Calcium is an essential macronutrient with a critical role in structural, functional and metabolic processes, particularly bone and muscle systems. Although dietary intake typically meets calcium needs, uneven food habits, anti-nutrients and various pathophysiological conditions can lead to deficiencies. Addressing this gap, Dabur India Limited developed an Innovative Natural Calcium Formulation (INCF) featuring natural organic calcium, plant-derived vitamin D3 and lemon juice. Two dosage forms providing 250 mg and 500 mg of calcium were developed and tested for efficacy using in vitro proliferation of Chondrocyte (C20A4 - Bone) and Muscle (L6 rat skeletal) cells at noncytotoxic concentrations. Results showed chondrocyte proliferation of 9.9% - 24.4% and skeletal muscle proliferation of 10.94% - 28.46% compared to untreated control. These findings indicate the potential of INCF as an effective calcium supplement.

IMPORTANCE:Invasive fungal infections have recently become a public health problem, particularly in India following the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). India harbors the world's largest population of patients suffering from diabetes. What prompted the sudden spike of mucormycosis infections in the COVID pandemic needs investigation.OBJECTIVE:To determine if COVID-19 infection prompted the spike in invasive fungal infections in diabetic population. To determine the long-term outcome of COVID-associated mucormycosis. To determine if COVID-19 infection causes diabetes mellitus transiently.DESIGN:The study was a prospective cohort study comprising patients suffering from mucormycosis. The study was planned from 20 May 2021, until 30 November 2022, to investigate the long-term follow-up (1 year) of mucormycosis patients.SETTING:The study setting was a referral hospital.PARTICIPANTS:All the consecutive patients admitted to this hospital for treatment of mucormycosis were included in the study who consented to it. Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) or exposure(s) (for observational studies): All patients suffering with mucormycosis underwent treatment at this hospital with surgery and injectable systemic antifungal drugs alongside diabetes management.MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S):Primary outcome measurement was in the form of survival with cure of mucormycosis. Hypothesis being tested was formulated during data collection.RESULTS:The data of 98 participants was collected, but analysis was done after excluding the case of cutaneous mucormycosis (infant patient). Mean age for patients was 55.5 years, varying from 28 to 88 years. In our study, 63.3% of patients with mucormycosis were males and 37.8% were females, of which 55.7% (34) and 58.3% (21) were known diabetics, respectively. Previous history of diabetes mellitus was identified as an underlying comorbid condition in 56.7% of patients, while the rest were diagnosed with new-onset diabetes mellitus. Sugar levels ranged (on admission) from 112 to 494 mg/dL (median 212 mg/dL) for known diabetics and from 132 to 356 mg/dL (median 204 mg/dL) for newly diagnosed diabetics. Other comorbidities included hypertension (19.5%), ischemic heart disease (8.2%), chronic renal illness (3.09%), and one case (1.03%) of postoperative renal cell carcinoma (disease-free). The majority of cases (91.8%) were not vaccinated for COVID-19, while only two patients reported a history of vaccination with two doses, and six others had received only a single dose. At the 1-year follow-up, 57.7% of cases were disease-free, 30.9% had expired, and 11.3% were lost to follow-up. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at the time of admission was found to be statistically significant when compared between known diabetics and newly diagnosed ones [confidence interval (CI)-95%, p ≤ 0.01]. A total of seven patients from the newly diagnosed diabetic group no longer required medicines for diabetes at the end of 1 year (CI-95%, p ≤ 0.01).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:Diabetes mellitus, particularly with poor glycemic control, was the single most important factor associated with and predictor of outcome. Contrary to the popular hypothesis, industrial oxygen and oxygen masks were not the reasons for the mucormycosis pandemic. Additionally, immunization against COVID provided protection not only from severe COVID but also from COVID-associated mucormycosis. It is recommended that patients with mucormycosis be followed for longer periods as a few patients could be suffering from transient diabetes, particularly against the backdrop of a pandemic.

