The paper evaluates the morphofunctional properties of silver nanoparticles in gel compositions using either sodium alginate or gelatin as a gelling agent. It is shown that gelatin in the concentration of 0.9

Background: The development of alcohol dependence syndrome is accompanied by disturbances of neuroplasticity in neural circuits, the imbalance of neurotransmitter metabolism and immune and hormonal statuses in the central nervous system, which are reflected in changes in peripheral markers. Therefore, determining neuropeptide levels in body fluids is a potentially promising strategy for laboratory monitoring of substance use.Objective: To determine characteristics of changes in oral fluid and serum levels of protein markers and hormones in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome during rehabilitation.Materials and methods: We formed 2 groups of male participants: a control group of apparently healthy volunteers (n = 30) and a group of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, which was similar in size, age, and gender (20-40 years) to the controls. At the time of admission to the rehabilitation program and 3 months later, serum and oral fluid samples were collected. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor, neuropeptide Y, orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, corticotropin, and cortisol in the body fluids.Results: Laboratory findings revealed that it is possible to determine neuropeptides and hormones in the oral fluid. The wide variability of findings in the oral fluid and no statistically significant correlation with corresponding serum levels were characteristic of the most protein markers. Only the BDNF levels were statistically significantly reduced (3.2-fold decrease) in both the serum and oral fluid. Analysis of the serum and oral fluid BDNF and cortisol levels revealed a moderate correlation (r = 0.51, P = .0189).Conclusions: For laboratory monitoring of alcohol dependence syndrome, it is possible to determine oral fluid BDNF, which, like cortisol, has demonstrated a statistically significant moderate correlation between the serum and oral fluid levels.

We review the current understanding of pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry of conditions following extensive resections of the liver parenchyma and describe potential ways of surgical and metabolic correction, including promising molecular targets for therapy. Reduced residual tissue volume (small-for-size syndrome), parenchymal edema due to hyperperfusion and impaired venous blood outflow, septic complications, organ ischemia-reperfusion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are considered key pathogenetic factors in liver failure development following extensive resections of the liver parenchyma. Given the above, promising ways of managing posthepatectomy conditions are the use of agents reducing portal pressure (octreotide [somatostatin analogue], terlipressin [vasopressin analogue], and propranolol), energotropic metabolic drugs (combined preparations of succinate and antioxidants, gasotransmitter donors), and antibiotics and synbiotics for prevention of infectious complications. The approaches currently used in clinical practice cannot always effectively manage complications following extensive hepatectomy, so fundamental research should focus on searching and creating effective strategies for prevention and therapy of posthepatectomy liver failure.

Photochemical reduction is used to develop many methods of creating biologically active substances and materials consisting of silver nanoclusters, which makes them relevant for science and technology, including different trends in biotechnology, catalytic systems, label-free quantification, metasurfaces and nanohybrid composites. The paper presents the silver nanoparticle (AgNP) technology based on cavitation-diffusion photochemical reduction in the presence of 10 mg of ligand (polyvinylpyrrolidone) allowing to significantly change the AgNP content depending on the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the reaction system, and providing the AgNP domination having a certain size. It is found that at 5 mg of AgNO3 in the reaction system, the size of at least 60

