The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the most important woody oil and dried fruit trees in the world. The kernels, peels, husks, inflorescences, leaves, etc. of pecans have many industrial values and are widely used in industrial fields such as chemicals, medicines, pesticides, additives, and vegetable proteins. This article reviews the current process and utilization status of pecans and their nutritional value, including the kernels, skins, shells, inflorescences, leaves, etc. of pecans with shells, and puts forward relevant suggestions for problems in development.

[目的]观察湖南地区14个薄壳山核桃品种的花发育特征和开花物候期,确定适宜的品种配置.[方法]以湖南省怀化市树龄为7 a的薄壳山核桃14个品种为材料,观察群体及单花(雌、雄花)开花时间、花发育形态以及散粉期和可授期,记录并分析花发育时期气候条件.[结果]14个品种的薄壳山核桃中有4个品种为雌先型,5个品种为雄先型,5个品种为同熟型.雌花一般在4月下旬进入现蕾期,5月中旬进入可授期,雄花在4月下旬和5月上旬进入萌芽伸长期,5月中上旬进入散粉盛期,由此得出该地区'密西西比'、'亚林100'、'威奇塔'、'斯图尔特'和'卡多'4个品种具有一定的自花授粉能力,适宜的授粉组合为'湘林1号'×'福克特','密西西比'×'卡多','金奥瓦'×'特贾斯'、'金奥瓦'×'斯图尔特'或'金奥瓦'×'马汉','佩鲁奎'×'特贾斯'、'佩鲁奎'×'马汉'或'佩鲁奎'×'斯图尔特','波尼'×'特贾斯'或'波尼'×'马汉','普兹内'×'特贾斯'或'普兹内'×'马汉'.[结论]不同品种薄壳山核桃的开花物候期是建立果园的重要依据之一,本试验结果可为湖南及中南低山丘陵区薄壳山核桃的品种配置提供参考.

介绍了薄壳山核桃良种"金华"的亲本来源及在湖南引种的过程,并对该品种的外形特征、果实性状、生长性状、物候期和抗性进行了详细描述,从砧木培育、接穗培育、嫁接和幼苗管理等方面总结了薄壳山核桃的繁殖技术要点,从果园化种植、农田林网或庭院栽植、肥水管理、整形修剪和病虫害防治技术等方面总结了薄壳山核桃的栽培技术要点,为湖南省及周边地区发展薄壳山核桃提供参考.

Based on the transcriptional analysis of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. Et Wils., a total of 129,951 assembled unigenes were obtained. This article found some cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), such as CYP81Q1 (piperitol/sesamin synthase, PSS), CYP719A24 and CYP71923 catalyze the formation of two methylenedioxy bridges in sesamin and podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, respectively. The candidates of these CYP450s and O-methyltransferase (OMT) genes that catalyze lignanO-methylation have also discovered from the transcriptome database of S. sphenanthera, indicating that dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignan might be biosynthesized in the similar pathways of sesamin and podophyllotoxin. Moreover, cloning and functional characterization of those genes will help us to illuminate the biosynthesis mechanisms of dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignan. Additionally, twenty sets of primers for SSR were chosen in random for validating the polymorphism and amplification. The results showed that 18 (90.00%) primer pairs could be amplified successfully and 15 (83.33%) primer pairs exhibited polymorphisms.This study represents the first report to analyze the transcriptome of S. sphenanthera using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. These data will enrich the genomic data and provide a solid evidence for functional genomics and molecular genetic researching in this herb.

对湖南省野生乌饭越橘根系进行实地采样调查,并通过锥虫蓝染色压片法研究其菌根真菌侵染情况.结果表明:(1)湖南省野生乌饭均有菌根真菌侵染,侵染率为38.60％～63.80％,最大差值达25.20％,差异较大;(2)土壤pH为4～6时,菌根侵染率随着pH的增大而提高,pH为5.82时,岳阳黄家坡菌根侵染率最大,为63.80％,pH>6时,菌根侵染率随着pH的增大而降低;(3)外生菌丝在同一根段上有多个侵入点,且能跨细胞侵入,内生菌丝中呈现倒"Y"型结构,贯穿整个根段;(4)菌丝体侵染细胞形成"菌丝连接桥"结构,菌根真菌侵染引起根表皮细胞缺失现象.

In order to compare growing and fruiting characteristics of different cultivars of blueberry, the experiments of cultivar comparison were carried out through planting ‘Legacy’, ‘Brigitta’, ‘O′ Neal’, ‘Sharpblue’, ‘Britewell’, ‘T-100’ in the Blueberry-Technology Park of Hunan Senlan Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., which were introduced from Shandong Province in 2012. Some indexes had been measured for 4 years, including tree increment, new shoot characteristics, branch yield, single berry mass and yield per plant, and the average values were taken as the evaluation indexes of production traits of blueberry. The results showed that ‘Britewell’ variety was better than the other five cultivars, which was tall and lush. Height, crow, average single berry mass, yield per plant respectively were 73.66 cm, 88.38 cm, 1.74 g, 1.16 kg. ‘Britewell’ could be extended as the premature and high-yield cultivar in Changsha of Hunan.

