Family and professional care providers are essential to allow individuals to remain at home until very old age. However, limited research is available that distinguishes among the multiple domains in which community-dwelling older adults need support. This paper aims to analyse the interplay of health and age in shaping the probability of receiving specific types of care. Analysis is based on a subsample of people aged 65 and older who participated in the Swiss Vivre/Leben/Vivere survey (N = 2916). We ran a series of logistic regression models to analyze the association of health status (i.e., independent, frail, dependent) and age with types of help (i.e., help with household tasks, help with daily life activities, other instrumental help, non-instrumental help), controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and social contacts. Then, we focused on how the effect of health on the probability of receiving help varies by age. Findings show that health, particularly frailty, strongly explains home care receipt. However, its effect changes with age, depending on the nature of care and provider (i.e., formal vs. informal). For instance, health status varies among older individuals receiving formal help with daily life activities, compared to what happen among younger ones. Furthermore, when this help comes from family, the impact of health is larger among younger than among older. Looking at the interplay between health and age helps to better understand the dynamics behind the receipt of home care among older adults. Research in this area will gain more clarity by distinguishing between the different areas and providers of care.

Since its development, the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) scale has been widely used to measure addictive behaviour towards information and communication technologies. However, its French adaptation and associated psychometric properties have not been validated. This study aimed at addressing this gap in the literature and proposed a validated measure for French-speaking populations. Specifically, we investigated the factorial structure of the scale in French with a lifespan sample and test its age, sex, education, and time invariance. Data were derived from an online longitudinal study (2-waves, 2 months interval) with a lifespan sample (N = 543, age range18 to 98 years, M = 46.8). The results showed that the French adaptation had a different factorial structure than the original scale. Specifically, the selected model had excellent fit and identified three lower-order factors, based on 8 out of 10 original items, which were then loaded to one higher-order factor. Moreover, measurement invariance testing revealed that the scale can be used for mean level comparisons (scalar invariance) between men and women, high vs. low educated individuals and across measurement points, while caution is suggested when comparing young vs. older individuals (partial scalar invariance). Lastly, the findings supported convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. In conclusion, the French adaptation of the FoMO scale can be used in longitudinal studies and for mean comparisons across sexes, educational levels and time, while the factorial structure (three lower-order factors loading to one higher-order factor) can be used when modelling FoMO with structural equation methods.

Centenarians exhibit remarkable longevity and compression of morbidity making them an ideal population for uncovering proteins associated with successful aging. Using proteomics, we characterized the immune and cardiometabolic profiles of centenarians' plasma from the SWISS100 cohort. We identified 583 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by centenarians when compared with hospitalized geriatric patients (age 80-90 years) and younger healthy participants (age 30-60 years). We replicated the association of 23 proteins with a standard set of aging proteins (APs) developed by the Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) consortium. By comparing the centenarian signature to an independent centenarian proteomics study, we identified 135 DEPs in both studies with identical aging directions, establishing a robust set of APs in centenarians. Applying fractional polynomial regressions, we uncovered proteins with linear and non-linear profiles associated with age and identified a subgroup of 37 proteins with a younger signature in centenarians. Protein-protein interaction and pathway enrichment analyses of 37 proteins point to programmed cell death, metabolic enzyme pathways, regulation of extracellular matrix stability, immune and inflammatory responses, and neurotrophic signaling pathways. This novel approach to aging research has uncovered new proteins and pathways, which may present promising targets to understand processes associated with longevity and healthy aging.

The growing population of centenarians faces unique health challenges. Of particular interest may be the co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and functional dependence, requiring comprehensive exploration. To map and summarize existing literature on depressive symptoms and functional dependence in near-centenarians and centenarians, focusing on prevalence rates, screening instruments, and the relationship between these two conditions. Studies that explored depressive symptoms and functional dependence among individuals aged ≥ 95 years. This review was performed in accordance with the JBI Manual for Scoping Reviews. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standards were followed for reporting. The literature search was conducted in August 2023 in the following bibliographic databases: Embase.com, Medline ALL Ovid, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; including a grey literature search and citation tracking strategies. Fifty-three studies from 1994 to 2023 were included, with 28.3

