The purpose of the present study is to present the first data on the net utilization of energy and protein along the feed - sheep milk chain according to newly introduced criteria according to the "Clarcs" system during different control sub-periods of sheep’s milking period. Using adapted for dairy sheep/goats farming methodology for net utilization of energy and protein along the "feed - sheep's milk" chain, “Clarc of energy distribution (CED)” and “Clarc of protein transformation (CPT)” during 3 control periods in the synthetic population "Bulgarian Dary" were established. The following values were established: CED: 1-st control period (May) – 0.4404 (44.04%); 2-nd (June) – 0.4469 (44.69%); 3-rd – 0.5403 (54.03%). CPT: 1-st control period (May) – 0.2433 (24.33%); 2-nd (June) – 0.2447 (24.47%); 3-rd – 0.2652 (26.52%).

A comparative study of the net energy and protein utilization of 2 groups of fattening calves from 200 to 407 days of age, which received nitrogen from different sources - urea and sunflower meal, was conducted. Newly introduced indices & bdquo;Clarc of energy distribution (CED)" and & bdquo;Clarc of protein transformation (CPT)" expressing the transformation along the chain & bdquo;net energy/intestinally digestible protein in feed - gross energy/crude protein in boneless meat", were used. The authors found a lower utilization of net energy for growth (CED = 5.78 against 7.22%), but a higher utilization of protein (CPT = 17.10 against 15.73%) in calves receiving forage protein via urea compared to those receiving it via sunflower meal.

The purpose of the study is to present an adapted methodology for calculating the net utilization of energy and protein along the chain "forage-edible meat" in the fattening of calves by using the newly introduced indices "Clarc of energy distribution (CED)" and "Clarc of protein transformation (CPT)". Using data from scientific trials with calves of the Bulgarian Brown Cattle and Bulgarian Black-and-White Cattle breeds, the formulas for the calculations in detail are described, and real data for numerical values are presented. Based on the results of scientific experiments of 207 days with fattened calves after sucking period (initial live weight 233.50 +/- 5.60 and final live weight 454.60 +/- 15.90 kg), the following values were established: CED (net energy fodder-gross energy meat)-0.0569 (5.69%); CPT (protein digestible in the intestine from fodder-crude protein meat)-0.1380 (13.80%). The authors recommend introducing the indices as objective criteria in the following aspects: selection, technological, and ecological.

A methodology for calculating the net utilization of energy and protein along the feed-cow’s milk chain by using the Clarc energy distribution (CED) and Clarc protein transformation (CPT) criteria was adapted. Data from experiment with elite cows of the Bulgarian Black-and White cattle breed during the first 100 days of lactation were used as a basis. The obtained CED (average 0.5766 with periodic variations between 0.5275 and 0.6178) and CPT (average 0.9104 with periodic variations between 0.8324 and 0.9984) reflect the highest transformations of net energy and protein digestible in the intestine from forage into gross energy and crude protein of direct consumed from human product, compared to other domestic animal products.

The aim of the study is to monitor the changes in the main indicators of the chemical composition of Guinea fowl eggs at 2 storage temperature regimes (0-4 degrees & Scy; and 15 degrees & Scy;) after 3 storage periods (1, 30, and 90 days), compared to chicken eggs. In both temperature regimes, the storage period has a significant effect on the reduction of water content, both in the egg white and in the yolk. The water content decrease in chicken eggs is more significant, compared to those of Guinea fowl, especially at 90 days of storage. Regarding the protein content in dry matter of egg white, the following changes were observed: At 0-4 degrees C: chicken - from 89.10 (first day) to 90.65% (90 day); Guinea fowls - from 89.10 (first day) to 90.49% (90th th day); temperature 15 degrees C: chicken - from 89.10 (first day) to 90.36% (90th th day); Guinea fowls - from 90.65 (first day) to 90.36% (90th day). Regarding the content of protein in the dry matter of the yolk, the following changes were observed (1-90 days): 0-4 degrees C: chicken - 29.11-31.11%; Guinea fowls - from 30.58-31.93%; 15 degrees C: chicken - 29.11-31.83%; Guinea fowls - 30.58-32.15%. Changes in the fat content in egg white dry matter (1-90 days): temperature 0-4 degrees C: chicken - 0.89-0.81%; Guinea fowls - 0.76-0.73%; 15oC: o C: chicken - 0.89-0.73%; Guinea fowls - 0.76-0.64%. Fat content in the dry substance of the yolk (1-90 days): temperature 0-4oC: o C: chicken - 68.47-61.65%; Guinea fowls - 63.35-60.83%; temperature 15oC: o C: chicken - 68.47-60.65%; Guinea fowls - 63.35-60.55%. In both white and yolk, the reduction in Guinea fowl's eggs is significant lower. The observed results are due to the specificity of the shell of Guinea fowl eggs.

