当前，植烟土壤中长期单一地施用化学肥料，导致土壤功能退化，制约了烟区可持续发展，施用生物有机肥是植烟土壤生态修复的重要措施之一。烟叶收获后，残留大量的烟秆、烟根等烟株残体，若不及时清除，很容易污染烟区环境。如何利用田间资源丰富的烟草秸秆废弃物制造生物有机肥，并应用到烟叶及其他作物生产中，以符合当前循环农业的发展方向。但是，开发烟草秸秆生物有机肥并非易事，烟草秸秆不易分解、烟碱含量高、病源菌携带等问题一直制约着烟草秸秆生物有机肥开发。从2008年开始，恩施州烟草公司在湖北省公司的统一部署下，联合湖北省烟草科学研究院、华中农业大学国家农业微生物重点实验室等科技机构，启动了“烟草秸秆生物有机肥研制与产业化应用”项目。

Effects of different rates of selenium ore powders on agronomic characters,economic characters,chemical constituent and selenium content of flue-cured tobacco were studied by applying selenium ore powders in soil.The results showed that application of selenium ore powders had no obvious effect on agronomic characters during different stages,but significantly improved the economic characters and coordinated chemical constituent,increased the selenium content of cured tobacco.Under the conditions of this study,it was proper to apply selenium ore powders at 1.0 kg /(66 m2).

Based on analysis of representative tobacco leaf samples in Enshi tobacco-growing areas,the differences of tobacco leaves’ quality characteristic under 3 different altitudes,≤800 m,800～1 300 m,and ≥1 300 m,were compared.Results indicated that altitude was very significantly positive correlated with total sugar content,sugar-alkali ratio,and schmuck value,while significantly negatively correlated with total alkaloid content of tobacco leaves.With the increase of altitude,the proportion of tobacco leaves with thick-delicate flavor increased;while the proportion of tobacco leaves with middle-thick flavor decreased;the proportion of tobacco leaves with middle-thick flavor did not changed a lot with altitude.

【Objective】The characteristics of aroma type and quality difference in Enshi tobacco-growing areas were studied to provide references for oriented production of Enshi superior tobacco leaves and material demand from tobacco companies. 【Method】Using SAS 9.1 software, the representative tobacco leaf samples were collected from tobacco growing areas to determine the appearance quality, the content of chemical composition and the smoking quality. 【Result】There were three main aroma types in Enshi tobacco-growing areas, viz., thick and delicate type, thick biasing moderate type and moderate inclined to thick type. The major types were thick and delicate and thick biasing moderate. The quality of tobacco leaves varied among the three aroma types. The appearance quality of thick and delicate type and thick biasing moderate type were significantly better than that of moderate inclined to thick type. The contents of total sugar, total nitrogen and total nicotine in tobacco leaves had important impacts on aroma types. The content of total sugar in tobacco leaves of thick and delicate type was the most. The contents of total nitrogen, total nicotine and protein in tobacco leaves of moderate inclined to thick type were the highest. The quality of aroma, the amount of aroma, the after-taste, the miscellaneous gas and the smoking scores showed significant difference among the three aroma types. The quality of aroma and the amount of aroma in tobacco leaves of thick and delicate type were the best, and its comprehensive scores of sensory evaluation were the highest. While the moderate inclined to thick type showed the lowest scores. 【Conclusion】The types of thick and delicate and thick biasing moderate were the majority in Enshi tobaccogrowing areas. The proportion of thick and delicate type tobacco leaves rises with the increase of altitude. Therefore, to further showcase the characteristics of tobacco leaves in Enshi tobacco-growing areas, the emphasis should be laid on developing thick and delicate type tobacco leaves .

Harmful components in cigarette smoke from selenium-enriched tobacco leaves were measured and analyzed. These selenium-enriched tobacco leaves were either naturally grown in field or through spiking, or through pot experiment. Results indicated that: (1) Using natural selenium-enriched burley tobacco as raw material reduced B(a)P, TSNA, and NH3 delivery, while natural grown selenium-enriched flue-cured tobacco leaves reduced B(a)P, HCN and crotonic aldehyde delivery. (2) Adding organic selenium at 10μg·cig-1 or inorganic selenium at 2 μg·cig-1 in cigarette blend reduced B(a)P, NNK, NNN, NAB, HCN and NH3 delivery. (3) Fertilizing exogenous selenium during agricultural process resulted in reduced yield of phenol, crotonic aldehyde, HCN, NH3, but increased yield of CO and NNK. In summary, adding selenium can be considered as a positive measure to reduce harmful effect of cigarette smoke.