The study of lay perspectives has partially addressed criticisms levelled at successful ageing models. Yet, it remains an open question whether the exploration of older adults’ perspectives offers the potential for an increased contextual understanding of successful ageing. This systematic review aimed to assess the extent to which lay perspectives enabled an individual, contextual, and socio-structural analysis of successful ageing. We conducted a systematic search of articles published between 2012 and 2023. Using human and AI-based coding, we examined the study aim and discussion sections, to identify the levels of analysis through which lay perspectives were addressed and interpreted. Findings showed that researchers addressed and interpreted lay perspectives more often through an individual level approach, but much less through a contextual perspective, and even less according to a socio-structural lens. More specifically, studies’ understanding of successful ageing was largely oriented towards behaviours, resources, and social characteristics of interviewed individuals, with less attention to the role of territory, historical contexts, social institutions and inequalities. Our findings suggest that while exploring lay perspectives, the study of successful ageing maintains its primary focus on individual issues. The increasing demographic ageing calls for future research to place greater emphasis on contextual and socio-structural levels of analysis, and to harmonize the heterogeneous use of these analysis levels around a successful ageing framework enabling cross-cultural comparisons. Policymakers need to acknowledge the importance of considering contextual and socio-structural influences, to promote an inclusive approach to successful ageing.

INTRODUCTION:This study examined leisure activity engagement among (near-)centenarians and its association with two aspects of well-being: life satisfaction and purpose in life. We analyzed specific activity types and their combinations, as well as three activity parameters: the total number of activities, the variety of different higher-order activity types, and the distribution of activities across these types (i.e., activity diversity). METHODS:We pooled data from two comparable studies conducted in the USA and Germany, yielding a final sample of N = 134 participants aged 96-107 years. Activity engagement was assessed using open-ended questions, with responses coded into 12 activity types further used to compute the activity parameters. RESULTS:Centenarians' common activities included watching TV, social activities, and experiential activities (e.g., reading). The assessed general activity parameters - number, variety, and diversity of activities - were not related to well-being. Life satisfaction correlated positively with physical and experiential activities and negatively with developmental activities (e.g., visiting a museum). Purpose in life was positively linked to experiential activities. Specific engagement patterns of these activity types, rather than overall activity levels, best predicted well-being outcomes. CONCLUSION:Our results contrast prior findings from younger-old samples, suggesting that the relevance of activity types for well-being may shift in very late life. This supports theories emphasizing emotionally meaningful and less demanding activities as more beneficial with increasing age. Findings underline the need for interventions that enable personally relevant forms of engagement to support life satisfaction and purpose in the oldest olds.

Although centenarians represent a growing population, little is known aboutthe support they rely on to address their specific needs. This study explores the types and combinations of care they receive, as well as the factors shaping these care arrangements. Based on data from the Swiss Centenarian Study (N = 169; mean age = 101.8) and adopting an inductive approach, findings reveal diverse care arrangements, with both professional and non-professional support playing key roles. Despite having smaller social resources, family support remains substantial, and social networks are crucial for accessing care. Alongside tailored professional services, fostering social ties is essential in mitigating care deficits.

OBJECTIVE:To analyse the prevalence of depressive symptoms in centenarians, identify their predictors, and explore the role of functional dependence as a contributing factor. DESIGN SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:Cross-sectional baseline data from the Swiss Centenarian Study (n = 102), including community-dwelling and institutionalised participants with complete data on depressive symptoms and functional capacity. MEASUREMENTS:Functional capacity was assessed using the Older Americans Resources and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Form. Group differences were analysed using Chi-squared tests; relationships were examined with correlations. Multiple linear regressions identified predictors. Mediation analysis explored the interplay between functional capacity, living situation, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS:Functional capacity varied, with basic activities of daily living generally better preserved than instrumental activities. Almost one-fourth of participants screened positive for possible clinical depression, which was significantly more common among institutionalised centenarians (p < .05). Health conditions, anxiety, and lower functional capacity were significant predictors of depressive symptoms and together explained 24.7 % of the variance, with anxiety being the strongest predictor followed by health conditions and functional capacity. Mediation analysis showed that functional capacity mediated the relationship between living situation and depressive symptoms, highlighting its critical role in mental health. CONCLUSIONS:A significant proportion of centenarians screened positive for depression, underscoring the need for greater attention to depressive symptoms and systematic screening. Targeted interventions promoting functional independence may play an important role to prevent depression, and strategies are needed to encourage institutionalised very old individuals to re-develop and maintain a certain level of independence.

