As reports of the first national study reveal, Iranian salt intake reaches 9.52 g/day (two times more than recommended by World Health Organization). Meanwhile ignoring the consequences of high salt intake has led to an increased rate of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), stroke, stomach cancer, osteoporosis, obesity, etc., To tackle these threatening issues, a nationwide intervention campaign could be an effective solution based on global experiences. A review of previous work in Iran shows that despite numerous efforts conducted in the prevention of CVDs, they were not well reflected in worldwide sources. Furthermore, a comprehensive campaign was not implemented particularly concerning the salt reduction in Iran. As a result, we first reviewed the major successful initiatives conducted in reducing salt intake around the world and Iran. Then we introduced the components of a comprehensive social marketing campaign along with customized actions related to Iranian nutrition habits, their attitude, and behavior toward salt consumption. These employed components were SWOT analysis, identifying target group, determining communication goals and objectives based on models and theories, planning executive plan, designing communication messages and materials, media planning and promotional actions, and determining campaign budget plus monitoring and evaluation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on body composition and anthropometric measures of nursing mothers. In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 90 nursing mothers with overweight or obesity were randomized into three groups for 12 weeks: two groups of vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/d (VD1), n = 32 and 4000 IU/d (VD2), n = 29) and placebo (PL) group (n = 29). The information on body composition was obtained using the body impedance analysis (BIA) method. Serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH) D), Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH), calcium, and phosphorus were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) method. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA (mixed ANOVA) was applied to assess whether the mean changes in the results from baseline to 12 weeks differ in the three groups. There was a significant increase in the serum 25(OH) D concentration in the VD2 group compared to VD1 and PL groups (mean change (MC), 12.3 ng/ml; 95 http://www.irct.ir : IRCT20140413017254N6) registered on 11-04-2018. The graphical abstract of this clinical trial, is a figure that explains the final results of the manuscript in a clear and attractive way

Background Mental disorders are conditions that affect the usual function of the brain, causing a huge burden on societies. The causes are often unclear, but previous research has pointed out, as is the case with many other diseases, that nutrition could have a major role in it. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are the main precursor of neurotransmitters (the chemical messengers in the brain) malfunction of which is heavily associated with a wide range of brain disorders. Methods We assumed different sources of dietary protein could have different impacts on mental well-being. Hence, we decided to collect the nutritional data (with a validated and reliable semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire) from a sample of 489 Iranian women and investigate the association between animal and plant protein sources and the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress. Symptoms of these mental disorders were assessed using a validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS) questionnaire with 21 items. Results After multivariable adjustment, it was shown that women in the highest tertile of animal protein intake were more likely to show symptoms of depression (OR: 2.63; 95% CI: 1.45, 4.71; P = 0.001), anxiety (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.22; P = 0.03), and stress (OR: 3.66; 95% CI: 2.06, 6.50; p < 0.001). While no significant association was seen between plant protein and any of the studied mental disorders. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that a diet high in animal protein could predispose individuals to mental illnesses.