The article proposes a methodology for introducing objective criteria for accounting for the net utilization of energy and protein (amino acids) along the chain „forage consumed by sheep/goats - obtained sheep/goat milk.“ Adapted for dairy sheep/goats are the calculations of the introduced criteria Clarc of energy distribution and Clarc of protein (amino acid) transformation. The authors believe that the introduction of the methodology and the calculations based on it, will help to refine the scientific research in 3 aspects: selection, technological and ecological.

Using adapted for poultry methods for balance experiments, the content of zero nitrogen corrected apparent (AMEn) and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and the true digestibility of the essential amino acids (TDEAA) of a stocking lot of Bulgarian varieties of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) have been established. The experiments were conducted parallel with intact and randomized full-grown Sussex roosters. In both of the experiments were used 6 tube fed and 6 feed deprived birds (total 2x12). The following results (in dry matter) have been established: For intact: AMEn - 12418 J/g; TMEn- 13208 J/g DM; average true digestibility of the essential amino acids - 81.93 +/- 0.58. Highest digestibility was obtained by arginine 88.35 and lowest - by methionine+cystine - 71.65. For randomized birds the results were: AMEn - 13150 J/g; TMEn- 14101 J/g DM; average TDEAA - 82.86 +/- 0.31; highest - 90.05 (arginine) and lowest - 72.03 (methionine+cystine).

The aim of the current work was to present the main quality characteristics and composition of the meat of the most valuable parts of the carcass - breasts and legs of 35-day-old domestic quails from meat, dual-purpose and egg-laying type. The obtained results give basis to assume that the glycogen reserve of the pectoral muscle can be associated with the productive type, which was the highest in quails of the meat type line WG (ΔрН=-0.573±0.053 compared to ΔрН=-0.299±0.059 in egg-laying line А, P<0.001). In the process of storing quail meat during the first 24 hours the values of the three color coordinates increased by an average of 12.5% for lightness, 16.4% for redness and 42% for yellowing of the meat. The pigment saturation of M. pectoralis superficialis largely depends on the productive type of birds, which determined 15.9% of the variance of the trait (P<0.05). It was the highest in quail eggs, and the stability of their color characteristics during the first 24 hours was the highest, which makes the visual perception of color in them closer to game meat. Higher crude protein content (P<0.001), lower fat (P<0.001) and gross energy (P<0.05) in M. pectoralis superficialis in meat type birds, compared to egg-laying quails, makes their breast meat more dietary and more in line with consumer preferences. The content of essential amino acids in quail meat fully meets the needs of the human body, and the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids covers approximately 2/3 of the needs.

The aim of the present research was to compare the net utilization of the energy and the protein in the chain "fodder - breast+tight muscles", when replacing part of soybean meal with 10% insect meals from defatted Black soldier fly larvae (BSFd) and silkworms (SW) in the fattening of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted with 180 Ross day-old male broiler chickens, in 3 groups, with 3 replicates (20 birds/replicate), throughout 49 days. The groups were: control (C), where the soybean meal was the main protein source in all the diets; BSFd - fed 10% defatted larvae meal instead of part of soybean meal; SW - fed 10% silkworm pupae meal instead of part of soybean meal. The diets were isoprotein and isoenergetic in all the 3 phases of fattening. Two indexes were used: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) = Accumulated gross energy in lean breast+thigt meat/consumed metabolizable energy and Clarc of protein transformation (CPT) = Accumulated crude protein in lean breast+thigt meat/consumed crude protein. The following results were obtained: CED: C group - 0.1774 (17.74%); BSFd group - 0.1844 (18.44%); SW group - 0.1989 (19.89%). CPT: C group - 0.4394 (43.94%); BSFd group - 0.4608 (46.08%); SW group - 0.4723 (47.23%). The de-scribed replacement of fodder components has a positive effect on the net utilization both of energy and protein.