Background In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the investigation of very old individuals. However, various challenges arise when collecting data from this age group. Given potential health and cognitive impairments and the difficulty of retrieving accurate self-reported data, involving individuals knowledgeable of the target person as proxy respondents are an invaluable solution. The primary goal of this study is to explore the association between proxy-centenarian relationship and item nonresponse, a pivotal data quality measure. Data and methods We used data from the phone study conducted within SWISS100, a study on centenarians in Switzerland, focusing on a subsample of 94 centenarians and 75 proxy respondents. We compared characteristics of centenarians who provided self-reports with those interviewed through proxy respondents using descriptive analyses, and Firth’s regression models to investigate the association of different types of proxies (children, other relatives, and non-relatives) with item nonresponse. Results We noted differences between centenarians participating themselves in interviews and those represented by proxies, observing higher proportions of men and private home residents in the self-report group. There was a low prevalence of item nonresponse among proxy respondents. Proxy type significantly impacted item nonresponse, particularly with non-relatives showing notably higher unanswered question rates. A robust association between non-relatives as proxies and increased item nonresponse persisted even when controlling for potential confounding factors. Discussion and conclusions This study enhances the understanding of data quality, particularly item nonresponse, and highlights the impact of the proxy-centenarian relationship when studying the oldest-old. The findings stress the importance of carefully choosing proxy respondents, preferably children, to improve data quality and inclusivity for those individuals hard to reach or to interview. Future research should investigate various data quality indicators and rely on larger samples to enhance the representation and methodological rigour in the study of the oldest-old.

BackgroundThe number of centenarians worldwide is expected to increase dramatically, reaching 3.4 million by 2050 and >25 million by 2100. Despite these projections, depression remains a prevalent yet underdiagnosed and undertreated condition among this population that carries significant health risks. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify and achieve consensus on the most representative signs and symptoms of depression in near-centenarians and centenarians (aged ≥95 years) through an e-Delphi study with an international and interdisciplinary panel of experts. Ultimately, the outcomes of this study might help create a screening instrument that is specifically designed for this unique population. MethodsA modified e-Delphi study was carried out to achieve expert consensus on depressive symptoms in near-centenarians and centenarians. A panel of 28 international experts was recruited. Consensus was defined as 70% agreement on the relevance of each item. Data were collected through a web-based questionnaire over 3 rounds. Experts rated 104 items that were divided into 24 dimensions and 80 criteria to identify the most representative signs and symptoms of depression in this age group. ResultsThe panel consisted of experts from various countries, including physicians with experience in old age psychiatry or geriatrics as well as nurses and psychologists. The response rate remained consistent over the rounds (20/28, 71% to 21/28, 75%). In total, 4 new dimensions and 8 new criteria were proposed by the experts, and consensus was reached on 86% (24/28) of the dimensions and 80% (70/88) of the criteria. The most consensual potentially relevant dimensions were lack of hope (21/21, 100%), loss of interest (27/28, 96%), lack of reactivity to pleasant events (27/28, 96%), depressed mood (26/28, 93%), and previous episodes of depression or diagnosed depression (19/21, 90%). In addition, the most consensual potentially relevant criteria were despondency, gloom, and despair (25/25, 100%); depressed (27/27, 100%); lack of reactivity to pleasant events or circumstances (28/28, 100%); suicidal ideation (28/28, 100%); suicide attempt(s) (28/28, 100%); ruminations (27/28, 96%); recurrent thoughts of death or suicide (27/28, 96%); feelings of worthlessness (25/26, 96%); critical life events (20/21, 95%); anhedonia (20/21, 95%); loss of interest in activities (26/28, 93%); loss of pleasure in activities (26/28, 93%); and sadness (24/26, 92%). Moreover, when assessing depression in very old age, the duration, number, frequency, and severity of signs and symptoms should also be considered, as evidenced by the high expert agreement. ConclusionsThe classification of most elements as relevant highlights the importance of a multidimensional approach for optimal depression screening among individuals of very old age. This study offers a first step toward improving depression assessment in near-centenarians and centenarians. The development of a more adapted screening tool could improve early detection and intervention, enhancing the quality of mental health care for this population.

