Although most research has focused on average indices of sleep, night-to-night variability in sleep (intraindividual variability; IIV) is prevalent and associated with negative health outcomes. This study examined predictors of IIV in sleep among young adult women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and hazardous alcohol use following sexual assault, a population that may be at elevated risk for sleep variability. Specifically, PTSD symptoms, alcohol use problems, age at sexual assault, years since sexual assault, racial/ethnic identity, and sexual identity were tested as predictors of greater IIV in sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Participants (N = 82) completed baseline questionnaires and three weeks of naturalistic sleep assessment via actigraphy. Three latent random variability models examining each sleep outcome were estimated with multilevel structural equation modeling in Mplus. Less time since sexual assault predicted greater IIV in sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and WASO after controlling for all other predictors. Sexual minority women reported lower IIV in sleep duration than heterosexual women. No other predictors were significant. These findings that multiple dimensions of sleep are more irregular soon after a sexual assault highlight a potential window for early intervention. Specifically, interventions that target sleep consistency may support recovery during this time, particularly for heterosexual women who also showed greater variability in sleep duration.

Supplementary Figure S7-10 and Table S1-2

The current study examined temporal associations between emotion dysregulation and dissociation among sexual violence survivors in a sample of 490 women. Results revealed higher levels of emotion dysregulation and dissociation among women who experienced sexual victimization in both childhood and emerging adulthood (i.e., lifetime revictimization), compared to women with victimization in either childhood or emerging adulthood (i.e., single period victimization) and those without a sexual victimization history. Moreover, one dimension of emotion dysregulation, emotional clarity difficulties, showed an indirect association between revictimization status and dissociation 16 months later, with lifetime revictimization associated with higher later dissociation through greater emotional clarity difficulties, relative to those without revictimization histories.

OBJECTIVE:Many women who experience child or adolescent sexual assault (CASA) are revictimized as adults. Although researchers have made considerable progress in understanding mechanisms that increase risk for adult revictimization, including CASA-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), few have explored factors that protect against this association. Drawing from the resilience portfolio model and prior research, this study examined perceived social support, gratitude, self-compassion, and optimism as potential strengths-based factors that may reduce revictimization risk. METHOD:Participants were 405 college women with a history of CASA who completed three assessments over 1 year. RESULTS:As expected, PTSS stemming from CASA predicted greater adult revictimization across the yearlong study period. A multidimensional approach to these data revealed that a latent psychological strengths factor including gratitude, self-compassion, and optimism predicted lower odds of revictimization among survivors with low-to-moderate PTSS, although this protective association weakened as PTSS increased. In contrast, perceived social support was unrelated to revictimization. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that psychological strengths may be protective under certain conditions, highlighting the importance of matching strengths-oriented recommendations to survivors' symptom severity. Future researchers should examine whether tailored approaches that both address posttraumatic stress and build personal strengths reduce revictimization risk and foster resilience and well-being among women CASA survivors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE:Defined as dispositional qualities that elevate well-being, character strengths such as love and kindness can be developed and enhanced to improve quality of life. Yet, little is known how specific strengths are associated with posttrauma mental health. The present study explored their concurrent associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a sample of 405 women sexual assault survivors. METHOD:We applied network analysis to investigate the structure of character strengths, PTSS, and PTG, as well as to identify character strengths most strongly associated with lower PTSS and greater PTG. RESULTS:Results revealed that the strengths of love and forgiveness were most strongly linked to lower PTSS, whereas spirituality and kindness were most strongly linked to greater PTG. CONCLUSIONS:These findings highlight character strengths that may be most important to cultivate in trauma-focused care for survivors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

. Objective: More than 30% of women who experience sexual assault during college experience sexual revictimization (SRV) before graduating. Current sexual assault interventions have been developed with predominantly White samples, and most do not focus on reducing SRV or include effective alcohol reduction techniques. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a new intervention designed to reduce SRV in Black and White college women. Method: A sample of 59 women (n = 43, White; n = 16, Black) were randomly assigned to either the intervention or time and attention control condition. Both conditions consisted of two 90-minute in-person group sessions and two 30-minute online self-administered learning units. During the intervention, participants watched culturally specific videos (e.g., created in partnership with the cultural group, culturally congruent with regard to race of actors, vernacular, dress, and social situations) embedded with sexual assault risk cues. Women participated in discussions designed to improve risk recognition and assertive responses to sexual assault threats. All groups were racially homogeneous and had facilitators of the same race. Online intervention units included alcohol reduction strategies (e.g., personalized normative feedback) and safe dating practices. Results: Acceptability and feasibility of the intervention were good and suggested that cultural specificity was important for Black women. However, attrition was higher than expected, and barriers to participating were noted for Black women. Conclusions: These preliminary findings highlight the potential importance as well as the challenges in developing culturally specific sexual assault interventions for college women.

