The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Flow-Clutch Scale (FCS) within the framework of the Integrated Model of Flow and Clutch States. Two hundred and thirty-five participants (Mage = 21.77 years, SDage = 6.96), including 128 athletes and 107 exercisers, voluntarily participated in this study. The FCS, Short Flow State Scale-2, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered along with a demographic information form. The psychometric properties of the FCS were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and tests of convergent and discriminant validity. The findings supported a four-factor model with acceptable fit indices and adequate internal consistency. Overall, the results indicate that the Turkish version of the Flow-Clutch Scale (FCS) is a valid and reliable tool for measuring flow and clutch experiences in exercise contexts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural generalizability of flow experiences by testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) across individualistic and collectivistic cultures. This study examines the factor structure and cross-cultural invariance of the DFS-2 between the original English version (Jackson Eklund, 2002) and the translated Turkish version (Aşçı et al., 2007). Using a cross-sectional design, three samples from Turkey, Scotland, and Australia completed the DFS-2. The results confirmed the first-order 9-factor structure for the overall sample, S-Bχ2 (108, N = 1099) = 1183.128, p < .001, CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.960, SRMR = 0.031, RMSEA = 0.024 (90

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of AI chatbots (Claude-3.5 Sonnet, ChatGPT-4o, and Gemini-1.5 Pro) in identifying exercise dependence symptoms using a hypothetical case study. To this end, three sport psychologists, each with a minimum of five years of experience, assessed the chatbots' performance in diagnostic assessment competency, implementation of diagnostic criteria, summary quality, terminology use, and overall effectiveness. The results indicated that while all chatbot models successfully identified major symptoms, their performance varied. Specifically, the Claude-3.5 Sonnet model demonstrated superior performance in specific areas, such as providing a clear case summary and using accurate terminology. However, all chatbots exhibited limitations in recognizing symptom severity and distinguishing between primary and secondary dependence. The sport psychologists expressed a willingness to use at least one AI chatbot model as an assistive tool in initial client assessments. These findings highlight the potential value of AI chatbots in mental health assessments. Future research should prioritize the optimization of algorithms and training data through expert collaboration and controlled real-world testing to improve the reliability and practical application of these tools.

This study examines mothering and fathering in youth sport through a sociological and feminist lens, critiquing unequal duties and loads shaped by gender ideology. Using a social constructionist qualitative approach, we conduct semi-structured interviews with seven mothers, eight fathers, eight players (three girls, five boys), and three coaches. To strengthen the data, we utilize non-participant observation in the stands. Reflexive thematic analysis reveals three main themes: (i) multifaceted mother-loads: laundering, cooking, driving and more; (ii) fathers whose word, voice, mind, and body cross (side)line; and (iii) toward new fatherhood: actor children, support-unit dads. The findings show that the ideology of intensive mothering is highly prevalent in youth sports, with mothers relentlessly striving to support their children's athletic pursuits while bearing multiple loads. We also observe that fathers culturally maintain and reinforce authoritarian norms, engaging through performance-driven coaching tendencies and verbal/physical aggression in the stands. However, concrete alternative fatherhood practices—such as emotional bonding, valuing effort over results, and sharing domestic labour—demonstrate possibilities for change. Consequently, our research underscores the vital yet often overlooked importance of examining mothering and fathering collectively. By providing a comparative analysis of maternal and paternal practices in the lives of young athletes, this study offers an original and detailed contribution, addressing a significant gap in the sociology of sport.

The current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of autonomous motivation in the relationship between appearance-related self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride) and flow in athletes. The sample consisted of 217 athletes (57.6% male) aged between 18 and 39 years old (Mage = 21.77, SD = 4.53). The cross-sectional data were analyzed using structural equation modelling with bootstrapping method. Regarding direct effects, autonomous motivation was negatively correlated with shame and hubristic pride and positively correlated with authentic pride. Flow was positively related to autonomous motivation and hubristic pride. Regarding indirect effects, flow was negatively predicted by shame and hubristic pride and positively predicted by authentic pride through autonomous motivation. These results highlight the importance of autonomous motivation in the relationship between self-conscious emotions and flow in athletes. In particular, shame and authentic pride predicted flow fully through autonomous motivation. In conclusion, autonomous motivation mediates the relationship between self-conscious emotions and flow in athletes. We therefore speculate that improving autonomous motivation in sport psychology studies may help improve flow in athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the “Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES)” and “Body and Fitness-Related Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BSE-FIT)” for Turkish adolescents. Each scale consists of 16 items and four subscales (shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride) and items are responded on 5-point Likert scale. The psychometric properties of BASES and BSE-FIT were tested on 332 girls and 264 boys, a total of 596 participants (Mage=13.88, SDage=1.92). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) with multi-group analysis (MGA) were used to test the 4-factor and 2-factor structures and measurement invariance. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient and composite reliability (CR) were calculated for reliability. According to the model fit indices and factor loadings, the most appropriate model was the 4-factor CFA model for BASES and BSE-FIT. Cronbach’s alpha and CR coefficients were 0.79 and above in the 4-factor CFA structures of both scales. In addition, MGA demonstrated factor structures, factor loadings, intercepts, and measurement error variance of BASES and BSE-FIT were equivalent according to sex, school level, sport status, region, and body mass index. In conclusion, BASES and BSE-FIT are valid and reliable in Turkish adolescents, and both scales provided measurement invariance in adolescents with different demographic characteristics.