In order to explore lfower shape feature and compare pollen viability of different cultivars of blueberry at the blueberry introduction areas of Hunan, and to provide a basis for introduction, cultivation and arranging cultivars for pollination in the southern region of China, the differences of characteristics, number, viability, germination rate and other aspects of pollens in the six cultivars were compared and studied by using cellulose dissolution method, staining method andin vitro culture techniques, including ‘Legacy’, ‘Brigitta’, ‘Sharpblue’, ‘Misty’, ‘Powderblue’, and ‘Tifblue’, which were suitable to plant at the southern areas. The results showed that:①Pollen number of the cultivars had some differences. The pollen number of ‘Legacy’, ‘Brigitta’, ‘Sharpblue’, ‘Misty’, ‘Powderblue’, and ‘Tifblue’ respectively was 162, 250, 178, 166, 141, 170 grains per anther, number of ‘Brigitta’ pollens was the largest, ‘Sharpblue’ was the second, and ‘Powderblue’ was the least;② Pollen viability of the cultivars has some differences. The pollen viability of the six cultivars respectively was 30.87%, 26.79%, 31.34%, 23.83%, 18.80%, 24.83%, pollen viability of ‘Brigitta’ was the largest, ‘Sharpblue’ was the second, and ‘Powderblue’ was the least;③ The optimum sucrose concentrations for pollen germination of the six cultivars were different. The pollen germination rates of ‘Legacy’ (25.60%), ‘Brigitta’ (9.10%) and ‘Misty’ (27.20%) were the highest, when the sucrose concentration was 10%. The pollen germination rate of‘Sharpblue’(26.20%), ‘Powderblue’(21.20%) and ‘Tifblue’ (61.40%) were highest, when the sucrose concentration was 15%;④The optimum concentration of boric acid for pollen germination of ‘sharpblue’was 300 μg/L, while the optimal concentration for the other cultivars was 200 μg/L;⑤ The optimum cultivation temperature for pollen germination of the six cultivars was 25℃.The results of comprehensive analysis showed that ‘Legacy’ and ‘Sharpblue’ were suitable for pollination plants in the six cultivars, as pollen number and pollen germination rate were higher.

In order to offer a reference for selecting and breeding fine superior individuals in Juglans regia of Hunan Province, taking 14 alternative superior individuals in J. regia as materials, 18 quality indexes of nuts in each variety were measured and analyzed by using the methods of variation analysis, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. The results showed that the correlation between the most of nut quality indexes reached significant level or extremely significant level; Shimen-2, Jingzhou-1, Shimen-4, Shimen-3, and Shimen-25 had better comprehensive performance on nut quality, while Shiemen-6, Shimen-23, and shiemen-8 had worst comprehensive performance. Shimen-2, jingzhou-1, Shimen-4, Shimen-3, shiemen-25 could be regarded as the options of fine individuals.

在深入研究湖南省731(办)项目区的基础上,结合现代农业观光果园的指导思想和原则等,规划设计出适合湖南省731(办)发展的观光示范果园,为湖南省观光示范果园规划设计提供一定的参考.

In order to provide reference for research and production in future, some seeds in Acacia saligna were treated by using LZD-1000 type ion implanter, and germination force and germination percentage of seeds were determined. The results indicated that both germination force and germination percentage are decreased after treated by N and Ti ion injections, their changes present the saddle type curves of down-up-down, and the two indexes have very signiifcant relationship with ion implantation dose. The low dose of ion injection (200×1014 ion/cm2) is favorable for seed germination, and N ion injection has better effect than Ti ion injection.

In order to provide a reference for research and production in the future, ions were implanted into Acacia saligna seed by using LZD-1000 ion implanter, effects of ion implantation on chlorophyll content in A. saligna seedlings was researched and their correlation was analyzed. The results indicate that after N and Ti ions are implanted, quantity of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in A. saligna seedlings show a similar change trend, according with the relation of survival rate-dosage. The saddle type of survival curve is verifi ed, and the N ion source has better effect.

To study the differences of diverse jujube varieties in photosynthetic characteristics, the photosynthetic parameters of leaves of ifve jujube varieties (mid-autumn crisp jujube, Israeli jujube No.1, Israeli jujube No.2, Israeli jujube No.3, dried persimmon jujube) were measured with Li-6400 portable photosynthesis analyzer. The results show that (1) the diurnal variations of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the 5 jujube varieties all appeared unimodal curve, they peaked at around a.m. 9:00;The orders of highest values and the average values of daily Pn were:Israeli jujube No. 3>Israeli jujube No. 1>dried persimmon jujube>mid-autumn crisp jujube>Israeli jujube No.2;(2) the diurnal variation of transpiration rate presented single peak curve, the mid-autumn crisp jujube peaked at around a.m.11:00, while several other varieties peaked at around p.m.13:00. The orders of the daily average values of water use efifciency (WUE) of ifve varieties were:mid-autumn crisp jujube>Israeli jujube No.2>Israeli jujube No. 3>Israeli jujube No.1>dried persimmon jujube.