Background: Micronutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, and zinc have several useful functions in the body and are necessary for normal growth and development, especially among children. Unfortunately, recent research has showed different levels of deficiency of these two vitamins among children. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, and zinc, among under-2- and 6-year-old children in Iran in two National Integrated Micronutrient Surveys (NIMS-I, NIMS-II). Methods: In NIMS studies, sampling was done using a single-stage cluster sampling method. The country was divided into 11 study zones. Using simple random sampling, more than 4,400 individuals (about 400 samples in each zone) were included in each study (NIMS-I, NIMS-II). At least 4-mL venous blood samples were taken from all children and transferred to the central laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) with special identification code for further analysis. Then, the levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, and zinc were measured. Results: In NIMS-I, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among under-2-year-old children was 0.5%, which significantly increased to 18.3% in NIMS-II. Regarding vitamin D deficiency, the rate of deficiency was 3.7% in NIMS-I and 23.3% in NIMS-II, which was statistically significant. In none of the NIMS studies (I and II), vitamin A was measured in under-6-year-old children. Also, in the NIMS-I study, vitamin D was not measured among under-6-year-old children, and in NIMS-II study, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 61.8%. Zinc deficiency among under-2-year-old children in both studies was nearly the same (19.1% vs. 19.4%); but in NIMS-II study, zinc deficiency among under-6-year-old children was 13.6%, which significantly decreased compared to the NIMS-I (31%). Iron deficiency status among under-2-year-old children significantly decreased from 37.8% in NIMS-I to 17.1% in NIMS-II. A significant reduction in iron deficiency status was also observed in the NIMS-II study compared to the NIMS-I in under-6-year-old children (9.9% in NIMS-II compared 18.2% in NIMS-I). Conclusions: The increase in both vitamin A and vitamin D deficiency rates in NIMS study is alarming. Due to the special roles of these two vitamins in health, special considerations and effective actions are needed in this respect. Data from two national studies indicated a decrease in the prevalence of iron deficiency in both age groups, which could be due to the successful implementation of nutritional intervention programs in Iran, such as iron supplementation and iron fortification.

Background: Independent association between legume intake and psychological disorders is not well documented. This study was carried out to examine legume consumption in relation todepression, anxiety, and stress in women in Tehran city of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 458 women aged 20-50 years who referred to the health centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The usual dietary intake in the past year was evaluated using a 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. Legume intake was calculated by summing up the consumption of lentils, peas, chickpeas, and different kinds of beans including broad beans and chickling vetch. Psychological disorders were assessed using a validated depression, anxiety, stress scales questionnaires with 21items. In the logistic regression analysis, the results were adjusted to the confounding factors. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 31.85 ± 7.67 years. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and psychological distress among study participants was 34.6%, 40.6%, and 42.4%, respectively. After adjustment of the confounding variables, legume consumption had no significant association with depression (P = 0.72), anxiety (P = 0.17), and stress (P = 0.89). However, a significant association was found between moderate legume consumption and depression (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30–0.90; P = 0.01). Conclusion: Higher legume consumption has no significant relationship with depression, anxiety, and anxiety in women. However, a significant association was observed between moderate legume consumption and depression. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

BACKGROUND:Adolescence is a critical period with respect to mental and psychological issues. The role of nutrients is well known in health condition in adolescents, but little emphasis is placed on total diet quality. Dietary diversity score (DDS) is often used to assess diet quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DDS and general health in girl students.METHODS:The present research is a cross-sectional study which used descriptive-analytical approach. A total of 384 high-school female students selected using proportional stratified sampling. Physical activity level, diet and general health information collected using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Dietary Diversity Questionnaire (FAO-2013) and 28-item self-reported general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), respectively. In addition, weight, height and waist circumference (WC) measured. Data analyzed using Chi-Square test, one-way ANOVA and Multinomial Logistic Regression.RESULTS:Mean DDS was 4.43±1.09. After adjustment for confounders of age, body mass index, physical activity, socioeconomic status and nutritional supplement intake, students with higher DDS were less prone to general health disorders (P≤0.05).CONCLUSIONS:These finding implicate higher DDS in adolescents may associate with better general health.

Background: The association between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been investigated in very limited studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the major dietary patterns and CVD risk factors in these patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 169 females of 18--35 years who were diagnosed with T1DM attending Iranian Diabetes Association in Tehran. Anthropometric measures, blood glucose, and lipid levels of all participants were measured. Dietary data was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis. Using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), mean value of the biochemical factors across the tertiles of dietary patterns was compared. Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified: the grain, legume and nut (GLN), the fruits and vegetables (FV), and the high calorie foods, salty snacks, sweet and dessert (HSD). After adjustment for age, body mass index and energy intake, subjects who were in the highest tertile of FV pattern had significantly lower levels of LDL-c (P = 0.01), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.02), and total cholesterol (P = 0.01). GLN and HSD patterns had no significant relationship with blood glucose and lipids. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a dietary pattern rich in vegetables and fruits may be inversely associated with dyslipidemia in patients with T1DM. The results can be used for developing interventions that aim to promote healthy eating for the prevention of CVD in these patients.

