Storozhenkella phoenix gen. et sp. nov., singled out in Storozhenkellinae subfam. nov., was discovered in the Early Cretaceous Shar-Tolgoy locality in Southern Mongolia. This is a Lazarus taxon-the latest and the only Cretaceous find of Ipsviciidae (Scytinopteroidea) after a gap of about 80 Myr in the fossil record of this family. This hopper was probably a seed or leaf mimic on waterside plants. Distalization of the costal fracture in the new genus is a heteropterous character, also found in the only post-Permian genus Triknightia (Triknightiinae subfam. nov.) of another scytinopteroid family, Paraknightiidae.

Planocephalus aselloides Scudder, 1885, described in the order Thysanura (in a separate suborder Ballostoma), is based on the head and thorax of the larvae of the caddisfly Hydropsyche scudderi Cockerell, 1909, syn. n. (both from the Eocene of Florissant, United States), interpreted back to front: the head as the abdomen, the proventriculus as buccal plates, etc. The suborder Ballostoma Scudder, 1885, erected in Thysanura, is synonymized with the order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813.

Numerous oligochaete cocoons, previously interpreted as cladoceran crustaceans, are described from the upper Permian (Lopingian) freshwater Karaungir Lagerst & auml;tte in eastern Kazakhstan. The cocoons appear as small, wrinkled, ovoid capsules, prolonged into a neck at one pole and a long slender stalk at the other; both extensions are covered with minute ridges forming a striated pattern. By their size range and distinct (although limited) morphological features, the cocoons are identical to those of the extant freshwater genus Rhynchelmis Hoffmeister, 1843 (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae) and thus represent the oldest undoubted record of the Clitellata. We interpret Archedaphnia Smirnov, 1970 (= Propleuroxus Smirnov, 1970, n. syn.) as a genus for fossil microdrile oligochaete cocoons similar to those of Rhynchelmis, and synonymize all five species described in Archedaphnia and Propleuroxus under Archedaphnia kazakhstanica Smirnov, 1970 sensu lato.

Cretaceous resins have preserved a remarkable diversity of sternorrhynchans. Burmese amber, formed in the mid-Cretaceous tropics, contains more numerous and diverse Psyllomorpha than all other fossil localities of the period together. The genus Dingla Szwedo et Drohojowska, 2020, previously placed into a separate family and infraorder, turned out to be similar in all essential characters to Mirala Burckhardt et Poinar, 2019 and Burmala Liu et al., 2021; therefore we synonymize Dinglidae Szwedo et Drohojowska, 2020 with Miralinae Shcherbakov, 2020 and raise the last subfamily to the full family status based on several unique apomorphies. A sister-group relationship between Dinglomorpha and Aleyrodomorpha was based on incorrect interpretation of characters. Pictala scorpioides gen. et sp. nov. from Burmese amber differs from other miralid genera by spotted forewings without pterostigma and the structure of terminalia in both sexes. In Miralidae, we discovered a long annulated labium and compound wax pores on the ventral side of the abdomendfor the first time among Hemiptera. The compound wax pores may have helped prevent miralids from sticking to the honeydew excreted. The long, flexible second labial segment, reinforced by sclerotized rings, probably allowed the protrusible length of the stylet bundle to be increased by arching the labium, as in mosquitoes. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The key points of the main evolutionary line of Articulata, leading from polychaetes to insects, are considered. The far-reaching similarity of the most primitive insects, jumping bristletails, with malacostracans, especially syncarids, leaves no doubt about the origin of the former directly from the latter. The similarity of mayfly nymphs to bristletails indicates that the evolution of Pterygota began with amphibiotic Palaeoptera. Myriapods are secondarily simplified descendants of early hexapods, having lost the division of the body into the thorax and abdomen and other ancestral characters due to transition to a cryptic lifestyle. Entognathous hexapods illustrate the initial stages of myriapodization of bristletails. Following Sharov, insect ancestry can be traced back into deep time via crustaceans to trilobitomorphs, Megacheira, and further to the most ancient arthropods, dinocarids—with grasping antennae but without walking legs! Many structural features of arthropods were formed in Polychaeta—the most primitive Articulata. The group most similar to arthropods are scale worms (Aphroditacea). By analogy with myriapods and entognaths, lobopods and non-arthropodan Ecdysozoa should be interpreted as side branches, which emerged from the dinocarid root of Arthropoda and simplified their body plans. Transformations of body plans occurred through heterochronies and heterotopies (including gamoheterotopies).

The family Ipsviciidae, originally described from the Upper Triassic of Australia and considered an offshoot of the Scytinopteridae (Tillyard, 1919), was later variously assigned to Heteroptera, Coleorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea, or Cicadomorpha (Cercopoidea or its own superfamily) by different authors (see Lambkin, 2020). Shcherbakov (1984) placed Ipsviciidae in the Scytinopteroidea and demonstrated that this superfamily is ancestral to Heteroptera (Shcherbakov, 1996). The family comprises several genera known from the Triassic and Lower Jurassic of Australia and Eurasia (Lambkin, 2020). A peculiar monotypic genus of Ipsviciidae with a strigil (stridulatory area) on the underside of the tegmen is described below from the Middle to Upper Triassic (Ladinian–Carnian) of the Madygen Lagerstätte, Central Asia. Such a strigil indicates that the new species possessed a stridulatory device of the forewing-hindleg type, similar to those occurring in the extinct Dysmorphoptilidae (Evans, 1961) and some extant true bugs (see Discussion). Dysmorphoptilids and the new ipsviciid genus may have used these devices to produce alarm signals.