In order to summary production experience and improve management level of Camellia oleifera, from the aspects of area, management pattern, survival rate or preservation rate, growth grade and so on, all new C. oleifera plantations were investigated from the winter of 2008 to the spring of 2012 in Changning, and effects of different management mode, land preparation method, basic manure application, interplant and tending management on quality of new C. oleifera plantations were analyzed. The results show that the area of the new C. oleifera plantations in Changning reach 5 404.7 hm2 in the four years, and the plantation area has a rising trend year by year. The main managment mode is company business and large house-hold business, and the quality of new plantation is higher under the modes.

针对目前我国南方枣树产业发展中存在的一些关键技术无突破的现象，中南林业科技大学林学院王森博士在国家948项目“以色列鲜食枣品种及培育新技术引进（编号：2012-4-61）”、国家林业标准项目“南方鲜食枣栽培技术规程（编号：2012-LY-197）”的支持下，完成了“南方鲜食枣木质化枣吊结果机理与促成技术研究（湘科检字[2014]第005号）”。项目以“祁东中秋酥脆枣”、以色列“Halawi”为试材，系统研究了木质化枣吊与非木质化枣吊在生物学特性、开花结果性能、光合特性等方面的差异，研究发现木质化枣吊光合能力、开花坐果能力、营养传输能力等高于非木质化枣吊，首次探明了南方鲜食枣木质化枣吊结果机理，为南方鲜食枣优质丰产栽培提供了理论依据。该研究还深入探讨了南方鲜食枣整形、短截、摘心等技术措施对促进木质化枣吊形成的影响，研究出了南方鲜食枣木质化枣吊促成关键技术，显著提高了南方鲜食枣的产量。该技术已在湖南祁东、浏阳、宁乡、望城等地进行了示范推广，产生了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。

In order to analyze the influences of different exoroot fertilization treatments on vegetative growth of Zhongqiusucui Jujube saplings,exoroot fertilization experiment of Zhongqiusucui Jujube saplings was carried out by 19 treatments of 2 methods and 3 fertilizers.The results indicate that appropriate exoroot fertilization treatment can significantly promote vegetative growth of plant.The better fertilization treatments in the experiment are smearing stem using 5% KH2PO4,spraying foliage using 0.5% urea,spraying foliage using 0.5% amino acid fertilizer and spraying foliage using 0.5% KH2PO4.

In order to offer a reference for production and practice,multi-seedling phenomenon was analyzed during the process of seed germination in Carya Nutt,taking C.hunanensis and C.cathayensis and C.illinoinensis as materials.The results indicate that the seeds in C.hunanensis and C.cathayensis both have the multi-seedlings phenomenon,the phenomenon of C.hunanensis is up to 100%,and above l/3 C.cathayensis seed have the phenomenon.But C.illinoinensis seed has be not discovered the phenomenon.

In order to find the factors affecting seed vitality in Carya Nutt,the change rule of Carya Nutt seed germination rate with storage time prolongation under different storage conditions was researched.The factors affecting seed vitality were discussed from the aspects of water content in seed,catalase content in seed,relative conductivity of lixivium from seed,and so on.The results show that the factors of seed germination rate,water and catalase contents in seed,are decreased with storage time prolongation.Relative conductivity of lixivium from seed is increased with storage time prolongation.Seed germination rate has very significantly positive correlation with water and catalase contents in seed,and has very significantly negative correlation with relative conductivity of lixivium from seed.

Carya Nutt is one of the most important fruit and wood dual-use species with high economic and social benefits,so comprehensive study on Carya Nutt is imperative.The studies on basic features,cultivation and management techniques,pest control,product processing and utilization in Carya Nutt were reviewed.Research directions on Carya Nutt were proposed,which included selecting suitable cultivars for every areas,cultivating fine high-yield seedlings by various means,establishing the "high and priority" Carya Nutt cultivation techniques system,carrying out deep processing of Carya Nutt products,and so on.

The photosynthetic rates of various tree ages Carya illinoensis were investigated from aspects of light response and CO2 response.Meanwhile,the comparisons between bearing branch and unfruitfulness branch were conduced of photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular concentration and transpiration rate.The results show that the middle-aged trees developed fully,had high and stable photosynthetic rate,and better photosynthetic capacity;the comparative results of leaves photosynthetic rate between fruiting branch and unfruitfulness branch indicated that the presence of fruit can promote the photosynthesis rate.

The photosynthetic characteristics of Camellia oleifera stands in Qiyang County of Hunan Province were investigated,and the photosynthetic characteristics indexes were also studied.The results indicate that the curve of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of the mixed Camellia oleifera forests showed double peak change;there were obvious differences for the Camellia oleifera forests in net photosynthetic rate,water use efficiency and stomatal limitation value etc.under the conditions of different variety types,site conditions and modification measures,and the synthetically effect of all these physiological indexes decided the photosynthetic characteristics of Camellia oleifera;the fertilization and reclaim both improved the photosynthetic characteristics of Camellia oleifera,and the soil fertility was the biggest influence factor to the photosynthesis;the photosynthesis of the red-ball variety of Camellia was the best.