát vonulatában kapott eredményeket, miszerint a fiatal driász lehűlés a vegetációs időszak hőösszegét csak kis mértékben csökkentette ebben a régióban (szemben Nyugat-Európával). Az éghajlatváltozás kompetíciós előnybe hozta a Déli-Kárpátok szubalpin zónájában a havasi cirbolyafenyőt (P. cembra), mely ekkor terjedt el a fahatár ökoton zónában. A kora holocén felmelegedés során a mainál kontinentálisabb klímán a vörösfenyő széles körben elterjedt a Déli-Kárpátokban a szubalpin zónában.