Confronted with stressful circumstances, individuals use coping strategies to adapt. During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals were threatened by an unprecedented health crisis, which governments tried to navigate with various imposed measures. Social distancing had massive negative consequences for mental health; yet studies also documented important interindividual differences, which may be related to differences in coping strategies. This study aims at identifying the most frequent coping responses, their change over time, as well as their possible role for adapting to the crisis. Our sample consisted of 732 individuals living in Switzerland (age range 18–81 years). An online three-wave questionnaire was administered during the second pandemic wave (i.e., October, November, and December 2020). We used bivariate latent growth modeling and multilevel modeling in order to investigate the development of depressive symptoms and the extent to which it related to the level and change in coping strategies, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Bivariate latent growth models showed that feeling depressed was related to lower use of seeking functional and emotional support, positive reappraisal and acceptance, and higher use of self-distracting. Moreover, results indicated that more change in depressive symptoms was related to less change in seeking functional support and positive reappraisal, and to more change in self-distracting. Regarding multilevel modeling, where all coping strategies were simultaneously included as predictors of depressive symptoms, a higher level of support seeking and positive reappraisal, and a lower level of self-distracting were related to fewer depressive symptoms. Over time, seeking support, positive reappraisal, acceptance, and self-distracting decreased, while depressive symptoms increased. Decreasing the use of positive reappraisal and increasing the use of self-distracting were related to increasing depressive symptoms. Younger aged individuals experienced significantly more depressive symptoms than their older age counterparts when they decreased the use of positive reappraisal. In conclusion, individuals used various coping strategies to adapt to the COVID-19-related life circumstances, but only some of them related to changes in depressing symptoms, possibly demonstrating a gap between the availability and use of coping strategies during the pandemic and their actual effect on mental health.

Abstract With increasing numbers of centenarians world-wide, quality of life in these very old individuals has become a topic of high interest, expanding prior biomedical research. Switzerland is not only among the countries with very high life expectancy but is also among the leading countries in terms life satisfaction. In the present study, we investigated the levels and predictors of life satisfaction in Swiss centenarians. The present analysis included a total of 148 centenarians of the SWISS100 Main Study (Mage = 101.8; range: 100-106; 74.3% female). After identification through the national address registry, centenarians were visited for in-person interviews. Centenarians’ health was quite limited: they had an average of six health issues and over half of them lived in care facilities (57.4%). Their cognitive level was moderate to high. Most were widowed, 84% had children, and they reported a substantial number of social contacts. The majority of centenarians (82.4 %) were satisfied with their lives. Correlations indicated that sociodemographic and health variables had only few associations with life satisfaction, but that psychological aspects including optimistic outlook and meaning in life showed notable links. A regression analysis combining significant variables from domain-specific regressions revealed that optimistic outlook was the strongest predictor of interindividual differences in life satisfaction, followed by meaning in life. In sum, findings highlight that Swiss centenarians present poor levels of health yet manage to maintain high life satisfaction through psychological mechanisms, suggesting high resilience in these very old individuals, which replicates and extends results from prior centenarian studies.

Background Despite most centenarians facing age-related declines in functional and cognitive capacities, the severity of these declines varies among individuals, as does the maintenance of good mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms) despite these declines. This study aims to examine this heterogeneity in centenarians from the Second Heidelberg Centenarian Study, which collected data from 112 centenarians living in Germany. In our study, we focus on a subsample of 73 centenarians who provided self-reports for our measures of interest (M age = 100.4, SD age = 0.55).Methods We examined correlations between functional capacity (i.e., PADL, IADL), cognitive capacity (i.e., MMSE), and depressive symptoms (i.e., GDS), and the existence of different profiles using hierarchical clustering.Results Higher functional capacity was related to higher cognitive capacity and to fewer depressive symptoms. Yet, higher cognitive capacity was associated with more depressive symptoms. Hierarchical clustering analysis elucidated this contradiction by identifying three profiles: low-capacity individuals (i.e., 24 individuals had low functional and cognitive capacities, with low depressive symptoms), high-capacity individuals (i.e., 33 individuals with high functional and cognitive capacities, with low depressive symptoms), and low-functional-high-cognitive-capacity individuals (i.e., 16 individuals showed low functional but high cognitive capacity, with high depressive symptoms). Our post-hoc analyses highlighted arthritis and pain as risk factors for functional dependence and depression.Conclusions Our findings emphasize the importance of identifying centenarian subgroups with specific resource- and risk profiles to better address their needs, and of treating pain to improve functional capacity and mental health in centenarians.

