本文重点介绍本人近年来逐步形成并首次提出的动物健康营养理论和技术体系.这是国际动物营养学科发展在战略方向上的重大突破.本人在国际上首次提出由自由基稳态失衡为主导的氧化应激—炎症反应—免疫功能失衡三方联动效应健康营养的核心理念,揭开了病理条件下营养代谢基本特征,同时也是动物疾病,特别是非传染疾病发生的根本原因,为动物健康营养管理提供了正确的方向,具有十分重要的理论意义和实际应用价值.在此基础上,本人首次提出动物健康营养理论和技术体系,为健康养殖提供了一个系统集成型的营养技术方案.

国内外有关饲料或食物营养活性物质的研究,特别是对其健康效应的研究,可以称之为现代动物营养学的一个里程碑式的进展.在动物营养学和饲料学领域对营养活性物质的研究属于一块尚未充分开发的领域.到目前为止,人们对饲料中这些营养活性物质虽然已有所了解,但是对其研究甚少,尤其是对其作用机制尚不十分清楚.大力开展这一领域的研究是一项迫在眉睫的重大课题.卢德勋提出的营养活性物质组学理论为这一战略课题开展指明了正确的方向.卢德勋提出的把饲料营养活性物质列入饲料营养正常组成的崭新学术观点为传统饲料营养价值评定技术和日粮配合技术现代化发展提供了新思路,对传统饲料科学整体现代化发展具有开创性贡献.饲料营养活性物质这一课题的研究涉及面广,需要进行较长期多学科协同攻关.文章在综述我们团队多年来取得的研究成果的基础上,对这一领域的研究任务和课题进行扼要的介绍.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在研究基础饲粮条件下绵羊瘤胃乙酸、丁酸产生量的提高对其消化道吸收流通的影响。选用体况良好、1.5岁左右、体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和近端十二指肠瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊6只,随机分为2组,每组3只,一组为乙酸灌注组,另一组为丁酸灌注组。每组设置3个处理,每个处理代表1个灌注的乙酸﹑丁酸水平及1次启动-连续灌注试验。试验通过模拟连续饲喂从而获得瘤胃稳态条件,采用非同位素标记乙酸、丁酸溶液灌注技术进行测定。结果表明:1)随着瘤胃乙酸产生速率的提高,瘤胃pH、瘤胃乙酸吸收率显著下降（P &lt;0.05）,瘤胃乙酸浓度、乙酸吸收速率和乙酸流通速率极显著上升（P&lt;0.01）,瘤胃液相钴（Co）浓度、瘤胃液相小时稀释速率、液相流通速率和液相体积均无显著变化（P&gt;0.05）;瘤胃丁酸产生速率的提高除了对瘤胃液相Co浓度也影响显著（P&lt;0.05）外,对其他指标影响同乙酸处理的变化。2)随着瘤胃乙酸产生速率的提高,各试验羊乙酸十二指肠流通速率逐渐增加（2. 95～3.47 mmol/h）,但各水平间差异不显著（P&gt;0.05）;进入十二指肠的乙酸占进入后消化道总乙酸的比例（5. 68%～3. 35%）极显著下降（P &lt;0. 01）;乙酸在瓣胃﹑真胃的吸收比例（94. 32%～96.65%）极显著上升（P&lt;0.01）。本研究条件下,绵羊瘤胃乙酸、丁酸产生速率的增加提高了其瘤胃浓度,降低了瘤胃pH,提高了其瘤胃吸收速率和瘤胃、十二指肠流通速率,但瘤胃吸收效率下降。</span>

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">&lt;正&gt;1988年10月在成都召开的中国畜禽营养研究会（中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会前身）第三次全国会员代表大会上,第三届理事会决定编辑出版《中国动物营养学报》。1989年10月1日我国历史上第一本《中国动物营养学报》（《动物营养学报》前身,后文简称《学报》）终于和读者见面了。我国著名老一辈动物</span>

The important innovation of nutritional strategy for healthy animal production has been made by Dr Lu Dexun (2018) using thinking mode of system science based on drawing the nutrition-based health strategy raised by Adams (2007), a set of nutritional strategy for healthy animal produc?tion with the characteristics of the times was advanced and spanning development was achieved. This innovated achievement includes the following three aspects: scientific decision making for healthy pro?duction; A series of healthy new ideas need to be presented in animal nutrition field, and the empha?ses of healthy nutrition intervention should be focused on prevention and treatment of non-communica?ble diseases according to the linkage reaction of oxidative stress-inflammation-immune imbalance chain; The technical mode of healthy animal production which conducting systemic operation via ani?mal nutrition engineering technology system. As an integrated technology system, the nutritional strate?gy for healthy animal production enriched and developed the theory and technology of systems nutri?tion of animals proposed by Dr Lu Dexun (2004,2016), produced significant value of theory and prac?tice and made pioneering contribution.