Background. In drug addiction treatment, the diagnostic process is based on the chemical toxicological determination of the intoxication substrate or its metabolite. Laboratory monitoring and prediction issues that could form the basis of secondary prevention remain unresolved. Specific nervous tissue proteins are considered to be the most promising laboratory markers of drug pathology. Objective — to determine some potential biomarkers of protein-chemical nature in the plasma of patients with drug dependence syndrome. Methods. The study was conducted according to the design of an observational clinical trial at the Narcological Dispensary of Krasnodar Krai in the period from 07.2021 to 07.2022. The main group (group 2) included 31 patients diagnosed with substance dependence syndrome. The control group (group 1, n = 15) consisted of healthy subjects submitted to occupational medical examinations. During the detoxification-stabilization therapy and rehabilitation, 5 proteins were determined in the plasma: brainand glial-derived neurotrophic factors, neuron-specific enolase, alpha-synuclein and calcium-binding protein S100B. Statistical analysis of the data involved the Mann-Whitney test for comparing the values of the control and experimental groups and the Wilcoxon test for comparing the values of one group obtained at different stages of observation. The calculations were carried out using StatPlus version 7 (AnalystSoft Inc., USA). Results. A total of 31 patients were included in the main group, 18 of them were followed up with a diagnosis of opioid dependence syndrome ( n = 11) or psychostimulant dependence syndrome ( n = 7). Patients dropped out of the study due to their refusal to participate in the study or undergo rehabilitation, or due to relapse of the disease. When admitted to the hospital, patients indicated a 45% decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the plasma ( p < 0.001), and a 3.9-fold decrease after rehabilitation course ( p < 0.001). Glial-derived neurotrophic factor in the plasma exceeded the controls 1.9 times ( p < 0.001) upon admission to hospital, but rapidly returned to normal values thereafter. Level of neuron-specific enolase in the plasma was also poor, 36% lower than the controls ( p <0.001), but approached the control values by the end of rehabilitation. Conclusion. The study obtained data indicating the changes in neurotrophic factors in the blood plasma of patients with opioid or psychostimulant dependence. The rehabilitation period was marked by a relatively rapid improving level of neurotrophins; however, brain-derived neurotrophic factor remained reduced despite the successful treatment, which may indicate the irreversible changes.

В настоящее время не существует доступных фармакологических способов метаболической коррекции, которые могут обеспечить надежную защиту органа при ишемически-реперфузионном повреждении. Одним из возможных пу- тей метаболической коррекции таких повреждений является регуляция активности окисли тельного декарбоксилирования пирувата. Цель исследования — определить характер влияния натрия дихлорацетата на раз- витие ищемически-реперфузионной травмы печени в условиях сосудистой изоляции паренхимы у крыс. Исследование было выполнено на семи группах крыс: контрольная группа, груп- пы сравнения (с разными моделями ишемии-реперфузии печени) и опытные группы, которым перед ишемией вводили дихлорацетат натрия 300 мг/кг интраперитонеально. В результате проведенных исследований впервые были получены эксперимен- тальные данные, подтверждающие снижение активности пируватдегидрогеназы пос ле ишемии-реперфузии печени на 70–72 %. Это может быть одним из ключевых звеньев патогенеза — развивающегося патологического процесса, блокирующего использование глюкозы в энергообмене после восстановления кровотока. Использо- вание дихлорацетата натрия сопровождалось увеличением активности пируватдегид- рогеназы в 4,7–5,0 раза относительно соответствующих групп сравнения в стадии реперфузии. Также на фоне предварительного введения дихлорацетата натрия наблю- далось снижение выраженности цитолитического синдрома по данным определения активности аминотрансфераз и ЛДГ в плазме крови, которая была в 2,0–3,0 раза ниже соответствующих показателей крыс, которым моделировали ишемию-репер- фузию без коррекции. Полученные данные подтверждают возможность снижения уровня цитолиза гепатоцитов, уровня лактатацидоза и нормализации проосидантно-антиоксидант- ного баланса в условии прекондиционирования дихлорацетатом натрия полной или частичной сосудистой изоляции печени крыс. При этом пируватдегидрогеназный комплекс можно рассматривать как потенциальную мишень для митохондриальных цитопротекторов, воздействие на которую может эффективно повысить устойчивость клеток к гипоксии.