This study aims to investigate changes in the income-health gradient over the later life course. We test the age-as-leveler, the cumulative advantage/disadvantage, and the persistent inequality pattern for physical and cognitive health domains, and analyze whether these patterns are gendered. We used HRS data (1992-2016) and Poisson growth curve models to predict multimorbidity (33,860 participants) as an indicator of physical health and memory (25,291 participants) as an indicator of cognitive health. We disentangled the within-participant from the between-participant effects. For multimorbidity, the income-health gradient weakened as individuals aged; whereas for memory, the income-health gradient strengthened as individuals aged. The cumulative advantage/disadvantage of higher/lower income on memory may be more pronounced among women than men. Findings were confirmed by sensitivity analyses. Findings suggest that the support for the age-as-leveler or cumulative advantage/disadvantage pattern may depend on health domains and the effect strength may depend on gender.

Background Internet use has dramatically increased worldwide, with over two-thirds of the world’s population using it, including the older adult population. Technical resources such as internet use have been shown to influence psychological processes such as stress positively. Following the Conservation of Resources theory by Hobfoll, stress experience largely depends on individuals’ personal resources and the changes in these resources. While personal resource loss has been shown to lead to stress, we know little regarding the role that technical resources may play on the relationship between personal resources and stress. Objective This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of technical resources (internet use) on the relationship between personal resources and stress in younger and older adults. Methods A total of 275 younger adults (aged 18 to 30 years) and 224 older adults (aged ≥65 years) indicated their levels of stress; change in personal resources (ie, cognitive, social, and self-efficacy resource loss and gain); and internet use. Variance analyses, multiple regression, and moderation analyses were performed to investigate the correlates of stress. Results Results showed that older adults, despite experiencing higher levels of resource loss (questionnaire scores: 1.82 vs 1.54; P<.001) and less resource gain (questionnaire scores: 1.82 vs 2.31; P<.001), were less stressed than younger adults (questionnaire scores: 1.99 vs 2.47; P<.001). We observed that the relationship among resource loss, resource gain, and stress in older adults was moderated by their level of internet use (β=.09; P=.05). Specifically, older adults who used the internet more frequently were less stressed when they experienced high levels of both loss and gain compared to their counterparts who used internet the less in the same conditions. Furthermore, older adults with low resource gain and high resource loss expressed less stress when they used the internet more often compared to those with low internet use. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of internet use in mitigating stress among older adults experiencing resource loss and gain, emphasizing the potential of digital interventions to promote mental health in this population.

Abstract At age 100 and beyond, individuals deal with increasing support needs, especially when their social network is at risk due to the death of spouses, siblings, and friends, while children may face own age-related health issues. However, little is known about the specific aids received by centenarians. Drawing from the care convoy framework, this study explored the diversity of care among Swiss centenarians. We investigated the composition and the functions of their care convoys and analysed the impact of individual and contextual characteristics. Additionally, we examined participants’ perception of the adequacy of the aids received. The analyses are based on centenarian and/or proxy reports from the study SWISS100 (N = 275; Mage = 101.789) using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. Subjective adequacy is examined through qualitative content analysis. Findings indicate that centenarians are part of intricate convoys of care. The diversity of types of care and providers was high among community-dwelling, where informal and formal caregivers both provide help with a wide range of tasks (e.g., personal care, monitoring). In institutional settings there was a more defined division of roles, with family and friends providing administrative and socioemotional support. The impact of individual and contextual factors varied depending on the type of care and/or the care provider. Participant satisfaction did not always align with the quantity of care received. Considering, in conclusion, the diversity of care observed, understanding centenarians’ needs and resources is essential for developing tailored policies and services for them and their families.

