We review published research on the ingress of larvae and early juveniles of marine fishes into estuaries subjected to different tidal regimes and provide perspectives on the abilities and responses of these early-life stages to the physico-chemical, hydrodynamic and biological drivers that facilitate such ingress. We focus on documenting ingress and the mechanisms employed by early-stage fishes from coastal waters to enter different types of microtidal and macrotidal estuaries but also include information on ingress into mesotidal systems. Spawning localities for estuary-associated marine fishes are assessed with respect to ontogeny of larvae and their ability to ingress estuaries during the preflexion and postflexion stages. The processes and physico-chemical cues employed by larvae and early juveniles to locate estuaries are reviewed, with olfactory cues being recognised as especially important. Particular emphasis is directed to vertical migratory behaviours and selective tidal stream transport (STST) employed by many larvae ingressing macrotidal estuaries, contrasting with mainly passive flood-tide entry and active swimming modes typically used by larvae and early juveniles that enter microtidal estuaries and estuarine lakes and lagoon systems.

The dependence on connectivity and use of estuaries by two major groups of fishes, namely estuary-associated marine and diadromous species, are reviewed. The former group comprises marine estuarine–opportunists and marine estuarine–dependents, and the latter anadromous, catadromous, and amphidromous species. Examples of ingress to estuaries by larvae and juveniles of species from each group illustrate the importance of freshwater-estuarine-marine connectivity to the life cycles of those species. Factors that threaten estuarine connectivity, including the potential/possible consequences of global climate change on the contribution of these key taxa to coastal fish assemblages at pristine or recent historical levels, are highlighted. The implications of reduced connectivity on the current and future status of these major groups in estuaries are also discussed. Finally, it is noted that the abundance of fishes in the above guilds has already declined substantially and that there are no clear prospects for a reversal of this trend. Possible future research on fishes and coastal connectivity include applications of environmental DNA and otolith microchemistry, and the assessment of fish responses to the removal of dams to restore connectivity in catchment rivers.

Chapter 12 Management of Fishes and Fisheries in Estuaries Michael Elliott, Michael ElliottSearch for more papers by this authorEdward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this authorStephen J. Lamberth, Stephen J. LamberthSearch for more papers by this authorJemma-Anne Lonsdale, Jemma-Anne LonsdaleSearch for more papers by this authorJames R. Tweedley, James R. TweedleySearch for more papers by this author Michael Elliott, Michael ElliottSearch for more papers by this authorEdward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this authorStephen J. Lamberth, Stephen J. LamberthSearch for more papers by this authorJemma-Anne Lonsdale, Jemma-Anne LonsdaleSearch for more papers by this authorJames R. Tweedley, James R. TweedleySearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Alan K. Whitfield, Alan K. Whitfield South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. Able Rutgers University, Tuckerton, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen J.M. Blaber, Stephen J.M. Blaber CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Brisbane, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Elliott, Michael Elliott IECS Ltd, Leven, UK University of Hull, Hull, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119705345.ch12Citations: 8 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter details the governance and management of estuarine fish ecology, habitats and fisheries, whereby the governance in turn covers the policies, administrative bodies and legislative instruments. It uses case studies predominantly from North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Japan but other areas are mentioned where possible. It describes the management and legal approaches to the means of controlling human activities and the way in which management also has to include economic, technological, societal and cultural aspects. In addition, because of the inherent importance of connectivity, the chapter emphasises that the management of estuarine habitats, fish and fisheries also depends on the management of catchments and the adjacent sea areas where these affect estuaries. Citing Literature Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective RelatedInformation

