Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of anticancer agents that combine targeting antibodies with potent cytotoxic agents. Their molecular configuration allows for increased therapeutic efficacy and reduced adverse-effect profiles compared to monoclonal antibodies or cytotoxic chemotherapy alone. ADCs cause off-target toxicities through several mechanisms, including premature deconjugation of the cytotoxic agent in the serum and the presence of the targeted antigen on normal tissues. Given cutaneous adverse events comprise 31.3% of all-grade adverse events in clinical trials involving ADCs, dermatologists are increasingly called upon to manage the cutaneous toxicities caused by these drugs. In this review, we summarize known cutaneous toxicities of the ADCs that have been approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration to date. Dermatologists can play a key role in recognizing cutaneous reactions associated with ADCs, contributing to guidelines for their management, and aiding during clinical trials to generate detailed morphologic and histopathologic descriptions of cutaneous toxicities caused by ADCs.

Despite rising melanoma incidence in recent decades, there is a trend towards overall decreased mortality, reflecting multiple factors including improved treatment options for metastatic disease. While local treatments are the mainstay for early-stage melanoma, metastatic disease necessitates systemic treatment, with oncolytic virotherapy emerging as a promising option. For this review, articles were retrieved from PubMed from 1964 through 2024. We conducted title, abstract and full-text screening in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify articles describing the use of coxsackievirus A21 (V937), either as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy for malignant melanoma. Fifteen articles met inclusion criteria, offering preclinical and clinical data on V937's efficacy in reducing tumour burden. In addition to reporting manageable safety profiles, clinical trial data examining intratumoral V937 combination therapy with pembrolizumab and ipilimumab also endorsed favourable objective response rates compared to immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy (47% vs. 38% and 21% vs. 10%, respectively). In contrast, intravenous V937 monotherapy failed to yield additional benefit in a cohort of patients with Stage IIIC/IV melanoma (n = 3) despite achieving detectable levels in tumour tissue (1 × 109 TCID50). Although small subsets of patients experienced severe adverse effects and study design limitations imposed constraints on collected data, evidence for the efficacy of V937 remains encouraging. With few clinical trials evaluating V937 in melanoma, additional data is required before routine usage in standard treatment for metastatic lesions.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a comorbidity in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are antidiabetic agents that have anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate whether treating patients with HS and concomitant T2DM using SGLT2i improves clinical outcomes compared to other standard oral antidiabetic therapies.

Objective: The primary objective was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on volume, demographics, and mechanisms of injury (MOI) for patients seen at an urban multidisciplinary concussion center. During the first phase of the pandemic in the United States, stay-at-home orders led to decreased group activities and required cancellation of outpatient appointments or initiation of telemedicine visits.Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of 3500 patient electronic medical records (EMR). Patients aged 1-99 years were eligible if they had been seen at New York University Langone Health Concussion Center during March 1-December 31, 2019 (control/pre-pandemic period) or during the same period in 2020 (pandemic period). Injury date, appointment date, age, sex, and MOI were captured; statistical analyses were performed using Stata17 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).Results: There were 48% fewer visits during the COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the 2019 control period. There was a decreased proportion of pediatric patients (15% control, 6% pandemic; p = 0.007, chi-square test). Fewer concussions were related to team sports (21% control, 5% pandemic; p < 0.001), and a greater proportion were caused by bicycle accidents (4% control, 8% pandemic; p = 0.037) and assault/domestic violence (3% control, 9% pandemic; p < 0.001).Conclusion: The relative proportions of concussion MOI, age distributions, and visit volumes were significantly associated with pre-pandemic vs. pandemic periods, suggesting that COVID-19 changed concussion epidemiology during the pandemic period. This study demonstrates how epidemiologic data may inform future resource allocation during public health emergencies.

Th17 cells have been investigated in mice primarily for their contributions to autoimmune diseases. However, the pathways of differentiation of Th17 and related (type 17) cells and the structure of the type 17 memory population in humans are not well understood; such understanding is critical for manipulating these cells in vivo . By exploiting differences in levels of surface CCR6, we found that human type 17 memory cells, including individual T cell clonotypes, form an elongated continuum of type 17 character along which cells can be driven by increasing RORγt. This continuum includes cells preserved within the memory pool with potentials that reflect the early preferential activation of multiple over single lineages. The CCR6 + cells' phenotypes and epigenomes are stable across cell divisions under homeostatic conditions. Nonetheless, activation in polarizing and non-polarizing conditions can yield additional functionalities, revealing, respectively, both environmentally induced and imprinted mechanisms that contribute differentially across the continuum to yield the unusual plasticity ascribed to type 17 cells.

