The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road’s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables (Martes zibellina), one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Employing published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale including four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads reduced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road closure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.

国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“黑河流域生态—水文过程集成研究”(简称黑河计划)贯穿地球系统科学的思维,针对我国内陆河地区严峻的水—生态问题,探索流域尺度提高水效益的理论和方法.计划执行4年来,建立了遥感—监测—实验一体的流域生态水文观测系统及其相应的数据平台;初步揭示了流域冰川、森林、绿洲等重要生态水文过程耦合机理,认识了流域一级生态水文单元的水系统特征,奠定了流域水循环、水平衡的科学基础;计算了黑河下游生态需水量,为黑河流域水资源优化管理厘定了重要的约束条件.今后几年将在高精度气、水、生、经时空数据的支持下,耦合与集成流域综合模型,保证我国流域科学能在世界前沿占一席之地.

This paper explored the dynamics of the wetland landscape patterns of Qinhuangdao city from 1993 to 2008 on the GIS platform and based on the TM / ETM remote sensing image data source. The results showed that, during the year of 1993 to 2008, the wetland area has reduced by nearly 263 km2, among which, paddy field area reduced of 216 km2, accounting for 82% of the total reducing. This showed that the wetlands of Qinhuangdao city is mainly consisting of artificial wetlands, and because of the changing climate and the pressure of the water resources, the paddy field disappeared, which is the main factor that deciding the wetland.

By using emergy analysis theory and method, this paper analyzed the emergy flow and ecological value of the forest ecosystem in Haxi area in eastern part of Qilian Mountains’ northern slope. In the study area, the input energy flow of forest ecosystem was larger than the output energy flow, indicating that the energy was accumulating in the forest ecosystem. Through energy flow, low-quality energy transformed into high-quality energy, and the environment of the ecosystem was relatively safe. The total emergy of five ecological services, including organic matter production, water conservation, soil maintenance, CO2 fixation, and air purification was 9.35 ×1021 sej, and the total emergy monetary value was 7.77×108 US$. The emergy monetary value of water conservation and soil maintenance was apparently higher than that of other services. The monetary value of each service was in the order of water conservation soil maintenance air purification organic matter production CO2 fixation. Water conservation was the most important ecological service in the study area, and the proportion of the emergy monetary value of water conservation was 69.6%. Among different vegetations, shrub land had the largest value of water conservation, while arbor forest had the largest value of water conservation per unit area.

The temporal and spatial change of landscape pattern in Qinhuangdao city since the early 1990s was analyzed based on RS and GIS survey. The land use information was acquired by interpreting the TM image data of 1993,2000 and 2008, and 6 landscape indices （the proportion of all patches （PP）, average patch area （APA）, average patch perimeter （APP）, average perimeter-area ration （APAR）, fractal dimension （FD） and aggregation index （AI）） were adopted to characterize the spatial pattern of landscape during these three periods. The transition matrix was used to analyze the varying characteristics of all landscape types. The result showed that, natural and semi-natural landscape types, such as forest, grass and water body, decreased, so did agriculture land, however, the dry-land increased because of the decreasing irrigated land. The increased land for construction because of the human＇ s activities, such as construction of cities and roads, is shown to be the main driving force for the changing landscape pattern.

By using conventional and surrogate market approaches,estimation was made on the indirect monetary values of forest ecosystem services,including organic matter production,water and soil conservation,CO2 fixation,and air purification,in Haxi forest area at the east part of northern slope Qilian Mountains.In the meantime,the ecosystem services values of three vegetation types were compared.The total value of the five ecosystem services in the forest area was 5.2061×108 yuan,among which,woodland occupied 1.951034×108 yuan,shrub land occupied 2.520001×108 yuan,and grassland occupied 0.735065×108 yuan.Calculated by forest land area,the monetary value of indirect ecological services provided by the forest ecosystem in Qilian Mountains was as 3-5 times as that of the Gross National Product in Tianzhu County.Among the three vegetation types,shrub land had the largest monetary values of water and soil conservation services.