BACKGROUND:Given the increasing number of people achieving exceptionally long lifespans, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of mental health in centenarians. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of mental health conditions-depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbances, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behaviour-among centenarians in Switzerland. METHODS:Data were collected from N = 169 participants via telephone interviews or paper questionnaires, either directly from centenarians or through proxy informants. Half the data were collected during a period when protective measures were imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and half were collected after the measures were lifted. RESULTS:Mental health conditions were prevalent in our sample, particularly depressive symptoms (44.51%) and anxiety (42.17%). Significant positive associations were found between depressive symptoms and anxiety, and between disinhibition and aberrant motor behaviour. Furthermore, we identified statistical predictors for the occurrence of mental health conditions. Notably, institutionalised living increased the odds of depressive symptomatology, while those with higher education levels or an absence of cognitive impairment experienced more sleep disturbances. Finally, cognitive impairment was linked to increased disinhibition and aberrant motor behaviour. CONCLUSIONS:The high prevalence of mental health conditions underscores the need for proactive mental health care strategies in advanced old age. Moreover, it is vital to consider the interconnected nature of mental health conditions and to prioritise vulnerable groups, such as centenarians in institutional settings.

The current study explored Asian Americans' lay perceptions of successful aging and examined the differences and similarities between Asian Americans and White/Caucasian Americans. One hundred forty-five Asian American adults and 86 White/Caucasian adults were asked how they view successful aging. Open-ended responses were coded for recurring themes. The theme most often mentioned by Asian Americans was health, followed by quality of life, activities/interests, and social resources. Compared to White/Caucasian participants, Asian Americans' meaning of successful aging in the current study did not differ greatly in terms of major themes mentioned, but Asian Americans were more likely to mention certain themes, such as physical appearance and youthful look. In sum, the findings suggest that Asian Americans have a multifaceted understanding of successful aging, and reinforce the importance of cultural variations of the perceptions of successful aging.

Abstract In very old age, goal orientation is expected to shift towards maintenance-oriented goals, as adaptive mechanism (e.g., Ebner, Freund, & Baltes, 2006). For centenarians, opportunities can be especially limited due to physical and contextual constraints, calling for adjustment in goal content and orientation. This study investigated the number, content, and orientation of goals among a subsample of 135 centenarians (Mage = 101.6 years) in the SWISS100 study. Within this sample, 78 (58%) centenarians mentioned at least one goal, and 57 (42%) centenarians did not mention any. Specifically, 27 (35%) specified one goal, 24 (30%) two, and 27 (35%) three distinct goals. Goals were coded for content and orientation. Leisure and family contents were most prevalent domains for goal setting, covering half of the goals mentioned. Subsequently came contents of health and home-related, while domains of social, well-being, independence and religion were also mentioned but to a lesser extent. Moreover, approach and maintenance orientations were the most widespread, representing 75 percent of all goal orientations. Some improvement goals were mentioned, but avoidance goals were rare, particularly for second and third goals. A higher number of goals was associated with more meaning in life and higher subjective well-being. Overall, results show that centenarians still have goals, the most prevalent contents reflect their life stage, and the many approach goals suggest a positive orientation. As goals seem to remain important mechanism of adaptation among centenarians, more research is needed to better understand the role of goals as a potential means of successful aging.

Although the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) scale has been widely used, its French adaptation has not been validated and its psychometric properties have not been tested. Addressing this literature gap, we propose a French validation of the measure, investigating its factorial structure and testing its invariance regarding age, sex, education, and timepoints. Using an online longitudinal study (2-waves) with a lifespan sample (N = 543, age range18 to 98 years, M = 46.8), the results showed that the French version had a different factorial structure than the original scale, identifying three subfactors that loaded to one superfactor, using 8 out of 10 original items. Measurement invariance testing revealed that the scale can be used for mean level comparisons between sexes, educational levels, and timepoints, while caution is suggested regarding age-groups. Thus, the French version of the FoMO scale is a reliable measure that can be used in French-speaking populations with various characteristics.