本试验旨在研究1.0 M能量水平条件下绵羊瘤胃乙酸和丁酸的产生、吸收和流通规律并得到可代谢生脂物质（MLS）的测定值。选用6只体况良好、1.5岁左右、体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和近端十二指肠瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊,通过模拟连续饲喂从而获得瘤胃稳态条件,借助非同位素标记乙酸、丁酸溶液的启动-连续灌注技术进行MLS的测定。结果表明:1.0 M能量水平条件下,试验羊瘤胃乙酸﹑丁酸的基本产生速率分别为61.66和23.04 mmol/h;吸收速率分别为47.15和17.86 mmol/h,流通速率分别为14.52和5.19 mmol/h,吸收率分别为76.33%和77.52%。本研究条件下,饲粮每日提供M LS为135.69 g。

时代呼唤着现行饲料科学理论和技术体系与时俱进,当前国际饲料科学正在面临着实现后现代化目标的历史任务.这个历史任务的基本内容就是:与时俱进,与动物营养学科一起携手推进实现学科整体思维方式由分析思维向系统思维的历史性转变,通过创新驱动学科发展,最终实现打造具有鲜明时代特征的饲料科学理论和技术体系升级版的战略目标.文章首次提出饲料科学理论和技术体系升级版的基本框架,并对饲料科学理论和技术研究、创新的重点领域,其中包括饲料的营养价值评定理论和技术,丰富、完善日粮学理论和技术体系,发展现代饲料饲用技术和饲料-营养组学理论研究进行了较深入地介绍和讨论.

The traditional scientific system of animal nutrition has existed for over 100 years, but substantial changes are yet to take place. With the lapse of time, limitations of this traditional scientific system have been more and more evident and such a system should be dramatically revised with innovations. Beginning in the late 1980s, our group started to use system-science principles and approaches in animal nutrition research. The author published a book entitled "An Introduction to Systems-Nutrition of Animals", which marked the birth of a new scientific system in animal nutrition to stimulate further development of this discipline. System-nutrition is defined as a branch of biological sciences that concerns system-level studies of the integrative picture of flux, metabolism, utilization and regulation of nutrients (e.g., proteins and amino acids) from dietary and endogenous origin in the whole animal system at organism, organs, tissues, cells and molecules levels to achieve such goals as nutritional manipulation and prediction, as well as optimum feeding decision and optimum nutritional engineering programs for animal feeding.

Zhang, X., Ding, Y., Qu, M. and Lu, D. 2014. Beneficial effects of ruminal oligosaccharide administration on immunologic system function in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 679–684. Oligosaccharides (Os) are considered prebiotics with potential beneficial immunomodulating effects, although little is known about their effects in ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Os administration on sheep immunologic system function. Sheep were randomly allotted into three different treatment groups (three sheep each): (1) control, infused with equal volume of vehicle distilled water; (2) medium level, infused with 5.4 g Os d−1 (0.6% of basal diet); (3) higher level group, infused with 10.8 g Os d−1 (1.2% of basal diet). The study comprised three experimental stages, each with a 14-d adaptation period and a 21-d experimental period; Os were administered during each experimental period via cannulae placed in the rumen, duodenum or ileum, respectively. At 7, 14 and 21 d of infusion, the proportion of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes was assessed via flow cytometry, and serum IgA/IgG concentrations were analyzed using an ELISA test. The Os infusion increased (P<0.05) the proportion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes hence raising the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio, as well the serum concentrations of IgA and IgG. Interestingly, ruminal infusion yielded the best results, while ileal administration resulted in negative measurements. These findings may be useful to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced immune functions in sheep receiving dietary supplementation with indigestible oligosaccharides.