The aim of the study was to establish the net utilization of energy and protein in the chain "feed - meat without bones and skin" in the fattening of female turkeys between 56 and 130 days of age. Fattening is four-phase. Three groups were formed - control, in which the main source of protein is soybean meal, BSFd group, in which during all phases, part of soybean meal was replaced with defatted flour from black fly larvae and SW - group in which the replacement is with 10% whole fat meal flour from B. mori L. larvae. The feeds were isoenergetic and isoprotein in phases. Specific indices of calculation were used - Clarc of Energy Distribution (CED) and Clarc of Protein Transformation (CPT), reflecting mathematical the transformations of energy and protein along the "feed-edible animal products" chain. The following net utilizations of the metabolizable energy in the feed to the accumulated gross energy in the breast + thigh muscles (CED) have been established: Control - 0.0822 (8.22%); BSFd group - 0.0773 (7.73%); SW group - 0.0819 (8.19%). For protein (CPT) the results are as follows: Control - 0.1880 (18.80%); BSFd group - 0.1742 (17.42%); SW group - 0.1961 (19.61%).

Study of the effect of 20% substitution of maize with bread waste and 0.5% Calendula officinalis inclusion to the laying hen's diets on their productivity, egg quality and chemical composition of egg yolk and egg albumen was made. A total of 90 layers (42 weeks old) from Lohman Klassik Brown breed were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n = 30 hens/group//each group = 3 replications(subgroups)*10 birds in replication) - control group (main energetic source in the diet - maize); I experimental group - maize replacement with 20% extruded bread waste; II experimental group - maize replacement with 20% extruded bread waste+0.5% marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. The compound feeds for all the groups were isoenergetic and isoprotein balanced. The hens from II experimental group had the best feed conversion (159.80 g of feed for one egg), followed by the first experimental group - 164.17 g. It was found significant lower total yolk cholesterol content in hens from II-nd experimental group than other groups. Extruded bread waste can replace 20% of maize in laying hens diet, without negatively effect on their egg productivity and egg quality, but it's way saved expensive maize grain, but also bread not consumed by humans is utilized.

The including of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in the compound feed for the layers of the net utilization of the energy and protein has been studied. Two new indexes of net utilization have been introduced: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – the relation between consumed metabolizable energy and accumulated gross energy in the egg mélange and Clarc of protein transformation (CPT) - the relation between consumed crude protein and accumulated crude protein in the egg mélange. The results show that 0.5% of the additive in the hens’ diet influences on the net utilization: CED (fodder – egg mélange) was 0.1891 for the experimental group against 0.1820 for the control group. CPT was 0.2562 against 0.2358 respectively. The differences (especially for CPT) may arouse the interest of the scientific community in collecting more data in this field.

Aim: To establish the zero nitrogen corrected apparent (AMEn-o) and the true (TMEn-o) metabolizable energy of two batches high – protein (dehulled, with 45 and 50% crude protein in DM) sunflower meal. Material and Methods: Standardized methods for balance experiments with poultry. The roosters were 1 year old – White Plymouth Rock – race. Six birds were tube fed and six feed deprived per each batch of fodder. Separately experiments with intact and caecoectomized roosters were conducted. Results: The following levels (J/g DM) have been established: Batch 45%: (AMЕn-o): intact: 8430, caecoectomized: 8317, mean: 8373; (TMЕn-o): intact: 9221, caecoectomized: 9108, mean: 9164. For the batch 50% the results were: 9281, 10061, mean - 96711 and 9943, 10973, mean - 10458 J/g DM respectively. Conclusion: The authors suggest that both feed batches can replace isoenergetic soybean meal in combined fodders for poultry.

The study aims to introduce three new universal (sectional, technological and environmental) indexes in the silkworm (Bombyx mory L.) biology and production – “Clarc of energy distribution” (CED), “Clarc of protein transformation” (CPT) and “Index of effective cocoon shell ratio” (IECSR), so as the methodology of their calculation. On base real experiments, the follow indexes were calculated: CED - 0.2090 (20.90%); CPT – 0.3248 (32.48%) and IECSR – 4.726%. For calculation of the new indexes could be used data from standard experimental methods and standard statistical programs.

Aim: Monitoring the effect of the replacement of 5 and 10% of the grain component in compound feed for laying hens with the same amount of extruded bread waste on Clarcs of energy distribution (CED)/ protein transformation (CPT)” in the eco-technical chain "fodder - egg mélange". Experimental design: Three groups: 50 layers each (hybrid Lohman Klassic Brown), one – control, one – replacement of 5% of the grain, one - replacement of 10% of the grain with extruded bread waste. Results: CED “ME fodder – GE mélange”: control – 0.2064; 5% bread wastes – 0.2049; 10% bread wastes – 0.2166. CPT “CP fodder - CP mélange”: control – 0.2538; 5% bread wastes – 0.2585; 10% bread waste - 0.2838. There is a tendency for higher net utilization of energy and protein from feed to the egg mélange in the group receiving 10% bread wastes.

