To address the challenges of personal thermoregulation, this study proposes a multi-modal thermal management strategy based on a three-dimensional (3D) spacer Janus fabric (F-M/A-JF) asymmetrically decorated with MXene and silver. By leveraging the 3D structure's static air-trapping and MXene's low mid-infrared emissivity (0.419), the system achieves a 5.6 degrees C increase in simulated skin temperature indoors without energy consumption. Under simulated sunlight (100 mW cm- 2), the Janus design exhibits a differential response-reaching 79.8 degrees C on the MXene side versus 62.9 degrees C on the Ag side-providing an "adaptive mode" to prevent outdoor overheating. Owing to the high electrical conductivity of MXene, the fabric achieves a surface temperature of 137.3 degrees C at a low voltage of only 5 V and demonstrates a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of up to 57 dB. The "MXene Guardian" strategy ensures functional longevity over 20 washing cycles and 95.3% self-cleaning efficiency while preserving 93.8% of the original moisture permeability (5.14 mg cm- 2 h- 1). This robust system offers an energy-saving design paradigm for next-generation smart textiles in dynamic environments.

Flexible wearable sensors are rapidly developing to meet the urgent need of the e-market. However, research related to stretchable yarn-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with high-efficient manufacturing techniques is limited. Here, by using the mature high-speed spiral braiding technique, a bionic double-helix braided yarn-based TENG (DHBY-TENG) is designed. The DHBY-TENG is qualified with lightweight, flexibility, washability, excellent mechanical stability, and superelastic deformation up to 500 %. Besides, the unique structure endows the smart yarn with a large contacting-separating area during stretching-releasing motion, which is suitable for electricity generation without contacting other triboelectric materials. Due to its high detection precision, DHBY-TENG can be used as a self-powered lamp cord, a real-time crib pre-warning system, and a selfcounting yoga elastic cord. Furthermore, it can be woven into a fabric to light up LEDs. This work provides a promising direction toward textile-based TENG as the power source and multifunctional stretchable sensors with excellent elasticity and practicability.

Biofouling on marine aquaculture nets severely hampers the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. To address this issue, this study developed a novel low-surface-energy antifouling coating based on the synergistic action of polyurethane-methylphenyl silicone resin and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). Experiments demonstrate that with the addition of 3 wt% PHMG, the developed coating achieves over 95 % bacterial inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and reduces the Chlorella pyrenoidosa cell density by 92 % via cell membrane interference and genetic material inhibition. The novel coating also enhances coating adhesion and wear resistance, with a static water contact angle of 109 degrees, indicating excellent hydrophobicity and self-cleaning ability. Marine field tests show a 33.52 % biofouling reduction over three months, outperforming conventional coatings in terms of inhibiting shellfish attachment under static conditions. This study provides effective theoretical and technical support for developing efficient and environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings and the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Ropes, as lightweight and supple safety equipment, are being increasingly utilized in applications such as rock climbing and high-altitude work. However, the response behavior of ropes under the impact of falls and the mechanisms of fatigue failure are not yet well understood. This study constructed a synchronized impact force-displacement testing apparatus to investigate the impact behavior of a nylon core-sheath rope during falls, and compared the macroscopic and microscopic differences of the ropes before and after failure. It also explained the mechanisms of rope impact failure from multiple perspectives. The research found that the shearing action between the strands of the rope is the primary cause of failure, and that thermal damage and mechanical friction are also significant factors in impact failure. This has guiding significance for the proper use of safety ropes and the development of ropes with enhanced impact resistance.

The insufficient comprehensive mechanical properties and inadequate flexibility of wearable sensors limit their body-protection capability, durability, and comfort. There are challenges in using flexible wearable devices for high-performance practical applications, especially on large scales. Here, an ultrahigh-strength ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene braided smart yarn (UBSY) has been designed and mass produced. It is based on triboelectric nanogenerators and prepared by combining commercial ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarn and conductive yarn with a cored biaxial braided structure. Structural parameters, including the ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarn diameter, twist, and braiding pitch, are optimized to balance the mechanical properties and electrical outputs. The prepared UBSYs are characterized based on a range of reliable properties, including ultrahigh tensile strength (194.83 N), excellent abrasive resistance (up to 306 abrasive cycles), great hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 115.49°), acid and alkali splash resistance, and decent triboelectric outputs (1.5 V, 3.0 nA, and 0.5 nC). An intelligent weft-knitted textile wearable sensor is fabricated with UBSY using a matured flat-knitting technique, which provides excellent mechanical strength, physical protection and comfort. Furthermore, a pair of smart elbow guards have been demonstrated to highlight UBSY-based wearable sensors’ potential in outdoor sports management. In addition, equipped with a satisfactory body protective capacity against various risks and matured preparation technologies, the UBSY-based wearable sensor provides a practical solution for large-scale applications of high-performance motion sensing in complex environments.