The present study examined developmental pathways beginning in pregnancy and extending into early childhood that contribute to child emotion regulation (ER). Leveraging data from a sample of 157 mixed-sex couples, who largely identified as White and non-Hispanic/Latino, and their typically developing children (50.3% female), we examined whether parental emotion-related socialization behaviors (ERSBs; i.e., general emotion talk, specific supportive and nonsupportive responses to children's negative emotions) at preschool age (child age 3) mediated the link between parental trauma-related distress spanning pregnancy to toddler age (2-years postpartum) and child maladaptive ER at the transition to formal schooling (age 5). Chronic elevations in maternal trauma-related distress contributed directly and indirectly to child maladaptive ER at age 5, and maternal nonsupportive responses emerged as a potential pathway driving the intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation. In contrast, paternal trauma-related distress neither undermined ERSBs nor contributed to child maladaptive ER. Instead, chronic elevations in paternal trauma-related distress predicted more supportive responses to children's negative emotions. Results highlight the utility of repeated screening for trauma-related distress and prevention and early intervention efforts targeting parental trauma-related distress and nonsupportive responses to children's negative emotions. These strategies may help promote adaptive ER at school entry and reduce risk for later psychopathology.

In general, women intervene as bystanders more often than men to prevent or disrupt sexual assault. Gender socialization, including internalization and adherence to aspects of traditional gender role norms, may help explain this gender disparity in prosocial bystander intervention. We examined the association between conformity to masculine norms for college men (N = 412) and conformity to feminine norms for college women (N = 742) and bystander intervention (i.e., bystander attitudes, efficacy, intentions, and behaviors). Results indicated that higher endorsement of the masculine norms of asserting masculine dominance over women, being perceived as heterosexual, and controlling one’s emotions were associated with less bystander intervention among men, while engaging in more risk-taking behaviors was associated with more bystander intervention after controlling for the other norms. For women, endorsing feminine norms about restricting sexuality outside of a committed relationship and prioritizing romance were predictive of less bystander intervention, while conforming to norms about being perceived as nice and valuing friendship predicted more bystander intervention. These findings suggest that the specific aspects of gender role norms, rather than masculinity or femininity more generally, may be contributing to gender differences in intervention rates, and that men and women who identify with traditional gender roles may face competing pressures when confronted with sexual violence intervention opportunities. Parsing these associations has implications for gender socialization and bystander theories, as well as developing effective bystander training programs that deconstruct gender norms.

The co-occurrence between pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is commonly explained by the mutual maintenance model, which proposes that each condition exacerbates the other. We tested this model by examining within-day associations between pain and PTSD using a three-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design. Young adult cisgender women (N = 82) who experienced sexual assault and reported PTSD symptoms and probable alcohol misuse completed three self-report surveys per day assessing momentary pain intensity and PTSD symptoms. Results from a dynamic structural equation model supported hypotheses, such that pain predicted greater PTSD symptoms four hours later and PTSD symptoms predicted greater pain. However, exploratory follow up analyses revealed differential findings by cluster, such that intrusions, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal each predicted subsequent pain, whereas pain predicted only later hyperarousal. Findings add nuance to our understanding of the mutual maintenance model and point to hyperarousal symptoms as a key symptom cluster linking daily pain and PTSD among women who have experienced sexual assault. Findings underscore the potential value of targeting hyperarousal symptoms in integrative interventions.