. Ilimpeika humerosa gen. et sp.n. from the Upper Permian of the Tunguska is the first representative of the family Ignotalidae (known from Africa in the northern extratro-pical

The sclerotized jaw elements (scolecodonts) of polychaete annelids are rarely preserved as articulated jaw apparatuses. Here we describe a morphologically unusual, rather large, and symmetrical jaw apparatus, assigned to the new taxon Boreognathus pogorevichi gen. et sp. nov., from the Kungurian (lower Permian) of the Pechora Coal Basin, northern Cis‐Urals, Russia. Whereas the specimen is mainly preserved as a three‐dimensional external mould of the near‐complete dorsal maxillary apparatus, some organic matter comprising the original jaw wall is also retained. The new taxon combines edentate, pincer‐like first maxillae (MI) typical of the extant Labidognatha apparatus type with long slender carriers common in the Prionognatha type. Unlike the smooth MI, MII are consistently and prominently denticulated. The new genus represents a hitherto unknown type of polychaete jaw apparatus and is assigned to the Palaeozoic family Atraktoprionidae.

Scytinopteridae Handlirsch, 1906 is a widespread family of extinct Cicadomorpha known worldwide from the Permian and Triassic (Lambkin, 2016). This family was understood very broadly (e.g., Evans, 1956), but was later restricted to the genera with heavily sclerotized punctate tegmina having a costal fracture and a hypocostal socket fixed on the thorax in repose, and was placed in the superfamily Scytinopteroidea Handlirsch, 1906 (Shcherbakov, 1984). Based on these features, scytinopteroids are considered inhabitants of waterside vegetation capable of temporary submergence, and are ancestors of true bugs (Shcherbakov, 1996, 2000). In the beds near the Permian-Triassic boundary of Mongolia, an unusual new genus of Scytinopteridae was discovered with pointed coleopterous tegmina lacking the costal fracture and the claval furrow. These modifications indicate that the flying ability in the new scytinopterid was reduced or lost, and the peculiar shape of the tegmina probably helped to mimic host plant buds or seeds (plant-part mimicry).

Mesophthirus engeli (Mesophthiridae incerti ordinis), described as a feather-feeding parasite of dinosaurs, has recently been reinterpreted as an early instar nymph (crawler) of a primitive scale insect. Mesophthirus has no specific similarities to bird lice, although life on feathers should modify parasites in a similar way. Based on re-examination of photographs of the type specimens of M. engeli, the subfamily Mesophthirinae stat. nov. is assigned to the archaic extant family Xylococcidae s.l. (recorded since the Hauterivian), next to the extant subfamilies Xylococcinae and Stigmacoccinae. Xylococcid honeydew is an important food resource for birds and other arboreal vertebrates. Like their modern relatives, Mesophthirinae lived under the bark of trees and produced copious honeydew. Early birds and their precursors, small feathered dinosaurs, may well have fed on honeydew and the mesophthirines themselves. Scale insect crawlers are adapted to wind transport and phoresy on insects and vertebrates, so finding Mesophthirus on feathers is expected.

. Two new monotypic genera of Dysmorphoptilidae are described. Unturella truncata gen.

1 Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 123, Moscow 117647, Russia. E-mail: dshh@narod.ru 2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. E-mail: alexandr.emeljanov@zin.ru 1 Палеонтологический институт им. А.А. Борисяка РАН, ул. Профсоюзная 123, Москва 117647, Россия. 2 Зоологический институт РАН, Университетская наб. 1, Санкт-Петербург 199034, Россия.

AbstractWe describe aggregative microconchid (Lophophorata) tubes from the uppermost Permian (upper Changhsingian) and Lower Triassic (Olenekian) lacustrine and fluvial strata of the Tunguska and Kuznetsk basins and the southern Cis-Urals, Russia. These attach to clam shrimp carapaces, bivalve shells, terrestrial plant fragments and a horseshoe crab head shield, and also form their own monospecific agglomerations. Planispiral tubes of a wide size range (0.1–2.5 mm) create dense settlements on these firm substrates, which likely comprise multiple generations of the same species. These finds confirm that this extinct lophophorate group was inhabiting non-marine continental basins during latest Permian and earliest Triassic time, when they were major suspension feeders in such limnic ecosystems. Microconchids dispersed extensively and rapidly in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction into both marine and continental basins at low and moderately high latitudes, which were notably different in salinity, temperature, depth and redox conditions. This confirms that small lightly calcified microconchids were a genuine disaster eurytopic group, whose expansion may have been promoted by low predator pressure and low competition for substrate.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030121340013