Abstract Background Dietary phytochemical index (DPI) is useful and inexpensive method to identify the role of phytochemicals on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between DPI and CVD risk factors in patients with type1 diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 261 participants aged 18–35 years with T1DM were enrolled in this cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between DPI and CVD risk factors. Anthropometric measurements, blood lipids, glucose, and antioxidant level were measured. Food intakes were determined using a food frequency questionnaire to calculate DPI. Logistic regression was used. Results The mean age of participants was 25 years. After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of DPI had 88 % lower chance of hyperglycemia (P for trend = 0.020), 81 % lower chance of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P for trend = 0.030) and 98 % lower chance of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (P for tend = 0.040). There were no relationships between DPI and other CVD risk factors. Conclusions Although higher intake of phytochemical-rich foods had a beneficial effect on some risk factors of CVD, more studies more studies are warranted to corroborate the present findings.

Background Dietary carbohydrate quality may play an important role in disease development. We evaluated the association between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and the odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects in Ghana. Methods In this case-control study, we analyzed data using 124 T2DM subjects. We obtained dietary information using 2-day 24-h dietary recalls. We calculated CQI from dietary fiber, glycemic index, whole grains/total grains ratio, and solid carbohydrates/total carbohydrates ratio. Serum lipid profiles were measured after an overnight fast of 8–12 h. Results Upon adjustments for the effects of covariates, the CQI showed a positive association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (beta coefficient (β) = 0.24; standard error (SE) = 0.20; P for trend = 0.01), and an inverse relationship with waist circumference (β = − 17.29; SE = 4.00; P for trend < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (β = − 15.74; SE = 4.69; P for trend < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (β = − 7.23; SE = 2.97; P for trend = 0.02), and triglyceride concentrations (β = − 0.43; SE = 0.11; P for trend < 0.001). Overall, the CQI had an inverse relationship with the odds of MetS (Odds ratio tertile 3 vs.1 0.05; 95% Confidence interval: 0.01–0.23; p-trend < 0.001). Also, a positive correlation was found between the CQI and fiber, but the CQI showed a negative relationship with dietary glycemic index. Conclusions The present results suggest an inverse association between the CQI of a diet and the odds of MetS. The CQI approach of dietary recommendation may be a useful strategy for dietary carbohydrate selection for the prevention of MetS.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between carbohydrate quality intake and menopausal symptoms.STUDY DESIGN:This is a cross-sectional study of 393 postmenopausal women attending municipality health houses and health centers in the south of Tehran, Iran, from September 2016 to January 2017.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The dietary intake and menopausal symptoms of the participants were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire and a menopause rating scale (MRS) carbohydrate quality index (CQI) was calculated using three indices: dietary fiber, glycemic index, and the ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between CQI and menopausal symptoms.RESULTS:After adjustment for age, education, time passed since menopause, body mass index, physical activity and energy intake, an inverse association was found between CQI and total MRS score (TMRSS) (β -0.61; p <0.001), somatic score (SS) (β -0.27; p <0.001) and psychological score (PS) (β -0.37; p <0.001) in multivariable linear regression. In addition, logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with the lowest quartile of CQI, participants in the highest quartile of CQI had a lower TMRSS (odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.68). Moreover, CQI was inversely related to SS (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.17-0.68) and PS (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.16-0.61). However, there was no significant association between CQI and urogenital score (US).CONCLUSIONS:Higher-quality carbohydrate intake was found to be associated with lower somatic and psychological symptoms of menopause. These findings suggest that CQI may be an important basis for developing an effective dietary modification for reducing menopausal symptoms.