Bu çalışmanın amacı yetişkin sporcularda zihinsel dayanıklılığın belirlenmesinde beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin rolünü incelemektir. Çalışmada tarama modellerinden olan ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya uygun örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen 124’ü erkek (X̄yaş=22.05±3.87), 66’sı kadın (X̄yaş=22.27±3.82) olmak üzere toplam 190 sporcu katılmıştır. Sporculara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri” ve “Beş Faktör Kişilik Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu hiyerarşik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Regresyon analiz sonuçları, nevrotiklik kişilik özelliğinin zihinsel dayanıklılığın güven (β=-0.27; p

Bu araştırmanın amacı Mükemmeliyetçi İklim Ölçeği-Spor’un (MİÖ-S) Türkçe versiyonunun yapı, yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği ile güvenirliğini test etmektir. MİÖ-S sporcuların algısına göre antrenörün oluşturduğu mükemmeliyetçi iklimi değerlendiren, beklenti, eleştiri, kontrol, koşullu kabul ve kaygı alt boyutlarını içeren bir ölçektir. Araştırmaya 149 erkek 97 kadın olmak üzere toplam 246 sporcu katılmıştır (Xyaş=13.62±2.18). Veri toplama aracı olarak MİÖ-S, Antrenör Kaynaklı Destekleyici ve Kısıtlayıcı Güdüsel İklim Ölçeği ve Sporcular için Antrenör Davranışlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin olumlu ve olumsuz antrenör davranışı alt boyutları kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA), yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği için Pearson korelasyon analizi ile nomolojik ağ analizi yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik için Cronbach alfa ve bileşik güvenirlik katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Birinci düzey (S-Bχ2/sd=2.22, CFI=0.904, TLI=0.901, RMSEA=0.077, SRMR=0.060) ve ikinci düzey (S-Bχ2/df=2.217, CFI=0.901, TLI=0.900, RMSEA=0.077, SRMR=0.062) DFA sonuçlarına göre kabul edilebilir uyum indekslerine ulaşılmıştır. Maddelere ait faktör yükleri 0.50 ile 0.87 arasındadır. Yakınsak geçerlik için yapılan analize göre MİÖ-S’nin tüm alt boyutları ego iklimi, kontrol iklimi ve olumsuz antrenör davranışları ile pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkilidir. Iraksak geçerlik için yapılan nomolojik ağ analizi ve açımlayıcı grafik analizine göre MİÖ-S’nin alt boyutları, Antrenör Kaynaklı Destekleyici ve Kısıtlayıcı Güdüsel İklim Ölçeği ile olumlu ve olumsuz antrenör davranışlarından ayrı yapılardır. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa ve bileşik güvenirlik katsayıları ise 0.71 ile 0.85 arasında değişmektedir. Araştırma bulguları ölçeğin Türkçe formunun yapı, yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği ile güvenirliğini desteklemektedir. Tüm bulgular ölçeğin Türkçe formunun adolesan sporcuların algısına göre antrenörün oluşturduğu mükemmeliyetçi iklimi değerlendirmek için kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