Effects of different rates of selenium ore powders on physiological characteristics,qualities and selenium accumulation of tobacco seedling were studied by applying selenium ore powders in the nursery pond during seedling stage.The results showed that it significantly improved the growing,chlorophyll,soluble sugar content,root activity and the selenium content of tobacco seedling with the using of selenium ore powders.The rising of chlorophyll and droping of stomatal limitation were probably the reasons of increasing net photosynthetic rate by applying of selenium ore powders in low dosage and the decreasing of net photosynthetic rate was probably determined by stomatal factors under high dosage.Under the conditions of this study,it was proper to applying selenium ore powders of 24.6 kg per hectares during seedling stage.

The relationships between main climatic factors and chemical components of flue -cured tobacco leaves in major to-bacco-planting districts of Yanbian city were analyzed .The results showed that:in Yanbian area , the contents of total sugar and nicotine in middle-part tobacco leaves were relatively high , but the content of total nitrogen was slightly low .During the growth of flue-cured tobacco in field , the air temperature was suitable , the rainfall changed obviously and seasonally , the sunshine time was sufficient, and the relative humidity was less changed .There were significant or extremely significant correlations between climatic factors and chemical components of tobacco leaves .The rainfall had the greatest influence on the chemical components of tobacco leaves, followed by the sunshine duration and average relative humidity , while the average air temperature had the weakest influ-ence.

The characteristics of regional distribution and quality of different flavor types from Enshi(Yunyan 87,C3F) were analyzed.The results showed that the distribution at different altitude was different among three flavor types.The tobacco leaves had intense-to-intermediary and intermediary-to-intense fragrance in all altitudes,but the intense with delicate character only existed under 800 m.The total sugar and reducing sugar from different flavor types were higher than normal,but the chlorine content of tobacco leaves was lower than normal.The harmony of chemical composition still needed to be improved.The sensory quality of different flavor types were fine,especially the intense with delicate character.

Hefeng big Ⅴ was a new burley variety selected from the variant plants of B37 by a tobacco grower in Zouma town,Hefeng county.The experiment results showed that the new variety had some good qualities such as tidy field growth,cylinder-shaped plant,plant height at 220 cm,31～42 total leaves,field growth period with 115 days,appropriate phylliform of upper leaves,and relatively concentrate mature of middle-upper leaves.After curing,the burley had reddish brown color mainly,good leaf evenness,suitable chemical constituents,significant aromatic style,appropriate fume density,sweat tasty,good aromatic quality and good flammability.Based on years of comparative test and demonstration,the average yield and value of the new variety was 3 552 kg/hm2 and 31 421 yuan/hm2,respectively,46.4% and 35.1% higher than the control Eyan No.1.The ratio of medium leaf was 52.6%,22.1 percentage points higher than that of control.The Hefeng big Ⅴ had high resistance to blank shank,brown spot disease,TMV and potato Y virus disease.Overall,Hefeng big Ⅴ had good comprehensive properties such as high-yield,good disease and drought resistance.

Objective: To screen out the strains that can tolerant high dose of selenium in the high-Se environment of Yutangba.Methods: Three strains were screened out by isolation and purification culture.The strains were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii,Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis.Result :Characteristics of the strains were studied and two of them had the ability to tolerant and reduce selenium of 33000 μg/ml.They grew slowly in the selenium of 46500 μg/ml.Conclusions: The finding of the strains played an important role in the control of high-Se environment pollution and the supplement of selenium in Agriculture products.

To study the effects of transplanting time on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco,we designed transplanting test in Xuanen,Lichuan and Badong.The results showed that: in Xuanen,Shifting the transplanting date to earlier date properly could improve the yield and quality,e,g.in the end of April or beginning of May;in Lichuan there was significant difference among the chemical components of the four treatments.The treatment three and four were better than the other treatments,transplanted tobacco in middle to late May was appropriate;In Badong,the chemical components of tobacco which transplanted on May 9th were more harmonious than on earlier or later dates.Therefore,we suggest the best transplanting date should be on early or middle May.

In this paper,we introduced the style of Qingjiang source brand tobacco in Enshi,Hubei,which is sweet,elegance and aroma,and its characteristics,which is selenium-rich and lower-damage,green and ecological.The Se content in tobacco leaves and soil,their relation,the Se role in reducing tar and lessening harm were investigated.The future direction for the characteristic tobacco development was also proposed.

The security analysis and evaluation of selenium-enriched cigarettes were carried out on the basis of different contents of selenium in cigarettes.After we carried out the safety assessment such as micronucleus test,survival test,ames test,we found selenium-enriched cigarettes were highly safe.Furthermore,the safety of cigarettes was higher by adding organic selenium than by adding inorganic selenium.

Hefeng Big was developed from Burley 37 by using system selection,with stable genetic traits and unanimously tidy group,and released by the Hubei Board for Tobacco Variety Examination and Review in August,2010.Its major economic characters were better than the control variety Eyan 1.The cured leaves are mainly reddish brown,with moderate to strong luster,loose structure,harmonious chemical components;the type of aroma belongs to full burley delicacy with pure after taste,good aroma,aroma is still adequate to more adequate levels thick,finish is still clean,remaining sense of shengjin,mixed gas to a slight,moderate irritation to the smaller,combustion is better,ash gray.Overall quality of the medium to better meet requirement of the tobacco industry.Hefeng Big V has good resistance to TMV,black shank,bacterial wilt,climate of scab and brown spot,and good drought-tolerant ability.