Chapter 3 Reproduction, Ontogeny and Recruitment Edward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. AbleSearch for more papers by this authorNadine A. Strydom, Nadine A. StrydomSearch for more papers by this authorEric Wolanski, Eric WolanskiSearch for more papers by this authorTimo Arula, Timo ArulaSearch for more papers by this author Edward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. AbleSearch for more papers by this authorNadine A. Strydom, Nadine A. StrydomSearch for more papers by this authorEric Wolanski, Eric WolanskiSearch for more papers by this authorTimo Arula, Timo ArulaSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Alan K. Whitfield, Alan K. Whitfield South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. Able Rutgers University, Tuckerton, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen J.M. Blaber, Stephen J.M. Blaber CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Brisbane, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Elliott, Michael Elliott IECS Ltd, Leven, UK University of Hull, Hull, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119705345.ch3Citations: 9 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter reviews and synthesises knowledge on reproduction and recruitment in estuary-dependent and estuary-associated fishes. Resident and migrating species (anadromous, catadromous and amphidromous) capitalise on estuarine productivity to ensure successful reproduction. The variable estuarine environments are challenging, but many species are adapted to reproduce in and recruit to these rich and productive ecosystems. Modes of reproduction, including utilisation of nursery habitat by early-life stages and behavioural adaptations, are described, as are contributions of adults to recruitment. Scales and patterns of environmental, hydrodynamic and biological processes that control ingress or retention of early-life stages in estuaries are reviewed. Recruitment processes in estuary-associated species are highly dynamic, depend on fish behaviour, are variably dependent on adult abundance and are difficult to predict. Case studies and global examples are presented to highlight the diversity of strategies and factors that ensure reproductive success. Citing Literature Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective RelatedInformation

Chapter 5 Feeding Ecology and Trophic Dynamics Alan K. Whitfield, Alan K. WhitfieldSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. AbleSearch for more papers by this authorStephen J.M. Blaber, Stephen J.M. BlaberSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Elliott, Michael ElliottSearch for more papers by this authorAnita Franco, Anita FrancoSearch for more papers by this authorTrevor D. Harrison, Trevor D. HarrisonSearch for more papers by this authorEdward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this author Alan K. Whitfield, Alan K. WhitfieldSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. AbleSearch for more papers by this authorStephen J.M. Blaber, Stephen J.M. BlaberSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Elliott, Michael ElliottSearch for more papers by this authorAnita Franco, Anita FrancoSearch for more papers by this authorTrevor D. Harrison, Trevor D. HarrisonSearch for more papers by this authorEdward D. Houde, Edward D. HoudeSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Alan K. Whitfield, Alan K. Whitfield South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South AfricaSearch for more papers by this authorKenneth W. Able, Kenneth W. Able Rutgers University, Tuckerton, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen J.M. Blaber, Stephen J.M. Blaber CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Brisbane, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Elliott, Michael Elliott IECS Ltd, Leven, UK University of Hull, Hull, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119705345.ch5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter examines the ways in which estuarine fishes interact both with their habitat, and with each other, in relation to food and feeding. The ways in which diet and feeding may change with size and age are also discussed. The diverse feeding specialisations and dietary flexibility employed by different groups of fishes are reviewed, with the various trophic levels occupied by fishes, from herbivorous to piscivorous, being documented. In addition, examples are given of food web structures in estuaries, how these may be influenced by different primary producers and type of estuary, as well as by perturbations. The use of stable isotopes in interpreting these trophic structures is examined and examples presented to illustrate how modern techniques have progressed our understanding of fish feeding ecology in estuaries. The role of piscivorous fish, invertebrate, reptile and mammalian predators on the ichthyofauna of estuaries is also assessed. Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective RelatedInformation

Exogenous anomalies induced by contemporary climate change may severely impact dynamics of early life stages of fish. Here, we modelled how growth rate and abundance of postflexion larvae, and recruitment of Baltic spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) in the Pärnu Bay, Gulf of Riga (GoR) may respond to shifting climate variables. Higher larval growth rates were aligned with later seasonal emergence of yolk-sac larvae, while lower abundance of postflexion larvae occurred in years of earlier seasonal seawater warming. Cooler temperatures (<16 °C) in spring expanded the optimal thermal window for first-feeding herring larvae, attributable to the absence of early seasonal water temperature warming. Higher recruitment levels emerged in years of seasonally delayed warming and were associated with higher abundance of postflexion larvae. In recent decades, the trend towards earlier warming of the Baltic Sea in spring threatens to create a bottleneck to successful recruitment of herring. The existing paradigm that abundant Baltic herring year-classes occur only in the years following mild winters no longer stands as environmental conditions undergo rapid change. The relative contribution of Pärnu Bay larval nursery areas to recruitment has diminished as the suitable thermal window has been dramatically reduced in recent decades. Evolving thermal dynamics in the GoR have developed relatively recently and in future present a bottleneck for herring production.

Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) support the largest fishery by volume on the United States East Coast, while also playing an important role as a forage species. Managers’ and stakeholders’ increasing concerns about the impact of Atlantic menhaden harvest on ecosystem processes led to an evolution in the assessment and management of this species from a purely single-species approach to an ecosystem approach. The first coastwide stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden for management used a single-species virtual population analysis (VPA). Subsequent assessments used a forward projecting statistical catch-at-age framework that incorporated estimates of predation mortality from a multispecies VPA while analytical efforts continued toward the development of ecosystem models and explicit ecological reference points (ERPs) for Atlantic menhaden. As an interim step while ecosystem models were being developed, a series of ad hoc measures to preserve Atlantic menhaden biomass for predators were used by managers. In August 2020, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission formally adopted an ecological modeling framework as a tool to set reference points and harvest limits for the Atlantic menhaden that considers their role as a forage fish. This is the first example of a quantitative ecosystem approach to setting reference points on the United States Atlantic Coast and it represents a significant advance for forage fish management. This case study reviews the history of Atlantic menhaden stock assessments and management, outlines the progress on the current implementation of ERPs for this species, and highlights future research and management needs to improve and expand ecosystem-based fisheries management.

To understand dissolved oxygen deficiency in Chesapeake Bay and its direct impact on zooplankton and planktivorous fish communities, six research cruises were conducted at two sites in the Chesapeake Bay from spring to autumn in 2010 and 2011. Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were measured from hourly conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) casts, and crustacean zooplankton, planktivorous fish and gelatinous zooplankton were collected with nets and trawls. CTD data were grouped into three temperature groups and two dissolved oxygen-level subgroups using principal component analysis (PCA). Species concentrations and copepod nonpredatory mortalities were compared between oxygenated conditions within each temperature group. Under hypoxic conditions, there usually were significantly fewer copepods Acartia tonsa and bay anchovies Anchoa mitchilli, but more bay nettles Chyrsaora chesapeakei and lobate ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi. Neutral red staining of copepod samples confirmed that copepod nonpredatory mortalities were higher under hypoxic conditions than under normoxia, indicating that the sudden decline in copepod concentration in summer was directly associated with hypoxia. Because comparisons were made within each temperature group, the effects of temperature were isolated, and hypoxia was clearly shown to have contributed to copepod decreases, planktivorous fish decreases, and gelatinous zooplankton increases. This research quantified the direct effects of hypoxia and explained the interactions between seasonality and hypoxia on the zooplankton population.

Vertebrate and invertebrate taxa that serve as forage for predators play a critical role in coastal ecosystems by linking lower trophic levels to ecologically and economically valuable predators in upper trophic levels. We analyzed long-term data from multiple monitoring surveys in Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries to evaluate patterns and relative abundances of forage at two spatial scales and to identify drivers of forage availability. Time series of forage abundances showed positive spatial correlation, becoming increasingly similar with declining distance between tributaries and regions of Chesapeake Bay. Statistical models were fit to identify relationships among forage taxa and climatic, biological, and environmental variables. Annual abundance indices of many forage taxa were higher in years when spring water temperatures warmed slowly, as indicated by an annual 5 °C degree-day warming index that represented the rate of warming during late winter/early spring. Forage indices also were related (in taxon-specific ways) to winter–spring chlorophyll concentration and freshwater discharge, and to three summer water quality variables: dissolved oxygen, salinity, and water temperature, in addition to a broad-scale climate indicator (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation). Our findings broadly demonstrate that bottom–up climate forcing acts to control at least some taxa at lower trophic levels in Chesapeake Bay. Ongoing phenological changes in regional climate and evidence of spatial dependence in responses of forage to environmental conditions underscore the likelihood that spatiotemporal foraging conditions for predator species will change under projected climate conditions.

Structured, systematic processes for decision-making can facilitate implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). In US fisheries management, existing fishery ecosystem plans (FEPs) are primarily descriptive documents - not action-oriented planning processes. "Next-generation" FEPs extend existing FEPs by translating ecosystem principles into action through a structured process, including identifying and prioritizing objectives and evaluating trade-offs while assessing alternative management strategies for meeting objectives. We illustrate the potential for implementing a structured decision-making process for EBFM by reviewing fisheries management case studies through the lens of the next-generation FEP process, highlighting two perspectives. First, across case studies almost all steps occur, many occurring in multiple regions, indicating scientific and fisheries management capacity exists to conduct structured process components. Second, adjustments would be needed to transition to next-generation FEPs, as existing activity is rarely conducted within a fully structured, integrated process and examples of certain steps are scarce, but existing examples can guide future management. Implementing ongoing activity within next-generation FEPs would likely streamline fisheries management activity, saving time and resources while improving outcomes for stakeholders and ecosystems.