Background: A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) that emerged in China in December 2019 has spread rapidly globally to many countries including India and World Health Organization declared it as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. Aims and Objectives: The current study endeavors to determine the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate as well as epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic profiles from the second wave. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all suspected COVID-19 cases from January 2021 to October 2021 presenting at a large testing center for SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Descriptive analysis has been performed for profiling of clinical-epidemiological aspects of suspected cases. Results: A total of 694427 participants were enrolled during the study from January 2021 to October 2021. Overall RT-PCR positivity rate was found to be 1.7% in the year 2021 and the positivity was maximum in April 2021 which represents the second wave of COVID-19 infection in India. In the study population, more than half (57.07%) of the persons screened for COVID-19 infection were between 21 and 40 years of age, and about two-thirds (65.20%) of the persons screened were male followed by 34.79% were female. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 poses a high burden of infections in the community. Males had a higher RT-PCR detection rate as compared to females. The younger age group (<20 years) expressed the least RT-PCR positivity rate and the elderly population (>80 years) expressed the highest positivity rate.

Just-in-Time (JIT) defect prediction represents a software engineering approach that seeks to detect potential defects in software code at the earliest stages of the development process. This proactive method allows developers to tackle issues before they escalate, thereby enhancing software security and reliability. However, researchers often encounter a common challenge known as class imbalance when working on this model. This imbalance in data adversely affects the model's performance. To address this, the study minimized the class imbalance problem by employing data sampling techniques. The study evaluated the performance of the proposed cone-shaped embedded normalization (CSEN) model against other baseline models in two scenarios. First, the comparison was conducted without sampling, and second, after performing data sampling. Typically, in state-of-the-art predictions of buggy changes, the f1 score ranges from 0.3 to 0.53. However, the proposed model significantly improved this score to 0.72. Moreover, the highest accuracy achieved by the proposed CSEN model was 74.42

Dactylellina phymatopaga is a nematode- trapping fungus which trap, kill and parasitize the nematodes for the benefit of nutrients. Root-knot disease of rice incited by Meloidogyne graminicola is an important disease that threatens rice production worldwide. Therefore, it is most important to find new substitute for chemical control of M. graminicola. The present study was aimed to investigate the in virto nematode trapping ability, germination and nematophagous ability in vicinity to soil and efficacy of D. phymatopaga to reduce the number and biomass of developing stages of Meloidogyne graminicola in rice roots to reduce the biotic stress. Isolates of D. the phymatopaga were found to produce sessile adhesive knobs on growing hypahe to trap and paralyzed the J2 of M. graminicola up to 98.8 % within 120 hours of nematode inoculation in in-vitro conditions. Test for its germination and nematophagous activities in various soils showed that spores of D. phymatopaga frequently germinate in vicinity of agricultural and horticultural soils with formation of adhesive sessile knobs on their germ lings and captured and parasitized the nearby soil nematodes. Application of D. phymatopaga in M. graminicola infested soil at the time and prior to of seed sowing offered significant reduction in terms of number of root galls, number and biomass of developing stages of M. graminicola in rice roots (62.65- 80.73%) and better plant health as compared to plants grown in nematode infested soil. Application of D. phymatopaga 7 days before seed sowing showed the highest biocontrol ability and improved the plant health by increasing the nematode-to -root biomass ratio in rice roots. The results established the nematode-trapping behavior of D. phymatopaga in fungistatic soil and its bio-management potential in reducing the number of different developing stages of M. graminicola and their biomass in rice roots.

Fast retrieval through indexing from spatial databases has been considered a more challenging task for enhancing network performance in the last few decades. The wavelet tree has become a very popular and versatile data structure, used in various domains such as sequences, indexing, compression, and grid point, with surprising results. This paper presents an efficient recursive parallel wavelet tree algorithm to index and search geographical documents. The proposed method is implemented in two scenarios: Intel 4-core processor with eight threads and an Intel 8-core processor with 16 threads on real-word input data with Ubuntu operating system to make it more inspiring. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm’s time and space complexity are less than existing wavelet tree construction algorithms. The proposed algorithm shows a good trade-off and is scalable for large input data sets. In addition, results show that the presented algorithm performs well in the scale-up of a large dataset with full utilization of cores.