Установени са интензивност на яйцеснасяне и разход на комбиниран фураж при местна популация токачки през две последователни продуктивни години. Средната интензивност на снасяне за 30-седмичен продуктивен период през първата година е 70,11% (139,71 яйца от носачка), а през втората – 44,22% (89,70 яйца от носачка). Конверсията на фураж е 162 g/яйце (3,88 kg/kg яйчна маса) през първата и 311 g/яйце (7,42 kg/kg яйчна маса). Установената висока интензивност на яйцеснасяне е предпоставка за провеждане на успешна селекция по показателя носливост.

Чрез показателите Кларк на енергийна дистрибуция (КЕД) и Кларк на протеинова трансформация (КПТ) е изследван ефектът от включването на различни богати на биологичноактивни субстанции растителни добавки (гроздови джибри, цвят от тагетис, плод от шипка, коприва и артишок) в комбинираните фуражи за кокошки носачки върху степента на трансформация на енергията и протеина по екотехнологичната верига „фураж – яйчен меланж“. Всички изследвани добавки, с изключение на 0,5% плод от шипка, са повлияли достоверно изследваните показатели. При базови стойности към меланжа на контролната група (КЕД и КПТ) съответно 0,1950 и 0,2485, най-висока трансформация на енергията и протеина е показала групата с добавка на 0,3% артишок – съответно 0,2023 и 0,2521, а най-ниска – групата, получавала 0,5% плод от шипка (0,1816 и 0,2283).

The aim of the study was to calculate the “multiplication effect” between the included gross energy (crude protein) with the seeds and the same, obtained with the grain yields in the eco-technical system “seed material – soil – grain yield”, so as the influence of some foliar fertilizers Lebozol® on it. For variants were investigated – control without foliar fertilizers and three experimental – trated with Aminosol + Lebosol Zin, Nutriplant 36 and Mix for maize respectively. The multiplication effects were: - For the Gross energy: Control – 1048.7 times (with variations from 833.36 to 1287.73); First experimental – 1099 times (with variations from 876.49 to 1343.75) – 4.55% exceeding the control; Second experimental – 1093.3 times (with variations from 863.57 to 1341.62) – 4.08% exceeding the control; Third experimental – 1078.8 times (with variations from 862.5 to 1322.54) – 2.80% exceeding the control. - For the crude protein: - Control – 997.2 times (with variations from 803.28 to 1224.43); First experimental - 1050 times (with variations from 837.58 to 1284.1) – 11.86% exceeding the control; Second experimental – 1131.3 times (with variations from 893.7 to 1338.42) - 11.86% exceeding the control; Third experimental - 1047.7 times (with variations from 837.71 to 1284.57) – 4.83% exceeding the control.

The including of 15 and 20% bread wastes in the combined fodders for layers of net utilization of energy and protein has been studied. Two new indexes of net utilization have been introduced: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – the relation between consumed metabolizable energy and accumulated gross energy in the egg mélange and Clarc of protein transformation - the relation between consumed crude protein and accumulated crude protein in the egg mélange. The following results have been established: CED (fodder – egg mélange): Control group – 0.1820; 15% bread wastes – 0.1851; 20% bread wastes – 0.1887; CPT(fodder – egg mélange) - 0.2358; 0.2405 and 0.2460 respectively. The authors establish a tendency for hens that have consumed more bread wastes to show a higher effectiveness for the net protein transformation.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the partial replacement of wheat with bakery waste in compound feed on slaughter characteristics, quality and composition of meat in a heavy population of domestic quail. A control group (n = 90), I experimental (n = 90), and II experimental groups (n = 90) quails from meat-producing population WG were formed, respectively fed with basic feed, 5% and 10% replacement of wheat in the feed with extruded baking waste. A slaughter analysis, qualitative and chemical analysis of the meat of male and female representatives of the three experimental groups was performed. The replacement of 5% and 10% of the wheat in the compound feed with extruded bakery waste does not have a negative effect on the slaughter characteristics of the studied quail population. No relationship was observed between the studied physicochemical characteristics of quail meat and the addition of 5% and 10% extruded bakery waste. A similar effect is not observed with regard to the color characteristics of the meat. An exception is the Chroma (C*), where there is a tendency to higher values on the basis of experimental groups. With an increasing proportion of wheat substitution with extruded baking waste, the fat content in breast meat increases (P<0.001). The study leads to the conclusion that the replacement of up to 10% of wheat in the combined feed for quails with extruded bakery waste does not adversely affect the slaughter characteristics, quality, and nutritional value of quail meat.