Until the publication of the historic edition of the Directory of Diplomates, very little was known to the diplomates of the Board regarding the original Directors of the American Board of Orthodontics.

A historic treatise on the originators of the Board, their activities, and the operations and activities of the organization is presented.

Closing loops are used in orthodontics to apply forces on teeth and cause them to move in a desired direction. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of loop geometry and position on loop properties. Using finite element analysis, loop response was simulated for three closing loop designs (vertical, T-, and L-loop) at thirteen loop positions. Loop length and height were 14 and 10-mm, respectively. Loop properties (horizontal load/deflection, vertical force, and moment-to-force ratio M/F) on both ends were measured at 100 and 200 g force activation or when moving both ends 2-mm together. It was found that the pattern of changes in loop properties with loop position was similar for the vertical and T-loop. They reached their maximum M/F-ratios of 5.5 and 7.3, respectively, at the ends closest to 1/5 or 4/5 off-center loop positions. M/F-direction at an end changed when the loop was about 2/3 away (vertical loop) or 4/5 (T-loop). The L-loop behaved differently, reaching its maximum 8.7 M/F-ratio (200 g activation) when centered. M/F-direction only changed at the opposite end of the L-loop direction, and occurred when the loop was centered. This study showed that loop properties depended on loop shape, position and activation. The way properties changed with loop position depended on their designs. Clinicians should consider the specific characteristics of each loop configuration for desired tooth movements.

IN REVIEWING or examining the anatomy of the American Association oi Orthodontists, we must begin with a basic structural analysis of the organizat,ion. Since the change in name from the American Societ.y of Orthodontists in 1937, our Association has been built from its tight constituent so&tics: 1. The Northeastern Society of Orthodontist,s 2. The Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists 3. The Southern Society of Orthodontists 4. The Southwestern Society of Orthodontists 5. The Rocky Mountain Society of Orthodontists 6. The Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists 7. The Midwestern Society of Orthodontists (until 1961 known iIs t.he Central Section of the American Association of Orthodontists) 8. The Middle Atlantic Society of Orthodontists. The Pacific Coast Society, by reason of its geographic unwieldiness, is divided into three components-Southern, Central, and Northern. The Northeastern Society embraces the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Pork and the Canadian provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island. No\a Scotia, and Newfoundland. The Great Lakes Society includes Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Pcnnsylwn ia west of t,he Alleghenies, and the Province of Ontario in (‘anada. The Southern Society embraces the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Xorth Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Trnncssee, Kentucky, Xssissippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi Rivtr. The Southwestern Society takes in the states of Kansas, Oklaboma~ Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River. The Rocky Mountain Society includes the states of Wytmiing, TJtah, &lorado, a,nd New Mexico.