Background The aim of this study is to elucidate the potential risk zones prone to the invasion of perennial ornamental plant Lantana camara, which is native to South America and has invasive tendency in Jharkhand, eastern India, for present (2020) and the future (2050) climatic conditions under four different Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios (RCPs). We analysed the current distribution pattern of L. camara in the plateau region of eastern India and identified potentially suitable habitats prone to its further infestation in the future under the climate change scenario. Results Results showed the presence of L. camara invasion in ~ 13% of the geographical area of Jharkhand, Chotanagpur plateau which may expand up to 20–26% by 2050 depending upon emission scenarios as characterised by the four RCPs. Analysis for the current scenario suggests the dominance of L. camara in sub-zone V (12.77% under high risk zones (HRZ) and 9.5% under critical risk zones (CRZ)) followed by sub-zones IV (6.7%: HRZ; 4.19%: CRZ) and VI (2.49%: HRZ; 2.14%: CRZ). Future projection (2050) indicates a possible expansion of its distribution range across all agro-climatic sub-zones with dominance in sub-zones V and IV. Variable Bio_4 (temperature seasonality) was observed as the most contributing factor for the distribution of L. camara for current and future scenarios across all RCPs. Suitable habitat for L. camara mostly occurred under natural vegetation (66.05% of CRZ and 60.71% of HRZ) and agriculture landscape (29.51% of CRZ and 34.48% of HRZ). Conclusions The study provides an insight of invasion of L. camara in the plateau region of eastern India, and reveals wide distribution across all the agro-climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand, mostly in open and disturbed areas under natural vegetation and agriculture landscapes. Future projections for the year 2050 suggest a continuous increase in the expansion range of invasion across Jharkhand and call for urgent initiatives to combat its further invasion.

Climate change in combination with anthropogenic stress has adversely impacted the forest ecosystem, leading to depletion in forest resources. Buchanania cochinchinensis represented a noteworthy density in the forest areas of Jharkhand in the past, but it has now been decimated due to excessive unsustainable harvesting, poor regeneration and population fragmentation. In order to promote conservation practices for the species, it is a prerequisite to understand its spatial extent under varying climatic conditions. Present study was aimed to model potential distribution of B. cochinchinensis, in different agro-climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand using Maxent. Bioclimatic variable “Mean temperature of driest quarter” (Bio_9) ranging from 13.800C to 30.400C emerged to be the most sensitive parameter for the distribution of B. cochinchinensis both under the present and future climatic scenarios. Land use land class (LULC) also contributed significantly in characterizing the distribution of B. cochinchinensis for the current climatic scenario. For the current year i.e. 2020, the calculated probable distribution area of B. cochinchinensis in Jharkhand was 7.39%, 25.62% and 2.62% of total forest area for agro-climatic sub-zone IV, sub-zone V and sub-zone VI respectively. The future projection for the year 2050 suggests 84.86% and 8.79% increase in suitable habitat areas under sub zone IV and sub zone V respectively and 43% decrease in sub zone VI. The findings of the study provide an insight into the suitable habitats of B. cochinchinensis for its promotion and conservation in the state of Jharkhand.

Correct and accurate retrieval of geographical information is still a challenging task as the contents on Internet are growing massively every day. Indexing geographical information from Web, so that even a naive user can get the required information with lesser time, plays an important role. In this paper, a recent indexing technique, named wavelet tree is reviewed and analyzed. In fact, wavelet tree was initially designed for text compression, but further has been used for indexing and retrieval of geographical information from the Web. Among several applications of wavelet tree such as data compression, string processing, computational geometry and many more, this study emphasizes to fill the gap by discussing how wavelet tree can be used in the field of indexing of web contents.