The bay anchovyAnchoa mitchilliis the most abundant fish in Chesapeake Bay (USA) and is a vital link between plankton and piscivores within the trophic structure of this large estuarine ecosystem. Baywide distributions and abundances of bay anchovy eggs and larvae, and larval growth, were analyzed in a 5 yr program to evaluate temporal and spatial variability based on research surveys in the 1995-1999 spawning seasons. Effects of environmental variability and abundance of zooplankton that serve as prey for larval bay anchovy were analyzed. In the years of these surveys, 97.6% of eggs and 98.8% of larvae occurred in the polyhaline lower bay. Median egg and larval abundances differed more than 10-fold for surveys conducted in the 5 yr and were highest in the lower bay. Within years, median larval abundance (ind. m-2) in the lower bay was generally 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than upper-bay abundance. Salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen explained 12% of the spatial and temporal variability in egg abundances and accounted for 27% of the variability in larval abundances. The mean, baywide growth rate for larvae over the 5 yr period was 0.75 ± 0.01 mm d-1, and was best explained by zooplankton concentration and feeding incidence. Among years, mean growth rates ranged from 0.68 (in 1999) to 0.81 (in 1998) mm d-1and were fastest in the upper bay. We identified environmental factors, especially salinity, that contributed to broadscale variability in egg and larval production.

Marine fishes hatch as small larvae, often 1–5 mm in length, and lack organ systems and structures acquired during metamorphosis to the juvenile stage. Collectively termed ichthyoplankton, larvae are pelagic, living primarily in the upper 200 m of the sea. Hydrographic conditions, and abundances of prey and predators govern early-life dynamics. Larval cohorts experience > 99% mortality, primarily from predation. Ability to survey and predict abundances of larvae has advanced significantly in recent decades. Variability in larval survival can be a major determinant of variability in abundance of marine fishes.

Hypoxia, triggered in large part by eutrophication, exerts widespread and expanding stress on coastal ecosystems. Hypoxia is often specifically defined as water having dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations < 2 mg L-1. However, DO concentration alone is insufficient to categorize hypoxic stress or predict impacts of hypoxia on zooplankton and fish. Hypoxic stress depends on the oxygen supply relative to metabolic demand and water temperature controls both oxygen solubility and the metabolic demand of aquatic ectotherms. Accordingly, to assess impacts of hypoxia requires consideration of effects of temperature on both oxygen availability and animal metabolism. Temperature differences across ecosystems or across seasons or years within an ecosystem can dramatically impact the severity of hypoxia even at similar DO concentrations. Low DO can have various non-lethal outcomes for pelagic zooplankton and fish depending on temperature and the physiological tolerances of impacted species. Living under sub-optimum DO can reduce temperature-dependent metabolic efficiencies, prey capture efficiency, growth and reproductive potential, thus impacting production and individual zooplankton and fish fitness. Avoidance of hypoxic bottom water can reduce or eliminate low-temperature thermal refuges for organisms and increase energy demands and respiration rates, and potentially reduce overall fitness if alternative habitats are sub-optimal. Moreover, differential habitat shifts among species can alter predator-prey interactions and modify food webs. For example, more tolerant zooplankton prey may use hypoxic waters as a refuge from fish predation. In contrast, zooplankton avoidance of hypoxic bottom waters can result in prey aggregations at oxyclines sought out by fish predators. Hypoxic conditions that affect spatial ecology can drive taxonomic and size shifts in the zooplankton community, affecting foraging, consumption and growth of fish. Advances in understanding the ecological effects of low DO waters on pelagic zooplankton and fish and comparisons among ecosystems will need to develop generic models and robust metrics that include thermal conditions of hypoxic waters and adjacent habitats.