OBJECTIVE:Women who have experienced sexual assault report higher rates of alcohol use. Sexual objectification experiences, such as sexualized body gazes, gestures, commentary, and physical contact, have been linked with greater alcohol use and may represent a particular stressor for women who have experienced sexual assault, potentially leading to craving and alcohol use to cope. This study used a 3-week ecological momentary assessment design to test whether experiencing sexual objectification indirectly predicted the likelihood of later alcohol use through heightened craving. Further, because sexual minority women may be disproportionately targeted by objectification and are more likely to report alcohol misuse, we explored whether sexual minority women experienced more objectification than heterosexual women and, in turn, greater craving and alcohol use. METHOD:Participants were 82 women who had experienced sexual assault and reported probable alcohol misuse and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women were predominantly heterosexual and bisexual. Participants reported on daily objectification experiences and momentary craving each evening, as well as past-day alcohol use each morning. A multilevel structural equation model was estimated in Mplus. RESULTS:As hypothesized, there was an indirect effect of experiencing objectification on a given day on later alcohol use endorsement via greater alcohol craving. There was not an indirect effect of sexual minority identity on average alcohol use frequency via objectification and craving, but sexual minority women experienced greater average craving than heterosexual women. CONCLUSIONS:Findings support daily objectification experiences as a novel proximal risk factor for heightened craving and drinking among sexual assault survivors with diverse sexual identities.

Self-objectification occurs when women view themselves from an outsider's perspective, focusing on their appearance or reducing themselves to sexual objects. To examine internalized objectification, specifically of a sexual nature, we developed and psychometrically evaluated a measure, the Sexual Self-Objectification Scale. Initial validation occurred in Study 1, wherein 500 women who participated online via Amazon's Mechanical Turk were divided into two samples to examine the theorized factor structure (training sample, n = 250) and obtain validity evidence (validation sample, n = 250). In the training sample, item factor analysis supported a 17-item, two-factor measure, with one factor capturing self-concept and presentation, and the other capturing romantic/sexual partner-specific sexual self-objectification. In the validation sample, analyses confirmed the scale structure and supported construct validity via expected associations with related constructs (e.g., objectification, sexualization, sexism). Study 2 confirmed the scale structure with a sample of college women and evaluated test-retest reliability (confirmation sample, n = 355). Findings suggest that the Sexual Self-Objectification Scale is a psychometrically sound and distinct measure that can be used, among other things, to examine whether the tenets of objectification theory hold for sexually focused self-objectification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Abstract Background In patients with IBD quality of life (QoL) is a fundamental long-term therapeutic target1. Given the significant role that school plays in the daily lives of paediatric patients, understanding its impact on their QoL is crucial2. The present study aimed to evaluate patients’ perspectives on their relationship with school, with the goal of identifying areas for practical improvement. Methods An anonymized survey was distributed (02/2020-11/2024) to all paediatric IBD patients and families registered with the Italian patient association AMICI. Data collected included disease type, sex and school grade (primary, secondary school, college), along with disease awareness and responses to a 20-item questionnaire evaluating various aspects of the school experience (Table 1). Questions included binary (yes/no) or ternary (often/sometimes/never) response options. Results A total of 362 patients (54% females; median age 16 years, IQR 13-18) responded to the survey, with the majority attending secondary school or college (326/362, 90%). Most respondents reported being aware of their disease (327/362, 90%; 38% with Crohn’s disease, 48% with ulcerative colitis) and its chronic nature (311/362, 86% - Table 2). While a significant proportion (269/362, 74%) expressed a positive attitude towards school and had disclosed their condition to at least 1 person within the school environment (286/362, 79%), several challenges were identified. In terms of empathy, only 25% (91/362) and 23% (84/362) felt to be often understood by teachers and peers, respectively. Toilet access was problematic, with just 48% (172/362) reporting unrestricted access and 62% (225/362) expressing fear of using school bathrooms (Table 1). Additionally, 25% (91/362) reported being teased due to their condition, while 22% (80/362) experienced direct aggression and/or physical/verbal bullying. Almost half (172/362, 48%) attended school despite feeling unwell to avoid criticism, with a minority having access to a support teacher (54/362, 15%) or opportunities to catch up on missed lessons (191/362, 53%). To address these issues, patients’ suggestions were training programs to educate teachers/peers (108/362, 29%) and practical improvements in restroom access/organization and absences management (51/362, 14%). Conclusion Despite existing awareness campaigns, national/international initiatives to educate school staff/peers and foster understanding should be implemented to ensure a more inclusive school environment, improving paediatric IBD QoL. Patient associations can play a pivotal role by identifying patients daily needs and facilitating collaboration between healthcare providers, educators and policymakers to develop tailored programs addressing emergent challenges. References 1.Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, et al. STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1570-1583. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.031 2.Freckmann M, Seipp A, Laass MW, et al. School-related experience and performance with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a cross-sectional survey in 675 children and their parents. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2018;5(1):e000236. doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2018-000236