In both ventricles of the heart papillary muscles play important role for proper cardiac valvular function of heart. The present study was done to analyse the papillary muscles of heart with respect to the variations in their number, length, shape, position and pattern in both ventricles. Forty well preserved cadaveric human hearts were used for the study. The variations in the papillary muscles of both right and left ventricles were categorized, documented and photographed. In the right ventricle, authors observed 31.42% anterior, 34.3% posterior and 34.3% septal papillary muscles, and in the left ventricle, 41.7% anterior and 58.3% posterior papillary muscles. Classical papillary muscles were observed in 64.3% heart specimens in right ventricle and 55% in left ventricle. Authors found conical, pyramidal and broad apexed papillary muscles in 44.3%, 51.4% and 4.3% heart specimens respectively in right ventricle, whereas in left ventricle the corresponding values were 33.3%, 30% and 36.7%. Separate bases and fused apex pattern was observed in 24.3%, single base and divided apex in 55.7% heart specimens in right ventricle and in left ventricle in 45% and 43.3% heart specimens respectively. The length of anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was 1.27±0.45, 1.36±0.52, 0.92±0.54 cm respectively whereas in left ventricle, the mean length of anterior and posterior papillary muscles was 2.13±0.44 and 1.76±0.46 cm. In right ventricle mean thickness was 1.17±0.31cm whereas in left ventricle it was 2.16±0.32 cm. The papillary muscles has complex and variable anatomy. Knowledge of this variation to the cardiac surgeons during reparative surgical procedures conducted for mitral/ tricuspid valve replacement is of utmost importance to prevent untoward event.

: The central sulcus also known as Rolandic Fissure separates the sensory cortex in front from motor cortex behind. The central sulcus starts in or near the superomedial border of the cerebral hemisphere, and ends usually a little above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus. The central sulcus is the only sulcus that divides the brain at its superior surface. The objective of the present study was to analyse the various types of the central sulcus of cerebral hemisphere with respect to its two ends in the cadavers. A total of 44 cadaveric brains (88 cerebral hemispheres) were studied. The variations at upper end of the central sulcus with respect to the superomedial border of the hemisphere and at its lower end with respect to the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure were noted. At the upper end, we found three types of central sulcus – type 1= 68% (those cutting the border and extending on the medial surface), type 2= 23% (those just reaching the border but not reaching the medial surface) and type 3 =9% (those falling short of the border). At the lower end of the fissure, we observed two types of the central sulcus – type 2=83% (those falling short of the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure) and type 1=17% (those reaching the posterior ramus of the Sylvian fissure). The variability in the morphology of the cortical gyri and sulci including size, shape and spatial pattern has been previously reported. Such variability raises methodological issues for functional brain mapping1 as well as for lesion localization in neurosurgical planning. This finding will be useful to anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists etc. Compared to Chinese population, the percentage of type 2 of the upper end was almost half in our study which represents central India population. Further clinical research is required by radiological examination of the two ends of the central sulcus to determine any association with functional anatomy as well as any correlation with various diseases of the brain.

Pneumonia of unknown etiology originated in China during the last few days of theyear 2019 has created huge pressure on the current health system of the world. The situation ofCOVID-19 is worsening day by day and we cannot wait for a vaccine or herd immunity to develop. Many Ayurvedic treatments have been proven to fight against many viruses and alsoplay a role in boosting the immunity of the human body. So, there is a need for a pilot study of theindigenous drug system to assess various other aspects of further larger studies. A pilotstudy on novel ayurvedic drug,Raj Nirvan Bati (RNB), was conducted on a sample of 20 patients which was given in a fix dosage (125 milligrams per dosage) twice daily with 5 ml of natural honey. After 5 days of RNB therapy 80.0% cases RT-PCR for nasopharyngeal and throat swab became negative. Out of these 16 cases, one patient RT-PCR became positive on Day 10. RNB therapy was given continuously in this case beyond 10 Day (total for 12 days) and RT-PCR become negative on the 12th day. Drug RNB showed reduced viral shedding duration, that can become a tool for preventionand management for COVID-19 infection. In most of the cases, symptoms of fever, cough and fatigue subsided on fifth day of treatment. Further randomized controlled trials should be planned to test thehypothesis regarding effectiveness of this novel formulation.