U.S. fisheries management has made tremendous strides under the current management framework, which centers on single stocks rather than ecosystems. However, conventional management focuses on one fishing sector at a time, considers a narrow range of issues, and is separated into individual fishery management plans often leaving little opportunity to consider overarching management goals across fisheries. Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management (EBFM) provides mechanisms to address these but has not been widely adopted. Here, we review and analyze the development of Fisheries Ecosystem Plans (FEPs) as a means to implement EBFM. In doing so, we provide a blueprint for next-generation FEPS that have the potential to translate EBFM to action. We highlight FEPs as a structured planning process that uses adaptive management to operationalize EBFM. This “FEP Loop” process starts by identifying the key factors that shape a fishery system and considering them simultaneously, as a coherent whole. It then helps managers and stakeholders delineate their overarching goals for the system and refine them into specific, realistic projects. And it charts a course forward with a set of management actions that work in concert to achieve the highest-priority objectives. We conclude that EBFM is feasible today using existing science tools, policy instruments, and management structures. Not only that, nearly all of the steps in the proposed “FEP Loop” process are presently being carried out by U.S. fishery managers. The process of reviewing regional experiences in developing and applying the FEP loop will lead to adaptations and improvements of the process we propose.

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) is a schooling planktivorous fish consumed by numerous fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. This paper aimed to determine whether Pacific herring serves as a key forage fish (i.e. strongly supports predator populations) in the southeastern Gulf of Alaska. All analyses were conducted using mass- and energy-balanced ecosystem models constructed in Ecopath with Ecosim. Supportive Role to Fishery (SURF) index values were computed using predator diets and food web structure encoded in static ecosystem models. Ecosystem impacts of herring stock depletion and collapse were evaluated using quantitative criteria (thresholds) applied to dynamic ecosystem simulations. SURF index values from mass-balanced models lay below the threshold required to designate herring as a key forage fish. However, values from an energy-balanced model supported the key status of herring. Dynamic ecosystem simulations in mass- and energy-balanced models revealed strong negative effects of herring depletion on several predators. In most energy-balanced models, simulation results designated herring as a key forage fish despite indications of functional redundancy in the forage fish guild. Impacts of herring depletion on predators were stronger and more numerous in energy-balanced models, suggesting that the high energy content of herring enhances its importance to predators. Simulation results also demonstrated positive impacts of herring depletion on two zooplankton groups due to release from predation pressure. The status of Pacific herring as a key forage fish apparently depends on its energy content relative to other forage fish. Nevertheless, the results of this study support precautionary, ecosystem-based management of Pacific herring fisheries.

Implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) for forage fish requires methods to evaluate tradeoffs associated with competing management objectives that focus on supporting fishery yields or providing food for predators. We developed an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model of the U.S. Northwest Atlantic continental shelf (NWACS) for the period 1982-2013 to inform an EAFM for Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. The model (with 61 trophic groups and 8 fishing fleets) was parameterized and fitted to time series using data from stock assessments, surveys, and literature. Fifty-year simulations evaluated how Atlantic Menhaden fishing mortality rates (F) influenced different ecosystem indicators, including population biomasses, fishery yields, prey-to-predator ratios, and the proportion of trophic groups that were positively or negatively affected. We quantified tradeoffs associated with a range of alternative ecosystem-based reference points for Atlantic Menhaden F and biomass (B), including F for maximum sustainable yield (F-MSY), 0.5F(MSY), proxies for current single-species F reference points, 75% of virgin unfished biomass (B-0), and 40%B-0. Striped Bass Morone saxatilis were most sensitive to increases in Atlantic Menhaden fishing, largely due to their strong dietary reliance on this prey species, but other higher-trophic-level groups (birds, highly migratory species, sharks, and marine mammals) were also negatively impacted. Other commercially important predators of Atlantic Menhaden (e.g., Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and Weakfish Cynoscion regalis) had moderate to negligible responses at the highest levels of Atlantic Menhaden F. The alternative reference points considered resulted in (1) variable Atlantic Menhaden biomasses (40-75% of B-0) and yields (54-100% of MSY), (2) up to 60% decline in Striped Bass B and yield, (3) negative impacts on the B of <= 13% of modeled groups, and (4) positive impacts on the B of <= 6% of modeled groups. Simulations demonstrated the varied responses, potential winners and losers, and tradeoffs resulting from alternative management strategies for Atlantic Menhaden. These results and the NWACS model can help to advance an EAFM for Atlantic Menhaden and other fishes.