Changes in the state of the antioxidant protection system and the intensification of free radical processes are the leading pathobiochemical mechanism for the development of reperfusion damage to cells. The aim of this paper is to determine the features of changes in markers of oxidative stress at different periods of development of the acute reperfusion after total vascular exclusion of rat liver. The study was carried out on 100 white nonlinear sexually mature male rats weighing of 200-250 grams. The animals of the experimental groups were simulated with a 20-minute vascular isolation of the liver. Blood in a volume of 2-3 ml was taken from the inferior vena cava for 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes, 8 hours and a day after the restoration of blood flow. The results of the study showed that in the early stages of the reperfusion period (5-60 minutes), changes are observed due to cytolysis of hepatocytes during the period of organ ischemia and leaching of cell contents into the blood. The level of radical sorption of ABTS by blood plasma briefly increased by 20% by the 5th minute of the reperfusion period; at the same period, an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity by 2.5 times was noted. The total antioxidant activity, determined by the iron-reducing method, was increased by 2 times within the period of 15-30 minutes after the restoration of blood flow. The main manifestations of reperfusion damage to the liver developed in 60 minutes after the restoration of blood flow and were characterized by a sharp decrease in total AOA by 1.5-2 times and the concentration of reduced glutathione by 20%. The system of antioxidant protection of blood plasma was the first to react to the spread of the pathological process at the systemic level and its changes persisted one day after liver ischemia. A 20-minute vascular exclusion of the liver was accompa- nied by changes in the antioxidant balance in the erythrocyte suspension, but these changes returned to normal a day after the restoration of blood flow. The data obtained make it possible to distinguish between the contribution of ischemic and reperfusion injuries to the development of oxidative disorders, which is important from the standpoint of assessing the possibilities of anti- oxidant therapy.

Pregnancy is accompanied by physiologically adaptive changes necessary for the normal vital functioning of preg- nant woman and for the growth and development of the fetus. During pregnancy, structural and functional changes in all body systems begin, including in the immune and antioxidant systems. In the normal course of pregnancy, the cytokine balance shifts toward the immunosuppressive Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β). Violation of an adequate restructuring cytokine balance can cause complications during pregnancy. It was noted that high levels of Th1 cyto- kines can significantly affect the course of pregnancy and that cytokines are sensitive markers of spontaneous abortion in women. Activation of metabolic processes, increased energy metabolism, the initiation of tissue respiration occurs in preg- nancy. Disruptions in the functioning of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, changes in hemodynamics and tissue oxy- genation induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that often cause a violation of oxidative homeostasis and the formation of oxidative stress (OS). This requires activation of the antioxidant system and an additional amount of antioxidants to restore balance in the pro/antioxidant system. It should be noted that at different stages of pregnancy imbalance of pro/antioxidants and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines systems are individual and the limits of physiological changes during normal pregnancy of particular indica- tors of these systems are poorly understood.

Aim. The effectiveness of antioxidant correction of oxidative disturbances in women suffering from inflammatory diseases of the small pelvis was evaluated. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 154 women divided into groups: the control group (n=30), the group composed of the patients suffering from the complex course of chronic inflammatory uterine disease with salpingitis and oophoritis in their exacerbation phase (n=120). The patients of the 2nd group underwent standardized course of treatment, while the patients of the 3rd group received tocopherol and retinol in addition to the standard- ized therapy, the patients of the 4th group were injected with the sodium thiosulfate, and the patients of the 5th group received all three antioxidants at the same time. The study lasted 2 weeks, at the beginning and in the end blood and oral liquid were sampled. In the body liquids the general antioxidative activity and the content of oxidative modifications of biomolecules were determined (TBA-reactive substances). Results. The performed study demonstrated the presence of imbalance in oxidative homeostasis in women suf- fering from inflammatory diseases of the small pelvis which was characterized by the general antioxidant activity of the blood plasma decreased by 30% and the content of TBA-reactive substances in erythrocytic meal and oral liquid increased by 45%. The injections of tocopherol, retinol and thiosulfate were accompanied by the similarly expressed stabilization of the prooxidant-oxidative balance including the increase in the general antioxidant activity at the sys- temic level and the decrease in the content of TBA-reactive substances in blood and oral liquid down to the proper indices of the group composed of apparently healthy female test patients. Conclusion. The received data demonstrated the necessity of correction for the imbalance of prooxidant-oxidative system while the evaluation of the correction by means of the lipophilic tocopherol and retinol, hydrophilic sodium thio- sulfate or their combined usage revealed the high effectiveness of each of the used treatment profiles.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ГОМЕОСТАЗА В РОТОВОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ БОЛЬНЫХ ФЛЕГМОНАМИ ЧЕЛЮСТНО-ЛИЦЕВОЙ ОБЛАСТИШвец О.В., Гайворонская Т