The application of n-alkane as markers to estimate herbage intake, apparent digestibility and species composition of diet consumed by grazing sheep was studied. Six local Mongolian sheep were used to determine dry matter (DM) intake, apparent DM digestibility and species composition of diet during summer, autumn and winter. Animals were orally dosed twice daily with n-alkane gelatin capsules containing 60 mg C32-alkane as an external marker. Diet composition was estimated by comparing the odd-chain n-alkanes pattern profile (C27-C31) of the consumed plant species with the n-alkanes fecal concentrations of grazing animals, using a non-negative least squares algorithm called EATWHAT software package. The alkane pair C32:C33 and C33 alkane were used to estimate DM intake and diet apparent DM digestibility, respectively. The results showed that daily dry matter intake of the sheep were 1.77, 1.61 and 1.18 kg d−1 in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Apparent DM digestibility, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of diet consumed by sheep decreased significantly (P<0.01) from summer to winter, with no evident changes in ADF and ADL intake. Diet composition indicated Artemisia frigida Willd was the most dominant diet component, contributed 79.68, 68.12 and 86.26% of sheep's diets in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Cleistogenes songorica Ohwi and Convolvulus ammannii Desr were the important components of the diet. Although Stipa breviflora Griseb is one of the main plant species in the study area, the sheep rarely choosed it. The study indicated that CP and ME in diet consumed by sheep were deficient in winter. Therefore, appropriate supplementation strategies should be indispensable during this period.

作为一门新兴学科,营养活性物质组学具有广阔的研究和应用前景,以该理论为指导研制的复合菌培养物含有多种营养活性物质(如葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、有机酸、寡肽等);同羊一营养活性物质相比,营养活性物质组学更强调几种活性物质的整体作用效果.本文综述了营养活性物质组学的基本原理,及其在复合菌培养物研发中的应用,以期为该理论的深入研究提供参考.

In This experiment,using the three Holstein cows with ruminal cannula as an animal models.Based on in vitro batch incubation to comparative study the effect of ferment of vitro by three kinds of mixed forage which were Alfalfa hay/Corn silage,Chinese wildrye/Corn silage and Corn straw/Corn silage.Grading index as target evaluate the roughage quality,grading index was respectively 30.68MJ,9.24MJ and 5.10MJ.The results showed that: pH value was influenced significantly by forage quality(P<0.05).The average value was 6.46、6.52 and 6.40 respectively.The pH value of each group was falling as the time longer.Among them,Corn straw/Corn silage had the largest decline.pH value was 6.24 when 24 hours.The group of Chinese wildrye/Corn silage had the smallest decline.NH3-N,VFAs,BCP and gas production was influenced significantly by forage quality(P<0.05).The order of the average value was Alfalfa hay/Corn silage>Chinese wildrye/Corn silage>Corn straw/Corn silage.The order of A/P the average value was Chinese wildrye/Corn silage>Corn straw/Corn silage>Alfalfa hay/Corn silage;The average value were 2.08,2.04,1.90 respectively.fermentation level of the forage was improved when three kinds of different quality of single forage mixed with Corn silage in this experiment.

奶牛精饲料品质优劣直接关系到日粮的营养水平,而奶牛日粮营养品质对奶牛的生产性能、繁殖性能和鲜乳品质等具有重要影响。但是到目前为止,用于评定奶牛精饲料和日粮品质及日粮营养平衡度技术的方法还较少。针对于此,本文介绍了奶牛精饲料品质、日粮营养平衡度和营养品质评定的新方法,并对新方法的应用价值进行了阐述。

The objective of this study was to determine whether different amino acid(AA) patterns could affect casein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows.A completely random design was used.Four AA patterns were as follows: blood in low protein diet AA pattern(LPBP group),milk protein AA pattern(MP group),80% casein+20% lactoalbumin AA pattern(CLP group) and casein AA pattern(CP group).Each group had 3 replicates,and all experiments were repeated 3 times.The mRNA expression levels of αs1-casein(CSN1S1) and κ-casein(CSN3) genes and the content of αs-casein were determined by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) method and ELISA,respectively.The results showed that different AA patterns could significantly affect the mRNA expression levels of CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes(P<0.05).The mRNA expression levels of CSN1S1 and CSN3 gens in MP group were significantly higher than those in LPBP group(P<0.05 and P<0.01,respectively).Compared with the LPBP group,the mRNA expression levels of CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes in MP group were increased by 1.70-fold and 2.12-fold,respectively.The synthesis content of αs-casein in MP group was significantly higher than that in CLP and CP groups(P<0.05),and was significantly higher than that in LPBP group(P<0.01).In conclusion,different AA patterns play a very important role in milk protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows,and the milk protein AA pattern may be an appropriate AA pattern.