In this study, we aimed to reveal the dimensions and qualities of violence and abuse in sports through hazing in Turkish sample. We also consider hazing, which involves inhuman and deviant behavior, through masculinities, homosociality, and liminality. We applied qualitative research method with social constructionist and pro-feminist approach. We used in-depth interview and visual painting application technique with a retrospective design. We carried out painting application and interviewed 28 athletes from team branches such as football, basketball, volleyball, rowing, water polo, underwater hockey and American football. We applied content analysis based on thematic coding and revealed 4 themes: 1) "foggy" and "hazy" locker rooms, 2) knowing your place as a rookie, 3) interfering with bodily integrity, 4) "prospective" members on the threshold. We can say that within the masculine culture of sports, liminal athletes can make the teams by experiencing a masculinity that is often subordinated to hegemonic masculinities. In this process, liminal athletes harden because they have been crushed so much; and as they harden, they crush those coming from below.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Teques ve diğerleri, (2015, 2016) tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterinin Türkçe formunun sporcularda ve ebeveynlerde geçerliliğini ve güvenirliğini test etmektir. Çalışmaya 90 kız (x̄yaş 12,73±2,02), 105 erkek (x̄yaş =13,49 ±2,29) toplam 195 sporcu (x̄yaş=13,14±2,20) ve bu sporcuların 140’ı anne (x̄yaş =43,84±5,72) ve 141’i baba (x̄yaş =46,66±5,37) olmak üzere toplam 281 (x̄yaş =45,25±5,71) ebeveyn katılmıştır. Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanteri sporcu ve ebeveyn algısını içeren dört farklı formdan oluşmaktadır. Formların yapı geçerliği için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi, yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği için AVE, MSV, ASV ve güvenirliğini sınamak için ise Cronbach Alfa ve CR katsayısı kullanılmıştır. DFA sonuçlarına göre; Form 1’de üç madde (madde 8,26,36), Form 2’de bir madde (madde 5) düşük yük vermesinden, Form 2 ve Form 3’te ise madde 14 ilgili alt boyuta yük vermemesinden ötürü modelden çıkarılmıştır. İlgili maddeler modelden çıkarıldığında yapıların iyi uyum indeks değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Öte yandan DFA sonuçları, Form 4’ün uyum indekslerinin düşüklüğü nedeniyle Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir olmadığını göstermiştir. Yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik için yapılan analizlere göre Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Ölçeğinin üç formunun alt boyutlarına ait AVE, CR, MSV ve ASV ve güvenirlik için Cronbach alfa katsayıları da kabul edilebilir sınırlar içindedir. Elde edilen bulgular, Sporda Ebeveyn Katılımı Envanterini oluşturan Türkçe formlarının (Form 1,2,3) spor ortamında ebeveyn katılımının algılanmasının sporcu ve ebeveyn perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi için geçerlik ve güvenirlik koşullarını sağladığı ortaya koymaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı adolesan sporcularda olumlu beden imgesi ile mükemmeliyetçilik ilişkisinde öz şefkatin aracılık rolünün spor türüne göre incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya İstanbul ilindeki kulüplerde bireysel ve takım sporlarıyla uğraşan, en az 2 yıl spor deneyimi olan 381 (x̄yaş=15,95± 1,05) kız sporcu katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporculara Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Beden Değeri Ölçeği-2; Öz Şefkat Ölçeği-Kısa Formu ve Spora Özgü Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi Process Macro eklentisi aracılığıyla IBM SPSS kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada aracılık ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla oluşturulan modelleme ‘Koşullu Süreç Modeli’ kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, mükemmeliyetçiliğin kişisel standartlar (B=-0,16; p

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy intervention alone (REBT-A) or with motivational interviewing (REBT + MI) on the emotions, automatic thoughts, and perceived performance of elite female volleyball players. DESIGN:and method: Single-case, staggered multiple-baseline AB and ABC designs were adapted in the study. Five female volleyball players participated in the study, of which three players participated in the REBT-A and two players participated in the REBT + MI. The athletes were competing in the national volleyball league (Mage = 28, SD = 5.52). All participants were elite athletes with at least ten years of sports experience. Three scores (T1, T2, T3) were calculated for the athletes' perceived performance, emotion, and automatic thoughts. T1 was the baseline score calculated before the sessions. T2 was calculated after the first two sessions (the first three sessions for REBT + MI) and T3 was calculated after the last three sessions. In the data analysis, percentage changes, effect size, and visual analyzes were used in the T1, T2, and T3 scores. RESULTS:REBT-A and REBT + MI interventions increased perceived performance, positive emotions, and positive automatic thoughts, and decreased negative emotions and negative automatic thoughts. REBT + MI was more advantageous than REBT-A in increasing positive emotion, positive automatic thought, and perceived performance. CONCLUSIONS:As a result, REBT alone or with motivational interviewing has a positive effect on perceived performance, emotions, and automatic thoughts, but REBT + MI has greater potential to increase positive constructs.