Abstract The continued spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has prompted global concern. The formal name given to 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization is COVID-19, while the International Committee on Taxonomy has named it severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to this viral attack, nations around the world have issued lockdown restrictions. Presently, there is no effective way to control the spread of 2019-nCoV, except through social distancing and hygienic activities. World-class scientists and researchers are trying to develop vaccines and medicines that will cure this deadly viral disease and control its spread. Our aim in presenting this article is to provide an easy therapeutic approach that effectively combats deadly viral diseases, such as COVID-19, with minimal intervention and effort. Different Ayurvedic therapeutic agents (Curcuma longa L, green tea, and Piper nigrum) inhibit the entry of viruses in the host cell and the transmission of pathogens, while improving immunity. Curcumin and piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) interact with each other and form a π–π intermolecular complex that enhances the bioavailability of curcumin by inhibition of glucuronidation of curcumin in the liver. Two molecules, curcumin and catechin, bind directly to the receptor-binding domain of the S-protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the host cell, by which these molecules inhibit the entry of viruses in the host cell. As a result, the animal host will survive the infection.

To supplements the livelihoods and nutritional security of tribal’s through Agro-technological interventions in the district, under Tribal Sub Plan supplied Vanraja birds. 17,500 vanraja birds (vaccinated against Ranikhet) have been distributed among around 700 beneficiaries. A total 63 backyard poultry farmers were selected for the study and visited 63 units personally with a pre tested interview schedule to collect data from tribal farmer by using a well structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Mortality of poultry was 61% in which major cause of mortality was predators which was 75% of total mortality. Body weight at the age of 6 month age was 880g in desi chicken but vanraja breed having 2.260 g hence performance significantly (P

Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh has Rice-Wheat cropping pattern in which wheat is the main and most important crop. Harvesting of wheat crop is very drudgery prone task in agriculture domain performed by farm women. It is performed solely by farm women through traditional iron made sickle. It is full of drudgery prone and energy intensive activity in wheat harvesting. The present investigation study the existing traditional sickle used by farm women in the wheat harvesting of Ghazipur district in Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, FLD was conducted to develop farm women friendly sickle for reducing drudgery. It was further replaced with improved sickle i.e. Naveen Sickle in FLD considering the dimensions and ergonomic aspects. 30 farm women were selected from two villages of Ghazipur district for demonstration of Naveen Sickle. And further study was conducted to compare existing sickle and Naveen sickle in wheat harvesting. It was noticed that improved Naveen sickle resulted higher harvesting area and efficiency than the existing sickle. The improved sickle is highly acceptable among farm women. The result found that improved sickle was helpful in reducing the drudgery level, time saving and cost up to 34 per cent as compared to traditional sickle.

Introduction: Pterion is useful anatomical landmark for neurosurgeons during operations on frontal lobe tumours, extradural haemorrhage, Roca’s speech area or pathologies of middle cerebral artery. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the on 120 dry human skulls. On the both side of each skull, the morphology of pterion was examined based on Murphy’s classification. Results: On examining the sutural pattern and types of pterion we found that Sphenoparietal type of pterion was most common type while the least common type was the epipteric type of pterion. Percentage of types was Sphenoparietal type 73.75%, Fronto temporal type 9.08%, stellate type 20% and epipteric type 7.16%. Conclusion: Types of the pterion in normal skulls shows great degree of variations among individuals and different racial groups. Therefore, precise and scientific data ar e required when performing intracranial surgery.