With the development of lightweight engineering, load-bearing structures such as synthetic fiber ropes are being increasingly used in engineering projects. During the process of repeated stretching or bending, abrasion occurs between the yarns of fiber assemblies like ropes. Fatigue failure caused by abrasion between yarns is one of the main reasons for the failure of such fiber assemblies. Different chain segments of fiber assemblies exhibit different properties. This study takes the four fibers of flexible chain fibers Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), Polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) and rigid chain fibers Poly-p-phenylene terephthamide (PPTA) and Polyarylate (PAR), which are widely used in ropes and cables, as the research materials, and explores the influence of abrasion frequency and yarn tension on different chain segment fibers. To explore the failure and influencing factors of rigid chain and flexible chain fibers abrasion leads to fiber assemblies like those ropes. Based on the observation and analysis of the abrasion zone temperature, yarn state, and wear debris morphology of failed yarns, an abrasion failure mechanism is proposed, providing guidance for the design and application of fatigue-resistant products for ropes.

Aquaculture nets used in seawater for a long time are susceptible to biofouling, and antifouling coatings are a cost-effective way to solve this problem. In this study, biogenic antimicrobial components were extracted from two plants, Houttuynia and Scutellarin, and modified with methylphenyl silicone resin (MSR) by physical blending. Two flexible antifouling coatings with synergistic action of biogenic antimicrobial agents and low surface energy silicone resin for marine aquaculture nets were prepared separately. The prepared coatings retained the low surface energy properties of silicone resin: the contact angles (CA) were all over 130 degrees, degrees , and the surface energy (SE) were all below 1.5 mN/m. Meanwhile, the coatings with Houttuynia and Scutellarin additives showed inhibition rates of more than 90 % against Staphylococcus aureus (S. S. aureus) ) and Escherichia coli (E. E. coli), ), and more than 50 % against Chlorella vulgaris. . Marine Field Test showed that the coatings containing Scutellarin and Houttuynia additives reduced fouling adhesion by 17.24 % and 35.92 %, respectively, compared with Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) net coats without any additives. This study provides an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for antifouling treatment of marine aquaculture nets, which is of positive significance for enhancing the sustainable development of Marine Ranching.

High-performance wearable electronics are highly desirable for the development of body warming and human health monitoring devices. In the present study, high electrically conductive and photothermal cotton yarns (CYs) with long-term stability were prepared as wearable electronics. The process contains back-to-back decoration of the fiber surface by Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets, and the poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) composite, to form a core–shell structure (MP@CY). The addition of a small amount of PEDOT: PSS plays a dual role of protecting the MXene from oxidation and increasing the electrical conductivity. The resulting yarn exhibits excellent electrical conductivity (21.8 Ω cm−1), rapid electrothermal response, and superb photothermal conversion capability, supporting its application as an optical/electrical dual-drive heater. A three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb-like textile wearable heater based on MP@CY as weft yarn demonstrates outstanding electrical thermal properties (0–2.5 V, 30–196.8 °C) and exceptional photothermal conversion (130 mW cm−2, 64.2 °C). Using an Internet of Things (IoT) microcontroller and Espressif (ESP) electronics chip, which are combined with wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and smartphone, real-time visualization and precise control of the temperature interface can be achieved. Furthermore, MP@CY-based knitted sensors, obtained by hand-knitting, are utilized for monitoring human movement and health, exhibiting high sensitivity and long-term cycling stability.

Aiming at the problem that the existing rope falling device can only detect the impact force and cannot synchronously detect the impact displacement, this paper introduces a large-range high-precision displacement sensor and constructs a rope impact force-displacement detection device. Taking the nylon kernmantle rope for high-altitude fall protection commonly used in aerial work and rock climbing as the research object, the impact response behavior of the rope when drop mass is dropped once and repeatedly is systematically studied, and the impact force and impact displacement are discussed. Further, the evolution of the elastic modulus of the rope is discussed and this could provide theoretical support for the design of the impact-resistant rope structure and the rope impact protection.

Flexible wearable heaters have received increasing attention in energy-saving, diverse personal thermal requirements, and healthcare management. Herein, considering the fire safety application of wearable heaters, the biodegradable alginate fibers and flame retardant (FR) viscose fibers are attempted to mix and weft-knit into the fabric, which interestingly exhibits synergetic flame retardancy with low afterflame time, afterglow time, and peak heat release rate. Further, assisted by the highly conductive Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets on the surface of the fabric and the periodic nested loops of the knitted fabric, the integrated fabrics possess excellent electrical performance (2 omega sq 1) with the MXene content of 9.13 wt%, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency of 55 dB in the X band, preferable Joule heating performance under safe low voltage (123 degrees C at 3.5 V) and sunlight/far-infrared heating performance. The superior flame retardancy and multifunctional properties arose from the high-temperature induced well-constructed char layer, unique functionality of interconnected MXene network and multiple scattering of light or wave. Combined with the superior flame retardancy and multifunctional properties, the weft-knitted alginate/FR viscose fabrics with MXene coating become the ideal candidate materials in the fields of wearable heaters with high safety.