Metabolic acidosis, which can be affected by dietary acid-base load, seems to be associated with psychological disorders through different pathways. Given limited evidence on dietary acid-base load, we aimed to examine the association of dietary acid-base load with psychological disorders in Iranian women. This cross-sectional study was performed on 447 female subjects (20-50 years old). Dietary intake was assessed using a valid food frequency questionnaire for Iran. Dietary acid-base load was calculated through different indices including potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP), and dietary acid load (DAL). To assess psychological disorders, an Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used. The mean value of PRAL, NEAP, and DAL were -8.87mEq/da, 37.94mEq/day, and 30.77mEq/day, respectively. Considering a wide range of confounding variables, compared with the first tertile, a significant positive association was observed between dietary acid-base load and depression (ORPRAL: 3.63; 95 %CI:1.97, 6.71; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORNEAP:3.42; 95 %CI: 1.87, 6.23; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORDAL: 3.02; 95 %CI: 1.64, 5.58; P-trend= 0.0001). Women in the high dietary acid-base load category had higher anxiety (ORPRAL: 3.31; 95 %CI: 1.81, 6.06; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORNEAP:3.47; 95 %CI: 1.90, 6.33; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORDAL: 3.25; 95 %CI: 1.76, 5.98; P-trend= 0.0001). Moreover, there was a strong positive relationship between dietary acid-base load and psychologicaldistress (ORPRAL: 3.79; 95 %CI: 2.09, 6.90; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORNEAP: 3.67; 95 %CI: 2.04, 6.58; P-trend= 0.0001) (ORDAL: 3.00; 95 %CI: 1.66, 5.43; P-trend= 0.0001). Women with higher dietary acid-base load score had greater odds for depression, anxiety, and psychological distress compared to lower ones.

Objective Diet is a fundamental modifiable risk factor for the development of depression and anxiety. However, no evidence currently exists regarding the association of food quality score (FQS) and mental health in Iranian women. This study investigated the relationship between food quality score, depression, anxiety and stress in Iranian women. Results Results showed that 35%, 41% and 42% of participants had depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. The average age of participants was 31.40 ± 7.47 years. A significant association was indicated between FQS and symptoms of depression (OR: 0.36; 95% CI 0.21, 0.63), anxiety (OR: 0.31; 95% CI 0.18, 0.53), and stress (OR: 0.39; 95% CI 0.23, 0.66) in both crude and adjusted models.

Objectives: No previous study has evaluated the association of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and dietary energy density (DED) with menopausal symptoms and its subclasses in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of DII score and DED with menopausal symptoms and its subtypes in Iranian postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 postmenopausal women who attended health centers in the south of Tehran, Iran. The DII score was calculated using dietary factors obtained by a validated food frequency questionnaire. DED was defined as average daily energy intake (kcal) per gram of food. The Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire was used to evaluate the menopausal symptoms. The total Menopause Rating Scale score (TMRSS) was the sum of the somatic score (SS), psychological score (PS), and urogenital score. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of the DII score and DED with menopausal symptoms. Results: After adjusting for covariates, participants in the highest tertile of DII score had greater SS compared to those in the lowest tertile (β DIIt3vs1 = 0.032, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.004-0.068, P = 0.04). No significant relationship was found between DII score and PS, urogenital score or TMRSS. Furthermore, higher DED was associated with greater SS (β DIIt3vs1 = 0.071, 95% CI: 0.028-0.115, P = 0.001), PS (β DIIt3vs1 = 0.065, 95% CI: 0.012-0.121, P = 0.01) and TMRSS (β DIIt3vs1 = 0.053, 95% CI: 0.017-0.088, P = 0.004). Conclusion: A proinflammatory diet was associated with higher menopause-specific somatic symptoms and higher DED was positively associated with menopausal symptoms.