This paper presents an ecological analysis of agricultural systems in arid region of Northwestern China. Emergy analysis, a method for environmental accounting developed by H.T. Odum in the Eighties, is appropriate for this task because of its ability to transform different types of inputs to a common form (solar emergy) in order to allow scientific and objective comparisons across different period and regions. Taking Liangzhou and Minqin oases, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin in Gansu province as a case study, the detailed structure of the agricultural process, input/output and emergy indicators of the systems are examined and compared for the years 1986 and 2000. Both the total emergy input and the total yield increased in the two oases. In Liangzhou Oasis the emergy of livestock production exceeded the traditional crop production, which still is the dominant production in Minqin Oasis. The emergy investment ratio, EIR, although increased in the investigated period, was less than 0.5 in both Liangzhou and Minqin oases, indicating that purchased materials and services were less than half the value of indigenous emergy sources exploited. As a consequence, the emergy yield ratio, EYR, was very high in both Liangzhou and Minqin oases. However, the increasing environmental loading ratio, ELR, and the decreasing environmental sustainability index, ESI, in the two oases illustrate a weakening sustainability of the two agro-ecosystems, and this tendency was more evident in the downstream Minqin Oasis, calling for more attention to the environmental degradation in the region.

为理解大尺度下土壤有机碳的空间分异特征,运用遥感与GIS技术,结合地统计学方法研究了三工河流域农业绿洲0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳的空间格局特征.结果表明:①流域尺度的土壤有机碳含量的理论变异函数符合球形模型,F检验达到极显著水平,在2～20 km的中尺度上具有中等强度的空间变异性和自相关性;②流域空间尺度上,土壤有机碳主要变化在4.5～6 g·kg-1和10.5～12 g·kg-1范围中,阜康绿洲区土壤有机碳含量明显要高于阜北绿洲区.土壤有机碳平均含量耕地最高,其次为草地,最低的为裸地.流域空间土壤有机碳储量为17.07×105t,单位面积土壤有机碳储量:阜康绿洲>全流域>阜北绿洲.

This paper studied the road distribution dynamics and the road-effect zone in Qinhuangdao city since 1993 based on the TM/ETM data and GIS platform. The results showed that: (1) the area of road increased 28.1 km(2) during the 15 years and the growth rate was 67.2%; (2) the area of road-effect zone increased 396.3 km(2) and the growth rate was 30.0%; (3) except for Qinglong county, the areas of road-effect zone of other 4 counties are ranking as following: Changli county > Funing county > Lulong county > Qinhuangdao district; the relative area are ranking as following: Changli county > Lulong county > Qinhuangdao district >Funing county; (4) the road-effect zone of all counties were mainly overlaid with their agricultural land and construction land.

Estimation of forest biomass and NPP is of great importance to study global change and terrestrial carbon budget. The estimating models can be divided into three types,such as the forest inventory data ( FID)-based biomass and NPP models and RS-based forest biomass and NPP models,and they are used to measure the forest biomass and NPP in field. Methods of measuring the forest biomass and NPP at plot have a high precision and are suitable for measuring small-area forest stand; forest inventory data ( FID) -based biomass and NPP models provide a rich data base for estimating forest biomass and NPP at plot,regional and national scales,and it become possible that the models can be used to observe the spatiotemporal dynamic change of forest biomass and NPP,but the model for a special forest type needs to be developed,lucubrated and validated; RS-based forest biomass and NPP models have the irreplaceable advantages in estimating forest biomass and NPP at large scale,and they can be used to carry out the long-term,dynamic and continuous estimation and prediction of forest biomass,productivity and dynamic status of carbon cycle. The basic path to improve the precision of RS-based forest biomass and NPP models is to select the appropriate data sources and mathematical modeling.