The purpose of this study was to exam if the self-compounding medium had negative effects on the biological function of bovine mammary epithelial cells and offered foundation for further experiments.The differences between self-compounding medium and DMEM/F12 medium in this experiment were compared based on determination of cell proliferation,lactating genes expression and casein synthesis.The proliferation of BMEC cultured in self-compounding medium was higher significantly than that of DMEM/F12 medium(P< 0.0001).The CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes expression of BMEC cultured in self-compounding medium increased significantly(P < 0.05)and up-regulated 3.57-fold and 3.27-fold,respectively.There were no significance of the CSN1S2,CSN2 gene expression and αS-casein,β-casein synthesis(P> 0.05).Compared with DMEM/F12 medium,self-compounding medium had no negative effects on the lactating genes expression and the casein synthesis,and the further study on effects of different amino acid patterns on lactating genes expression and casein synthesis.

The regular pattern of nutritional self-regulation in animals'bodies can be completely mastered and used.In the practice of beef cattle feeding and fattening,the distribution law of nutrient substances in vitro in beef cattle can be used to regulate the condition and the composition of meat.Major regulatory measures include the structural control technology for dietary nutrients,changing feeding system and using nutrient regulation reagents of tissue metabolism and etc.This paper focuses on the research of regulation technology of nutritional engineering in growing and fattening beef cattle.

On the basis of discussing the significance of the development strategy of systemsnutrition of animals,some recent developments in the discipline were introduced,including theo retical researches in the microcosmic nutrition field;researches in feed-nutritomics;researches of theory of nutrient balance at multiple levels;developments of nutricinomics products and techniques,and developments of nutritional evaluation of dietary balance and quality.Finally,prospects of the developments of systems-nutrition of animals in the future were presented.

试验以安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的3头荷斯坦奶牛为动物模型,利用体外批次培养法,比较研究3种不同品质的混合粗料日粮体外发酵效果,混合粗料分别为苜蓿干草和玉米青贮(1号料)、羊草和玉米青贮(2号料)及玉米秸秆和玉米青贮(3号料),用粗饲料品质评定指数(GI)为指标对粗饲料品质进行测定,分别为30.68、9.24和5.10 MJ.结果表明:随着粗饲料品质的提高,培养总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(BCP)产量显著提高,平均值大小顺序为1号料＞2号料＞3号料；随着粗饲料品质的提高,培养液乙酸/丙酸呈下降趋势,平均值分别为1.79、1.83和1.87.另外,试验用3种不同品质的混合粗料分别与精料混合在体外培养时,粗饲料整体发酵水平提高.

The objectives of this study were to explore the effect of different dietary NFC/NDF ratios on ruminal and blood endotoxin and histamine concentrations,3 Guanzhong dairy goats with permanent ruminal cannulae were divided into 4 groups and each time lasted for 10 d according to self-contrast design experiment.The goats were fed diets with different NFC/NDF ratios,which the ratios were 1.02(Ⅰ group),1.24(Ⅱ group),1.63(Ⅲ group)and 2.58(Ⅳ group),respectively.The results showed that with dietary NFC/NDF ratios increased,ruminal endotoxin and histamine increased.Resulting in blood endotoxin and histamine increasing.When NFC/NDF ratio was 2.58,concentrations of histamine and endoxin in blood and rumen increased significantly with the development of SARA,indicating that increased release of histamine and endotoxin in blood and rumen played an important role in the development of SARA.

Raw milk flavor has become an important indicator that measures raw milk quality.The off-flavor of raw milk not only affects milk enterprises acquisition,but also affects the sense of mouth and depresses the nutritional value of the milk.The inherent good flavor and off-flavor and their sources in raw milk were analyzed,and control measures of off-flavor were summarized to provide protection for the production of good flavor milk.