Economic valuation of ecological restoration most often encompasses only the most tangible ecosystem service benefits, thereby omitting many difficult-to-measure benefits, including those derived from enhanced reliability of ecosystem services. Because climate change is likely to impose novel ecosystem stressors, a typical approach to valuing benefits may fail to capture the contribution of ecosystem resilience to sustaining long-term benefits. Unfortunately, we generally lack predictive probabilistic models that would enable measurement and valuation of resilience. Therefore, alternative measures are needed to complement monetary values and broaden understanding of restoration benefits. We use a case study of Chesapeake Bay restoration (total maximum daily load) to show that ecosystem service benefits that are typically monetized leave critical information gaps. To address these gaps, we review evidence for ecosystem services that can be quantified or described, including changes in harmful algal bloom risks. We further propose two integrative indicators of estuarine resilience-the extent of submerged aquatic vegetation and spatial distribution of fish. Submerged aquatic vegetation extent is indicative of qualities of ecosystems that promote positive feedbacks to water quality. Broadly distributed fish populations reduce risk by promoting diverse responses to spatially heterogeneous stresses. Our synthesis and new analyses for the Chesapeake Bay suggest that resilience metrics improve understanding of restoration benefits by demonstrating how nutrient and sediment load reductions will alleviate multiple sources of stress, thereby enhancing the system's capacity to absorb or adapt to extreme events or novel stresses.

Resource managers and policy makers have long recognized the importance of considering fisheries in the context of ecosystems; yet, movement towards widespread Ecosystem‐based Fisheries Management (EBFM) has been slow. A conceptual reframing of fisheries management is occurring globally, which envisions fisheries as systems with interacting biophysical and human subsystems. This broader view, along with a process for decision making, can facilitate implementation of EBFM. A pathway to achieve these broadened objectives of EBFM in the United States is a Fishery Ecosystem Plan (FEP). The first generation of FEPs was conceived in the late 1990s as voluntary guidance documents that Regional Fishery Management Councils could adopt to develop and guide their ecosystem‐based fisheries management decisions, but few of these FEPs took concrete steps to implement EBFM. Here, we emphasize the need for a new generation of FEPs that provide practical mechanisms for putting EBFM into practice in the United States. We argue that next‐generation FEPs can balance environmental, economic, and social objectives—the triple bottom line—to improve long‐term planning for fishery systems.

FisheriesVolume 41, Issue 8 p. 494-494 Book Review Oneida Lake: Long-Term Dynamics of a Managed Ecosystem and Its Fishery Edward D. Houde, Edward D. Houde ehoude@umces.edu University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 1 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, 20636Search for more papers by this author Edward D. Houde, Edward D. Houde ehoude@umces.edu University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 1 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, 20636Search for more papers by this author First published: 02 August 2016 https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1199841Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue8Special Issue: EducationAugust 2016Pages 494-494 RelatedInformation

Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, is an abundant, schooling pelagic fish that is widely distributed in the coastal Northwest Atlantic. It supports the largest single-species fishery by volume on the east coast of the United States. However, relatively little is known about factors that control recruitment, and its stock- recruitment relationship is poorly defined. Atlantic menhaden is managed as a single unit stock, but fisheries and environmental variables likely act regionally on recruitments. To better understand spatial and temporal variability in recruitment, fishery-independent time-series (1959-2013) of young-of-year (YOY) abundance indices from the Mid-Atlantic to Southern New England (SNE) were analysed using dynamic factor analysis and generalized additive models. Recruitment time-series demonstrated low-frequency variability and the analyses identified two broad geographical groupings, the Chesapeake Bay (CB) and SNE. Each of these two regions exhibited changes in YOY abundance and different periods of relatively high YOY abundance that were inversely related to each other; CB indices were highest from ca. 1971 to 1991, whereas SNE indices were high from ca. 1995 to 2005. Wetested for effects of climatic, environmental, biological, and fishing-related variables that have been documented or hypothesized to influence stock productivity. Abroad-scale indicator of climate, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, was the best single predictor of coast-wide recruitment patterns, and had opposing effects on the CB and SNE regions. Underlying mechanisms of spatial and interannual variability in recruitment likely derive from interactions among climatology, larval transport, adult menhaden distribution, and habitat suitability. The identified regional patterns and climatic effects have implications for the stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden, particularly given the geographically constrained nature of the existing fishery and the climatic oscillations characteristic of the coastal ocean.