Background: Alcohol administration paradigms are widely used to test the effects of alcohol on human aggression. However, methods used to implement alcohol administration designs can vary considerably, with implications for impact and generalizability.Objectives: This review summarizes and critically evaluates design features of alcohol administration studies on aggression to inform protocol development and provide recommendations for reporting practices.Methods: Ninety-seven studies that employed alcohol administration to study the effects of alcohol on interpersonal aggression were coded for methodological features, including the scope of aggressive behavior and sample characteristics, alcohol administration protocols, and elicitation of alcohol-related expectancies.Results: Alcohol administration studies of aggression have used relatively homogenous samples and aggression paradigms, especially laboratory analogues of alcohol-involved physical aggression. In the alcohol condition, researchers tended to induce relatively high intoxication (mean BrAC = 0.08) using a mixed liquor drink, though drinking and absorption periods relevant for breath alcohol concentration when aggression was assessed were less consistent. Almost all studies with a placebo condition (n = 65 out of 69) included beverage features to enhance alcohol-related expectancies and bolster believability, but only a third told placebo participants they received alcohol. Recommendations for reporting are presented in a checklist.Conclusion: This review identifies several future methodological directions, including greater inclusion of underrepresented individuals and types of aggression (e.g. sexual, intimate partner), consistent reporting of alcohol administration procedures, and evaluation of placebo enhancement strategies. Maximizing the rigor and replicability of these designs is essential for efforts to understand and reduce alcohol-related aggression.

Objective: Many universities utilize bystander intervention training to address high rates of sexual assault on college campuses. To that end, research has long sought to characterize common barriers to bystander intervention to inform future programming efforts. However, recent efforts have also noted the importance of understanding intervention facilitators, or factors that encourage someone to help in risk situations. For example, a moral obligation to "step in" has been highlighted as a potential facilitator among college students who have intervened in sexual risk situations. Higher levels of empathy are also noted as encouraging prosocial intervention behaviors. Yet, what remains to be examined is the possibility that a greater combination of progressive moral foundations and empathic concern may favorably impact perceptions of barriers and behaviors as related to sexual assault bystander intervention. Method: The present study tested this hypothesis in a sample of 1,144 undergraduate students who completed self-report assessments related to moral foundations, empathy, and perceptions of barriers and proactive behaviors in light of sexual assault risk. Results: A series of moderation analyses revealed those who endorsed a greater combination of progressive moral foundations and empathic concern reported less perceived barriers and increased engagement in sexual assault bystander intervention behaviors. By contrast, those with lower empathy reported greater barriers and less intervention behaviors even in the presence of progressive moral foundations. Conclusions: Should these virtues be modifiable as research suggests, activities enhancing progressive moral foundations and empathic concern may be important additions to bystander intervention programming on college campuses.

Abstract The presence of high endothelial venules (HEV) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in solid tumors is correlated with favorable prognosis and better responses to immune checkpoint blockade in many cancer types. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying intratumoral HEV and TLS formation and their contribution to antitumor responses may facilitate the development of improved treatment strategies. Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling is a critical regulator of lymph node organogenesis and can cooperate with antiangiogenic and immune checkpoint blockade treatment to augment tumor-associated HEV formation. In this study, we demonstrated that LTβR signaling modulates the tumor microenvironment via multiple mechanisms to promote antitumor T-cell responses. Systemic activation of the LTβR pathway via agonistic antibody treatment induced tumor-specific HEV formation, upregulated the expression of TLS-related chemokines, and enhanced dendritic cell (DC) and T-cell infiltration and activation in syngeneic tumor models. In vitro studies confirmed direct effects of LTβR agonism on DC activation and maturation and associated DC-mediated T-cell activation. Single-agent LTβR agonist treatment inhibited syngeneic tumor growth in a CD8+ T-cell–dependent and HEV-dependent manner, and the LTβR agonist enhanced antitumor effects of anti-PD-1 and CAR T-cell therapies. An in vivo tumor screen for TLS-inducing cytokines revealed that the combination of LTβR agonism and lymphotoxin ⍺ expression promoted robust intratumoral TLS induction and enhanced tumor responses to anti-CTLA4 treatment. Collectively, this study highlights crucial functions of LTβR signaling in modulating the tumor microenvironment and could inform future HEV/TLS-based strategies for cancer treatments. Significance: LTβR mediates tumor-specific high endothelial venule formation and immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment that promotes antitumor immune responses, supporting LTβR agonism as an approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapies.