Aim. This study aims to increase the efficiency of the wound process in patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region by using energotropic and antioxidant agents. Material and methods. The clinical study included 42 patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region. The patients were divided into two groups: comparison group (patients received traditional treatment) and main group (patients received treatment with Cytoflavin in the treatment regimen). Results. In the main group, the appearance of the first granulations occurred 2.1 times faster (on average on the 3rd day) in comparison with the granulation tissue in patients of the comparison group. Signs of edge epithelialization of wounds appeared almost 3 days earlier (on average on the 6th day) in the main group than in the comparison group; on the 7th day, secondary sutures were already applied, which was 1.6 times faster than the same parameter group 2, clearly suggesting the acceleration of reparative processes. Conclusion. The dynamics of clinical manifestations indicates the comparative effectiveness of using Cytoflavin as part of complex therapy. This finding is confirmed by the accelerated terms of wound healing, the appearance of granulations, epithelialization of the wound edges, and the imposition of secondary sutures.

The article presents the results of studies of metabolic indicators of oral liquid in patients with a wide range of somatic illnesses that reflecting the functional state of the prooxidant-antioxidant system. During the studies established that most increase in activity of oxidation processes in the background of decrease in activity of all enzymes of antiradical protection was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Also a significant increase in FRO was observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while they have identified imbalance in the functioning of enzyme systems and the highest amplitude changes in the activity of enzymes of antiradical protection. We also established the activation of free radical processes in patients of other groups, but less pronounced on the background of a minor changes in the activity of enzymes. The obtained data demonstrate the development of oxidative stress at the local level in the oral fluid which is probably a reflection of the systemic metabolic changes under examined somatic pathologies and presents prospect of studying oral fluid in the laboratory diagnosis of oxidative metabolism disorders.

This article presents the results of dynamic changes in biochemical parameters in blood and liver of laboratory animals in modeling of partial vascular isolation of liver using a Pringle-maneuver. Indicators of cytolytic syndrome, prooxidantantioxidant and detoxification system function was studied. Research found evidence of a gradual increase of cytolysis of hepatocytes, intensity of free radical processes, endogenous intoxication, which accompanied of compensatory systems activation by the first 10-15 minutes, and being depleted to 20 minutes of ischemia. These data reveal prospects of metabolic correction of possible complications intraoperative clamping hepatoduodenal bunch by means of antioxidant orientation. Received data may be useful in the formation of concepts about the reasonable time limits of liver vascular isolation.

In the article the influence of the hepatotropic effect of linseed and walnut oils on the lipid composition of the rats’ blood serum under CCl4 intoxication has been presented. Lipid metabolism was characterised by the assessment of total cholesterol content in the blood serum, non-etherified cholesterol, cholesterol ethers, cholesterol lipoproteids of high-, lowand very lowdensity as well as triaclglycerins. In rats with experimental severe liver insufficiency associated with cholesterol increase in low-density lipoproteid fraction alongside its decrease in high-density lipoproteid fraction hypercholesterolemia was progressing. Cholesterol etherification inhibition (by 31,1 %) was also observed. The tendency to less intensive disorders (by1,7-2,0) as well as the tendency to lipid metabolism normalisation in animals have been revealed under the influence of lipophilic substances studied.

In our research we show the results of study of state antiradical protection system of blood and activity of digestive proteases (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin) in homogenates of the stomach, pancreas of experimental animals (rats) that were exposed to intoxication by carbon tetrachloride. In course of study we found that there are the activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), imbalance in enzymes of antiradical protection system (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and the decrease of pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin production in rats, which were poisoned by carbon tetrachloride. Using the flax oil and juglans nigra and juglans regia oils helped to reduce intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation, to normalize enzymatic chain of antiradical protection system of blood and also tend to restore production of digestive proteases when rats have got a model of acute toxic liver injury induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride. These results create a basis for further studying and using these vegetable oils in treatment of pathological conditions after transmission different toxic agents to human body.

The results of the lipo-protein erythrocytes membrane spectrum research in toxic impairment of liver in rats by tetrachloric carbon have been presented in the article. The possibility of the correction of the found biochemical impairments by vegetable oils has been described.