Background: The prevalence of diseases associated with chronic inflammation is higher in postmenopausal women. The dietary inflammatory index (DII ® ) was developed to evaluate the diet-associated inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the DII score and levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 postmenopausal women referred to the southern health centers and health clinics affiliated to the southern municipality of Tehran, Iran . The DII score was calculated using dietary intakes derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Concentrations of FBS, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined. Using linear regression models, we evaluated the association between the DII score and blood biomarkers. Results : After adjustment for covariates, the highest DII score category was associated with higher TG value (b DIIt3vs1 = 0.08, p=0.03), TG/HDL-C ratio (b DIIt3vs1 = 0.10, p=0.04), and IL-6 concentration (b DIIt3vs1 = 0.06, p=0.01) compared to the first category of the DII score. Conclusions: We found a positive association between pro-inflammatory diet and unfavorable biomarkers in postmenopausal women.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the associations between fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, and its subgroups and menopausal symptoms along with its subtypes in postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 393 postmenopausal women in municipality health centers in the south of Tehran, Iran. Sociodemographic data, dietary intakes, and anthropometric measures were obtained from individuals. Menopause rating scale (MRS) questionnaire was employed to measure menopausal symptoms. The total MRS score (TMRSS) was the sum of the somatic score (SS), psychological score (PS), and urogenital score (US). Participants were divided into low and high total MRS and its domain scores. Results: After adjustment for confounding variables, an inverse relationship was found between total FV with TMRSS (odds ratio [OR] 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.81) and SS (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.82). In addition, the consumption of total fruits was significantly related to lower SS (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10-0.71). Only intake of citrus fruits was inversely associated with TMRSS (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.71) and SS (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.70). Likewise, intakes of total FV (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.37-4.41), total vegetables (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.10-5.88), green leafy vegetables (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.47-8.75), dark yellow vegetables (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.00-5.18), other vegetables (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.17-15.39), and citrus fruits were linked to higher US (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.77-10.71). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that some FV subgroups had inverse associations with climacteric symptoms, whereas higher intake of some subgroups of FV appeared to be associated with more urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Background and aims: Diabetes and dyslipidemia are worldwide worrying comorbidities. The Apolipoprotein B insertion/deletion (Apo B Ins / Del) polymorphism and dietary factors be involved in the metabolism of lipids and are related to diabetes incidence. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflam-matory index (DII) and lipid profile considering Apo B Ins/Del in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods and results: This cross-sectional study was performed on a total of 599 T2D patients. A 148-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was applied to assess the dietary intake of participants and DII score was calculated. Apo B Ins/Del polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Linear regression was performed to assess the interaction between Ins/Del polymorphism Apo B gene and DII with Lipid Profile. There was only significant interaction between ApoB Ins/Del polymorphism and LDL cholesterol (13 =-4.14, SE = 1.75, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis was applied and after adjusting for confounders (age, gender, BMI, and total energy intake) the interaction remains significant (13 =-3.82, SE = 1.76, P = 0.03). No significant interaction was observed between ApoB Ins/Del polymorphism and DII and other lipid profiles. There is also a significant association between DII with LDL, TC, and TG (p = 0.049, p = 0.038, and p = 0.045, respectively), among male T2D after modifying for confounders. This relation was not seen among female participants considering Apo B Ins/Del polymorphism. Conclusion: Higher adherence to the inflammatory diet may increase the levels of LDL-C and this association may be modified by Apo B polymorphism.

Background: The relationship between dietary fat quality (DFQ) indices and pre-diabetes has not been well studied. This study aimed to determine the association of DFQ indices and fatty acid intake with pre-diabetes. Methods: This case-control study included 150 subjects with normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 147 pre-diabetic subjects. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. DFQ indices including atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI), the ratios of hypo- and hypercholesterolemic (h:H), polyunsaturated:saturated (P:S) and n-3:n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were calculated. FBG test and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were measured. Results: After adjustment for some confounding variables, a positive association was found between intake of total saturated fatty acids (SFA), myristic acid, palmitic acid, and pre-diabetes, and a negative association was observed among n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids intake and pre-diabetes. AI was found to be positively associated with pre-diabetes (OR 6.68, 95% CI 2.57-17.34). An inverse relationship was observed between n-3:n-6 (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.93) and h:H (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.52) ratios with pre-diabetes. Conclusions: Higher intake of dietary n-3 fatty acids was adversely, whereas SFA intake was positively related to pre-diabetes morbidity. DFQ indices may be a useful measure to investigate fat intakes and blood glucose disturbances.