Background: This study examines the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on computed tomography (CT)-based oncologic imaging utilization.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed cancer-related CT scans during four time periods: pre-COVID (1/5/20-3/14/20), COVID peak (3/15/20-5/2/20), post-COVID peak (5/3/20-12/19/20), and vaccination period (12/20/20-10/30/21). We analyzed CTs by imaging indication, setting, and hospital type. Using percentage decrease computation and Student's t-test, we calculated the change in mean number of weekly cancer-related CTs for all periods compared to the baseline pre-COVID period. This study was performed at a single academic medical center and three affiliated hospitals.Results: During the COVID peak, mean CTs decreased (-43.0%, p < 0.001), with CTs for (1) cancer screening, (2) initial workup, (3) cancer follow-up, and (4) scheduled surveillance of previously treated cancer dropping by 81.8%, 56.3%, 31.7%, and 45.8%, respectively (p < 0.001). During the post-COVID peak period, cancer screenings and initial workup CTs did not return to prepandemic imaging volumes (-11.4%, p = 0.028; -20.9%, p = 0.024). The ED saw increases in weekly CTs compared to prepandemic levels (+31.9%, p = 0.008), driven by increases in cancer follow-up CTs (+56.3%, p < 0.001). In the vaccination period, cancer screening CTs did not recover to baseline (-13.5%, p = 0.002) and initial cancer workup CTs doubled (+100.0%, p < 0.001). The ED experienced increased cancer-related CTs (+75.9%, p < 0.001), driven by cancer follow-up CTs (+143.2%, p < 0.001) and initial workups (+46.9%, p = 0.007).Conclusions and relevance: The pandemic continues to impact cancer care. We observed significant declines in cancer screening CTs through the end of 2021. Concurrently, we observed a 2x increase in initial cancer workup CTs and a 2.4x increase in cancer follow-up CTs in the ED during the vaccination period, suggesting a boom of new cancers and more cancer examinations associated with emergency level acute care.

Integration of an intensive innovation education bootcamp into a large international conference demonstrates statistically significant increases in participant understanding and knowledge of healthcare innovation.

Mentorship in medicine is an important part of academic advancement and career success among numerous groups. Goals of mentoring initiatives generally include scholarship, academic promotion, and retention [1]. Mentorship has also demonstrated positive effects when applied to women and underrepresented populations in medicine [1,2]. It has been reported that self-initiated mentorship matching demonstrates significantly greater positive impact as reported by mentees compared with assigned mentors, including facilitating success in grant funding and research [3,4].

Introduction: English proficiency and race are both independently known to affect surgical access and quality, but relatively little is known about the impact of race and limited English proficiency (LEP) on admission for emergency surgery from the emergency department (ED). Our objective was to examine the influence of race and English proficiency on admission for emergency surgery from the ED. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study from January 1–December 31, 2019 at a large, quaternary-care urban, academic medical center with a 66-bed ED Level I trauma and burn center. We included ED patients of all self-reported races reporting a preferred language other than English and requiring an interpreter or declaring English as their preferred language (control group). A multivariable logistic regression was fit to assess the association of LEP status, race, age, gender, method of arrival to the ED, insurance status, and the interaction between LEP status and race with admission for surgery from the ED. Results: A total of 85,899 patients (48.1% female) were included in this analysis, of whom 3,179 (3.7%) were admitted for emergent surgery. Regardless of LEP status, patients identifying as Black (odds ratio [OR] 0.456, 95% CI 0.388–0.533; P<0.005), Asian [OR 0.759, 95% CI 0.612–0.929]; P=0.009), or female [OR 0.926, 95% CI 0.862–0.996]; P=0.04) had significantly lower odds for admission for surgery from the ED compared to White patients. Compared to individuals on Medicare, those with private insurance [OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13–1.39; P <0.005) were significantly more likely to be admitted for emergent surgery, whereas those without insurance [OR 0.581, 95% CI 0.323–0.958; P=0.05) were significantly less likely to be admitted for emergent surgery. There was no significant difference in odds of admission for surgery between LEP vs non-LEP patients. Conclusion: Individuals without health insurance and those identifying as female, Black, or Asian had significantly lower odds of admission for surgery from the ED compared to those with health insurance, males, and those self-identifying as White, respectively. Future studies should assess the reasons underpinning this finding to elucidate impact on patient outcomes.

IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with decreased surgical procedure volumes, but existing studies have not investigated this association beyond the end of 2020, analyzed changes during the post-vaccine release period, or quantified these changes by patient acuity. OBJECTIVE To quantify changes in the volume of surgical procedures at a 1017-bed academic quaternary care center from January 6, 2019, to December 31, 2021. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, 129 596 surgical procedure volumes were retrospectively analyzed during 4 periods: pre-COVID-19 (January 6, 2019, to January 4, 2020), COVID-19 peak (March 15.2020, to May 2, 2020), post-COVID-19 peak (May 3, 2020, to January 2, 2021), and post-vaccine release (January 3, 2021, to December 31, 2021). Surgery volumes were analyzed by subspecialty and case class (elective, emergent, nonurgent, urgent). Statistical analysis was by autoregressive integrated moving average modeling. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome of this study was the change in weekly surgical procedure volume across the 4 COVID-19 periods. RESULTS A total of 129 596 records of surgical procedures were reviewed. During the COVID-19 peak, overall weekly surgical procedure volumes (mean [SD] procedures per week, 40 6.0 0 [171.45]; 95% CI, 234.56-577.46) declined 44.6% from pre-COVID-19 levels (mean [SD] procedures per week, 732.37 [12.70]; 95% CI, 719.67-745.08; P < .001). This weekly volume decrease occurred across all surgical subspecialties. During the post-COVID peak period, overall weekly surgical volumes (mean [SD] procedures per week, 624.31 [142.45]; 95% CI, 481.85-766.76) recovered to only 85.8% of pre-COVID peak volumes (P < .001). This insufficient recovery was inconsistent across subspecialties and case classes. During the post-vaccine release period, although some subspecialties experienced recovery to pre-COVID-19 volumes, others continued to experience declines. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This quaternary care institution effectively responded to the pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic by substantially decreasing surgical procedure volumes during the peak of the pandemic. However, overall surgical procedure volumes did not fully recover to pre-COVID-19 levels well into 2021, with inconsistent recovery rates across subspecialties and case classes. These declines suggest that delays in surgical procedures may result in potentially higher morbidity rates in the future. The differential recovery rates across subspecialties may inform institutional focus for future operational recovery.

African American women wearing their natural Afrocentric hair without altering its texture have long been discriminated against in the workplace, at school, in the military, in the justice system, and more. This phenomenon has been found to be mainly driven by the notion that African American women wearing their natural hair are less professional than African American women wearing chemically treated, Eurocentric hair (Opie & Phillips, 2015). In prior work, dimensions such as perceived dominance, intelligence, and unpleasantness have been explored as potential mechanisms playing a role in the relationship between African American hair and perceived professionalism. Here, we explore an additional such dimension: perceived competence. In a sample of 186 predominantly white Cloud Research participants, we found that African American women wearing their natural Afrocentric hair were perceived both implicitly and explicitly as being less competent than African American women wearing Eurocentric hair, and that the implicit and explicit attitudes were not correlated. These findings are relevant to understanding barriers that may hinder African American women in their academic and professional careers.

In the adult brain, biases in the allocation of spatial attention can be measured using a line bisection task and are directly relatable to neural attention signals in the fronto-parietal attention network. Behavioral studies on the development of spatial biases have yielded a host of inconsistent results, likely due to variance in sample size, definition of experimental groups, and motor confounds introduced by using a paper-and-pencil version of a line bisection task. Here, we used a perceptual, computerized version of this task and examined the development of spatial biases in 459 children from grades 1-8 and 61 college freshmen. We found that children in early elementary grades exerted a significant leftward bias that gradually diminished with advancing grade level. We further show that among children in early elementary school grades, the degree of leftward spatial bias predicted better performance on a rapid automatized naming test, a predictor of reading ability. Significant leftward biases in early elementary school grades may be due to reading experience, thereby reflecting an interaction of the attention network with the evolving reading network.