Karst rocky desertification is one of the most serious geo-ecological disaster in Southwestern China.The extraction of rocky desertification regions and grade division of rocky desertification are the most important premises to do rocky desertification research.The percentage of bare rock is an important index to do rocky desertification grade division.Using scientific and fast methods to calculate the percentage of bare rock is the basis for the extraction of rocky desertification regions and grade division of rocky desertification.We proposed a multi-spectrum remote sensing image-based method to calculate the percentage of bare rock and the TM image at 1987 of Houzhai stream in Puding County,Guizhou Province was chose as experiment data.Firstly,the image was processed to attain the image object.Then,extract the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Bare Soil Index(BI) from the image by band calculation.NDVI and BI were used to calculate vegetation coverage and soil bareness percentage,respectively.Finally,the percentage of bare rock could be calculated by making use of layers arithmetic operation.The experiment result shows that the method proposed in this paper has feasibility.

In order to reveal the change of Karst rocky desertification landscape pattern and find out the relationship between those topographical factors and rocky desertification landscape pattern change,Houzhai stream in Puding county was chosen as study area.With the support of GIS softwares,distribution maps of Karst rocky desertification in 1973 and 2004 were made for rocky desertification landscape pattern change analysis.Correlation between topographical factors and rocky desertification landscape pattern change was analysed quantitively by using correlational analysis method in Excel.The results indicated that rocky desertification landscape pattern changed unevenly in the study area from 1973 to 2004,topographical factors influenced rocky desertification landscape pattern change obviously,and different topographical factors influenced different rocky desertification landscape patches in different degrees.

Rocky desertification is one of the eco-geological disasters widely distributed in karst areas of Southwest China,and one of the hotspots and difficulties in ecology and environmental sciences. From the viewpoints of landscape ecology,and with the help of Erdas 9.1 and ArcGIS 9.0,a case study was made in the Puding County of Guizhou Province,aimed to understand the landscape pattern of rocky desertification in karst depression areas of Southwest China,and to compare it with those in the other karst geomorphologic areas. Overall,the rocky desertification in the karst depression areas of Puding County was not serious and presented a dispersed distribution,while that in other karst geomorphologic areas was much serious and showed an aggregate distribution pattern with big rocky desertification patches. In karst depression areas,the main types of rocky desertification were potential rocky desertification,light rocky desertification,and moderate rocky desertification. With the increasing degree of rocky desertification,patch fragmentation increased. The rocky desertification degree in karst depression areas was lower than that in other karst geomorphologic areas,but the karst depression areas in Puding County had much more serious rocky desertification than those in whole Guizhou Province or Anshun City,illustrating that the rocky desertification in karst depression areas in Puding County was rather serious,being a problem needed to be solved urgently.

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantified with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area (about 50.81%) was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Under the support of RS and GIS technology,based on the TM image and DTM data,the methods of landscape indices analysis and overlay analysis were used to compare the landscape patterns and spatial distribution characteristics between the upper reaches of the Shiyang River and the Heihe River,which are located in the eastern and middle parts of the northern slopes,respectively,of the Qilian Mountains.The results show that the upper reaches of the Shiyang River have larger area proportion of farmland,upland meadow and high-forest,and the upper reaches of the Heihe River have larger area proportion of alpine shrubs and alpine meadow.The heterogeneity and fragmentation of the upper reaches of the Shiyang River is higher than that of the upper reaches of the Heihe River.Accordingly,the landscape connectedness and intergrality of the upper reaches of the Heihe River are higher than that of the upper reaches of the Shiyang River.All the results reveal that the climatic conditions,physiognomy structure,and human activities are the conjunct factors,which form the vegetation landscape pattern in arid mountains.

Based on the investigating the inter-tidal water environment in Qinhuangdao section, the distribution characteristics of ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, Zn, Cd and other metal elements in the water body and the pollution characteristics of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in surface sediment were studied. The results showed that Cd, chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen are the main pollutants in the water body, and 100%, 90.9% and 54.5% of the sample sites exceeded the grade V of surface water environment quality standard, respectively. In surface sediments, Cd was the main pollutant and its average concentration was 5.6 times higher than the national secondary soil quality standard. These contaminants in inter-tidal waters may affect the quality of coastal water and marine organisms.