Background: Previous studies reported controversial findings regarding the association of potato consumption with the risk of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of potato consumption with depression, anxiety, and stress in Tehrani women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 488 women aged 20-50 years old who referred to health centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Their usual dietary intake in the past year was evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire containing 168 items with confirmed validity and reliability. Psychological disorders were assessed using a validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS) questionnaires with 21-items. In the logistic regression analysis, the results were adjusted to the confounding factors. Results: After adjustment of the confounding variables, consuming potatoes had no significant association with depression (P = 0.12), anxiety (P = 0.19), and stress (P = 0.63). Furthermore, consuming boiled potatoes had no significant association with depression (P = 0.59), anxiety (P = 0.19), and stress (P = 0.37). Intake of fried potatoes had no relationship with depression (P = 0.16), anxiety (P = 0.27), and stress (P = 0.97). Conclusion: Potato consumption has no significant relationship with depression anxiety and stress in Tehrani women

The association between dairy food consumption and menopausal symptoms was evaluated with a cross-sectional study conducted on 393 postmenopausal women. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake over a year; menopausal symptoms were measured using a menopause rating scale (MRS) questionnaire. The total MRS score was the sum of the somatic, psychological, and urogenital scores. After adjustment for age, years since menopause, education level, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, healthy eating index and fibre intake, higher total dairy intake was related to lower somatic (beta -0.184; P-value <0.001), psychological (beta -0.155; P-value 0.002) and total MRS (beta -0.184; P-value <0.001) scores. In addition, higher intake of low-fat dairy was associated with lower somatic (beta -0.175; P-value <0.001), psychological (beta -0.181; P-value <0.001) and total MRS (beta -0.189; P-value <0.001) scores. Regular consumption of low fat dairy may be beneficial in improving somatic and psychological symptoms of menopause. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background Although relationships between obesity and total fat and fat types have been widely examined, the associations between the relative proportions of fatty acids calculated in the form of indices and obesity/overweight are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess associations between dietary fat quality indices and odds of obesity/overweight in women from Ghana. Methods In this cross-sectional study, dietary information was obtained using 24-h dietary recall. The odds of obesity were evaluated across quintiles of specific DFQ indices [atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids ratio (h/H), omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (∑ω-3/∑ω-6), polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio (PSR), dietary lipophilic index (LI) and percentage of energy from total fat (TF)]. Results After adjustment for covariates, general obesity and overweight were inversely associated with ∑ω-3/∑ω-6 ratio (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.24–1.63; P for trend (P) = 0.005) and positively with TI (4.14; 95% CI: 1.78–9.66; P = 0.01) and LI (2.49; 95% CI: 1.14–5.43; P = 0.01). The odds of abdominal obesity based on waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher among participants in the fifth quintile (Q) compared with those in the first Q of AI (1.24; 95% CI: 0.56–2.74; P = 0.01), TI (4.14; 95% CI: 1.78–9.66; P = 0.009), LI (2.11; 95% CI: 0.98–4.55; P = 0.02) and TF (1.59; 95% CI: (0.73–3.46; P = 0.003). Similarly, waist to height ratio (WHtR) was positively associated with AI (2.89; 95% CI: 1.32–6.31; P = 0.04), TI (2.65; 95% CI: 1.22–5.76; P = 0.03), LI (3.32; 95% CI: 1.52–7.28; P = 0.007) and TF (1.83; 95% CI: 0.85–3.93; P = 0.009). Conclusion There was an inverse association between ∑ω-3/∑ω-6 ratio and general obesity and WC. We also found positive associations between abdominal obesity and AI and TF. Furthermore, TI and LI showed positive relationships with both general and abdominal obesity. Therefore, intake of dietary fatty acids in favor of higher ratios of ∑ω-3/∑ω-6 may be important in obesity prevention.