OBJECTIVE:Alcohol misuse is common among women who have experienced sexual violence and is often attributed to the self-medication model of alcohol use to alleviate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Despite the proximal theorized role of PTSD symptoms, less attention has been given to daily associations between PTSD symptoms, trauma-related drinking to cope (TRD) motives, and ensuing alcohol use by survivors. Moreover, despite indications that poor sleep impacts affective functioning and may exacerbate daily PTSD symptoms, the role of sleep duration and quality in drinking to cope with PTSD symptoms is not well understood. This study examined an integrated model testing whether shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality predict greater daily PTSD symptoms and, in turn, greater alcohol use later that day through TRD motives. METHOD:Participants were 82 cisgender women (Mage = 22.8, 73.2% White, 13.4% Hispanic/Latina, 56.1% heterosexual, 30.5% bisexual) who had experienced sexual violence. Participants completed ecological momentary assessment measures and wore actigraphs for 3 weeks. RESULTS:Contrary to hypotheses, shorter-than-usual sleep duration did not predict greater alcohol use quantity via daily PTSD symptoms and TRD motives. However, poorer-than-usual sleep quality predicted greater PTSD symptoms that day, which in turn predicted greater same-day TRD motives. CONCLUSIONS:Findings underscore the importance of sleep quality in heightened PTSD symptoms but suggest survivors did not drink more to alleviate trauma-related distress. Future research should examine other drinking motives among survivors to inform proximal interventions to prevent alcohol misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Abstract Background Anemia is a common extraintestinal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an impact on patients’ quality of life. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of anemia and its characteristics at the diagnosis in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to investigate its trend during follow-up. Methods We conducted an observational, multicenter cohort study including data of IBD children with anemia at the diagnosis enrolled in the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) IBD registry. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and endoscopic data were collected at the diagnosis and anemia trend was evaluated at 1-year follow-up. Anemia was diagnosed based on the WHO criteria and classified as mild, moderate, and severe accordingly. Results Five hundred eighty-nine [295 CD (50%) and 294 UC/IBDU (50%)] out of 1634 with IBD presented with anemia, resulting in a prevalence of 36%. Anemia rate was higher in CD than in UC (39% vs 33%, p = 0.009). Most patients presented at the diagnosis with moderate anemia (55%). The most common forms of anemia were iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and combined inflammatory and IDA anemia (InflIDA), both present in 42% of children. Only 15% of children had anemia of inflammation. Children with CD had higher rates of mild anemia than UC (38% vs 33%, p<0.0001), while severe anemia was more common in UC (13% vs 6%, p= 0.001) as well as IDA (53% vs 31%, p<0.0001). Younger age and lower albumin levels significantly correlated with the severity of the anemia in CD. In UC, females were more likely to experience severe anemia (69% vs 47%, p=0.02) and an extensive disease was more prevalent in children with moderate and severe anemia then in those with mild anemia (p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). At 1 year, 99 children (17%) were still anemic. At multivariable logistic regression analysis, baseline wPCDAI and SES-CD significantly correlated with the persistence of anemia at 1 year in CD. No variables correlated with the persistence of anemia in UC. Conclusion More than one-third of pediatric patients present with anemia at the diagnosis of IBD, most commonly moderate. A severe anemia is most common in UC compared to CD. Iron deficiency anemia (alone or in its form of InflIDA) is the most common cause of anemia in children with IBD. One out of five is still anemic after 1 year from the diagnosis.