To explore distribution of potential rocky desertification and their relationship with topographic factors, the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai subsurface stream in Puding County was chosen as a study area. With the aid of GIS software, the 2004 potential rocky desertification distribution map was studied to analyze quantitatively correlation of topographic factors, such as elevation, slope, exposure and position, with areas of rocky desertification. Results show that potential rocky desertification distributed unevenly, and strong correlation (P<0.05 or P<0.01) between topographic factors and potential rocky desertification patches of various grades. With rising elevation, the areas of slightly and moderately potential rocky desertification were increasing in proportion, while the areas of zero and extreme slightly rocky desertification decreasing. With rising slope, the area of zero rocky desertification was decreased, while the areas of slighty, moderately and extreme severely potential rocky desertification were increasing. With exposure turning from shady to sunny, the areas of moderately and severely potential rocky desertification were increasing. The correlation between slope position and potential rocky desertification was much weaker.

In order to discuss the changes of permafrost active layer and environment factors under forest fire,two small basins which locate in burned area and unburned area respectively during the catastrophic forest fire in 1987 were selected as the study areas.The data of permafrost active layer and corresponding environmental variables,such as tree distribution,moss and peat thickness,were obtained by field survey.The results reveal that forest in burned basin has already disappeared and the peat soil in burned basin is significantly thinner than that in or unburned basin,which leads to thicker permafrost active layers in burned basin than in unburned basin using univariate analysis of variance.And then,a series of environmental problems may appear,such as wetland expanding and forest shrinking.

Based on the forest form map and investigation data of Zhamashi forest area, and by using GIS, appropriate landscape pattern indices were chosen to st udy the basic characteristics of vegetation landscape pattern on the southern s lope of Qilian Mountain, with the landscape fragmentation evaluated. In the stud y area, grass and shrub were the main vegetation types, and the landscape matrix had degraded to bare land. The patch densities of all vegetation types were far larger than that of bare land, and their mean fractal dimension was lower than that of bear land. All of these characters emphasized the highly fragmented cond ition of the vegetation landscape in this area. The total edge densities and fra gment indices of grassland and shrub land were higher than those of other vegeta tion types, reflecting that the natural vegetation was mainly affected by grazin g. The forests were more dispersed in small areas, and the landscape structure o f Picea crassifollia forest was heavily destroyed, being induced that the he terogeneity became lower and the patch shape tended to single, suggesting a high fragmentation degree. Other forest types were centralized in a certain habitat and less disturbed by human activities, suggesting a lower fragmentation degree.

It has been recognized that karst rocky desertification is one of the most serious geo-ecological problem in Southwestern China. Understanding the development trend of karst rocky desertification is of fundamental importance in rocky desertification management and control. More attention should be paid to karst areas with potential rocky desertification. In this paper, ARCGIS software was used to discribe the historical and current situation of potential rocky desertification spatial pattern in the middle and lower reaches of Houzhai stream, a typical karst plateau area. Remote sensing images from the study area, collected in 1987, 1995 and 2004 were used for spatial pattern simulation of potential rocky desertification subdivided into six types: none, extreme slightly, slightly, moderately, severely and extreme severely. The results showed that the potential rocky desertification landscape distributed unevenly; a little more than half of the area showed gradual rocky desertification trend and about 60% of those regions had emarkable rocky desertification trend; Slightly potential rocky desertification was increasing all the time, while the other five types of potential rocky desertification had different change tendencies during different stages. Then based on CA-Markov model, the potential rocky desertification spatial pattern was predicted. Verification with investigation based on map in 2004 indicated that 87.2% of the simulation was consistant with real data. Therefore the model is robust in prediction potential rocky desertification spatial pattern in this study area.