Araştırmanın amacı çift kariyer yetkinliğinin belirlenmesinde hedef yönelimi ile antrenör tarafından oluşturulan güdüsel iklimin rolünü başarı hedefi yaklaşımı ile araştırmak ve bu yetkinliklerin; cinsiyet ve spor deneyimine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektir. Bu bağlamda araştırmaya, 194 kız (X ̅yaş =15.09±1.53) ve 210 erkek (X ̅yaş =15.46±1.44) olmak üzere 404 (X ̅yaş =15.28±1.49) öğrenci-sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılara “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sporcular için Çift Kariyer Yetkinliği Ölçeği”, “Başarı Algısı Envanteri” ve “Antrenör Kaynaklı Destekleyici ve Kısıtlayıcı Güdüsel İklim Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analiz sonuçları, görev yöneliminin ve destekleyici güdüsel iklim algısının çift kariyer yetkinlik algılarının tümünü yordadığını göstermektedir (p<0.05). Ayrıca, analiz sonuçları ile ego yöneliminin, çift kariyer yetkinliğinin duygusal farkındalık (β=-0.16, p<0.01) ve sosyal zeka ve uyum boyutlarının (β=-0.13, p<0.05) negatif yordayıcısı olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Öte yandan, antrenör tarafından oluşturulan kısıtlayıcı güdüsel iklim algısının çift kariyer yetkinliklerinin belirleyicisi olmadığı bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Bağımsız örneklemlerde t test analizi sonuçlarına göre çift kariyer yetkinliklerinden sadece duygusal farkındalık (t(373)= 3.43; p<0.05) alt boyutunda cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardır. Sporcuların çift kariyer yetkinlik puanlarında spor deneyimine göre de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, görev yöneliminin ve antrenörün yarattığı destekleyici güdüsel iklim algısının çift kariyer yetkinliklerini belirlemede rol oynadığı; sporcuların çift kariyer yetkinliklerinin cinsiyet değişkeni açısından farklılık gösterdiği söylenebilir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the atemporal mediating role of secondary irrational beliefs in the relationship between primary irrational beliefs and prosocial-antisocial behaviors in athletes. Ninety-two males (M age =19.83 ± 2.80) and 32 females (M age =19.28 ± 1.44), a total of 124 athletes (M age =19.69 ± 2.52) voluntarily participated in this study. Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2 and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Scale were administered, and regression analysis was performed by using bootstrapping via PROCESS macro v4.2. Analysis indicated a significant atemporal direct effect of awfulizing belief on prosocial behaviors toward teammates and opponents. The direct effect of low frustration tolerance belief on prosocial behaviors toward opponents was also significant. Demandingness, awfulizing, and depreciation beliefs had atemporal direct effects on antisocial behaviors toward teammates. There were significant atemporal indirect effects of demandingness belief on prosocial behaviors toward teammates through awfulizing, prosocial behaviors toward opponents through low frustration tolerance, and antisocial behaviors toward teammates through low frustration tolerance and depreciation. In conclusion, there is atemporal mediating role of secondary irrational performance beliefs in the relationship between primary irrational performance beliefs and prosocial-antisocial behaviors.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between irrational beliefs and perceived performance and the atemporal mediator role of emotions and automatic thoughts in this relationship. A cross-sectional study design with a convenient sampling method was used in the study. Participants included 395 athletes from basketball, football, handball, and volleyball and consisted of 267 male (Mage = 20.73, SD = 2.37) and 128 female (Mage = 21.33, SD = 2.17) athletes who voluntarily participated in the study. Data was analyzed via a path analysis and irrational beliefs were shown to negatively predict positive emotions and positive automatic thoughts, but these beliefs positively predicted negative emotions and negative automatic thoughts. The direct effect of irrational beliefs on perceived performance was not significant, but its indirect effect on perceived performance through emotions and automatic thoughts was significant. Irrational beliefs negatively predict perceived performance through emotions and automatic thoughts. It is concluded that emotions and automatic thoughts play a significant role in the relationship between irrational beliefs and perceived performance.

The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach (TMIB-C) which was developed by Bhavsar et al. (2019). The scale measures athletes' perception of coaches' need-supportive, need-thwarting and need-indifferent behaviors. Two hundred twenty-five male and 125 females, a total of 350 (Mage=18.74±4.35) athletes participated in the study. Personal information form, Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach along with positive and negative behavior sub-dimensions of Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport were administered to the participants. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS 20. Pearson correlation coefficients among the variables and average variance extracted (AVE) values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability was tested by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Model fit indices reached the acceptable level with deletion of the items 9 and 10 which had low factor loadings (χ2/df=453.372/165=2.75; RMSEA=.07, NFI=.90; NNFI=.92, CFI=.93, AGFI=.85; SRMR=.046). “Need thwarting” and “need indifference” behaviors negatively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p<.05, discriminant validity), whereas these behaviors positively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p<.05, convergent validity). While “need supporting behavior” positively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p<.05, convergent validity), it negatively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p<.05, discriminant validity). AVE values were between .51 and .56. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were between .86 and .91. The findings suggest that, Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach can be used to measure athletes’ perception of coaches’ interpersonal behaviors.