The correlations between altitudes and chemical constituents in leaves of tobacco were analyzed within the altitude of 500-1 600 m in Enshi.The results showed that the total sugar and reducing sugar content of tobacco leaves were positively related to the altitude,but the correlation between total alkaloids and altitudes was negative,and these effects were more in the upper and middle leaf than the lower leaf.In 800-1 400 m growing areas,most harmonic chemical components in tobacco leaves were found,thus the high quality tobacco leaves.

We conducted field experiments in an attempt to access various impacts of using Selenium-rich Organo-Mineral Fertilizers on the roots of tobacco,especially the production quantity of tobacco,,internal quality and selenium concentrations of tobacco.The results indicated that Selenium-rich Organo-mineral Fertilizers did not have negative effects on tobacco growth.On the contrary,they increased the output,improved the appearance and internal qualities of tobacco,and increased the concentration of selenium in tobacco.We did two plot experiments from 2009 to 2010,and one field experiment in 2010.The plot experiment in 2009 showed that the concentration of selenium in tobacco increased by 35.3% in treatment 3,as well as by 37.3% in treatment 4 compared to CK.Also,the selenium concentration increased by 45.8% in field experiment in 2010.The appropriate amount of selenium-rich Organo-mineral fertilizer was 750 kg/ha.

We analyzed the main chemical components in middle leaves of the flue-cured tobacco in Enshi of the year 2008 and 2009.The results showed that the differences of quality suitable range index was little between 2008 and 2009.The average quality suitable range index are as follow: reducing sugar 27.20%-30.54%,total sugar 32.03%-36.30%,totalalkaloids 2.20%-2.76%,total nitrogen 1.66%-1.99%,the difference between the total sugar and reducing sugar 3.73%-6.88%,the ratio of reducing sugar to total alkaloids 10.29-13.35,the ratio of total sugar to total alkaloids 12.12-15.88,the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar 0.81-0.89,the ratio of total sugar to total nitrogen 16.46-21.48,and the ratio of reducing sugar to total nitrogen 14.09-17.93.Compared with Guizhou,Shandong and Yunnan province,the chemical components and ratios in Enshi were at middle level,and the reducing sugar,total sugar,total alkaloids,the difference between the total sugar and reducing sugar,the ratio of reducing sugar to total alkaloids and the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar were closed to Yunnan province.The chemical components and ratios of the flue-cured tobacco middle leaves in Enshi were harmonious,which meets the requirement of high quality tobacco leaves.

The influence of different harvesting methods on quantity and quality of burley tobacco during air-curing were studied.The results showed that half-stalk cutting without main vein cutting was the best.Water in leaves lost slowly by this method,and the leaves colour was dark and even,leaves tissue structure was loose,gloss was high,the average price,the proportion of finest and middle grade were higher than others.The chemical compositions were balanced,quantity of aroma was sufficient,it had small amount of offensive odor,and smell was comfortable,combustibility was well,ash was white.

Taking flue-cured tobacco Yunyan 87 as test material, this paper studied its photosynthesis and dry matter production at seedling stage under 100%, 88%, 72%, and 62% natural light intensities. At noon of sunny days, 100% natural light intensity inhibited the photosynthesis, while proper shading (88% natural light intensity) could eliminate the inhibition, and the daily photosynthesis was significantly higher than other treatments. Shading reduced the light saturation point and compensation point, enhanced the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis and the net photosynthetic rate under weak light, increased the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, but decreased the chlorophyll a/b and cartenoids contents. Under 88% natural light intensity, tobacco seedlings had higher light saturation point, lower compensation point, higher suitability to the change of light intensity, and higher photosynthetic potentiality. 100% natural light intensity was more advantageous to the transfer of dry matter and soluble sugar to stem, while 88% natural light intensity was more beneficial to the transfer of dry matter and soluble sugar to root. Under the conditions of this experiment, proper shading (88% natural light intensity treatment) could improve the seedling quality of flue-cured tobacco.

The characteristics of polyphenols in Hubei flue-cured tobacco(K326) and the relationship between it and altitude in Hubei were analyzed.The results indicated that:(1)The average content of polyphenols was 37.63 mg/g and the content gradually increased with tobacco leaves from top to bottom.(2) The correlation analysis between polyphenols and altitude indicated that the polyphenols content in C3F and X2F grades significantly increased with altitude rising.(3) Altitude and tannic,chrysatropic acid,flavonoid,polyphenol could be classified into 3 groups by Cluster analysis.When B2F,C3F and X2F grades under the altitude range from 1050m to 1200m,the contents of polyphenols were higher.