Wicking ability of textiles is a key indicator in determining the physiological comfort provided by a fabric. The property is shaped by various factors internal and external to the fabric. Herein, the effects of some external factors such as the degree of (fabric) extension, the wetting liquid’s temperature and relative humidity on the vertical wicking behavior of a previously prepared warp stretch woven fabric were investigated. The fabric, which could be reversibly extended up to 60%, was prepared using a nylon/spandex air-covered yarn in the warp and cotton yarn in the weft. The results indicated that these external factors had a great influence on the vertical wicking equilibrium height with the degree of fabric extension having a more pronounced effect compared with the other two factors. Furthermore, extension and relative humidity were negatively related to the height of the vertical wicking, whilst an increase in liquid temperature resulted in an increase in vertical wicking height. The underlying mechanisms associated with these effects were examined using a specially constructed test chamber and tensioning device. The experimental data were also verified using the classical Laughlin-Davies model, and the results demonstrated the proposed wicking model could be used to predict the changes in fabric wicking height. These findings provide a more in-depth understanding of the wicking behavior of stretchable textiles in a comprehensive and objective manner.

Yarns of fiber assemblies such as ropes would abrade with each other during repeated stretching or bending. The yarn on yarn abrasion failure is a main reason for the final assembly failure as the result of the relative movement to each other. To explore the influencing factors and failure mechanism, this work, taking the Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber (UHMWPE) as the research object, discussed the influences of abrading frequency and the yarn tension on its abrasion life. Based on the observation and analysis of the rising temperatures from abrasion, the abrasion fragments, and morphology of failed yarns, the heating failure and crack propagation mechanisms were proposed, which provide insights into a variety of UHMWPE product designs and applications.

As a high-performance fiber, high modulus polyethylene fiber (HMPE) has been widely used in the rope industry. However, due to its low melting point and poor thermal conductivity, it tends to break under the conditions of repeated yarn on yarn abrasion during tension-tension fatigue or tension-bending fatigue. This paper puts forward a method to improve the yarn on yarn abrasion performance of HMPE using a functional graphene/polyurethane composites coating (FG/PU) and discussed the influence of yarn tension, abrasion frequency on the yarn on yarn performance. Based on the yarn morphology and abrasion temperature observation, the failure mechanism was discussed. The experimental results show that the FG/PU coating obtained can improve the yarn on yarn abrasion performance obviously, especially in the case of high-frequency and large tension condition.

Optical lenses driven by dielectric elastomer (DE) actuators with tunable focal lengths are presented here. They are inspired by the architecture of the crystalline lens and the ciliary muscle of the human eye and have prompted a growing interest. The most commonly used DEs in tunable lenses have often required highly transparent films and also the need to encapsulate clear liquid silicone to act as the lens. There is a restriction on the properties of the tunable lens imposed by materials limitations. Here, the fabrication of a fully 3D printed tunable lens with an inhomogeneous structure is described. It exhibited a 29% change in focal length from 33.6 mm to 26.1 mm under a dynamic driving voltage signal control. Furthermore, it displayed excellent stability when the focal length was tuned from far to near (30.1 mm to 25.3 mm) for 200 cycles. The tunable lens obtained mimics the working principle of the human eye in auto adjusting the focal length and has evident potential applications in imaging, information storage, beam steering and bifocal technology.

The liquid transport capacity in a fibrous textile is of great crucial in comprehensively assessing the final moisture management. In this work, several materials were prepared based on cotton rovings by regulating some technological parameters such as twist and ply number, and the effects of the above key parameters on vertical wicking behavior of cotton roving-based materials were investigated. To effectively improve the wicking rate of materials, three hydrophilic schemes were introduced. The experimental results indicated that the maximum vertical wicking height was obtained when samples treated with a mixed solution of 1.5% JFC and 3% NaOH. Subsequently, several cotton roving-based materials were fabricated based on the optimized hydrophilic treatment. It was found that, the as-prepared materials exhibit a twist-reduced wicking effect, and a ply number-strengthen effect. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms in the above two cases were unraveled. Finally, our prepared cotton roving-based materials served as a nutrient absorbing medium were demonstrated. Such work provides certain support for an in-depth understanding of wicking behavior of microporous textile structures.

Mass-manufactured stretchable negative Poisson's ratio yarn TENG as a fundamental material for environmental energy harvesting and self-powered sensors.

As soft elements for force transmission, braided fiber ropes play important roles in many fields where the fiber ropes are used bent over sheaves, while the relevant experiments are time-consuming and expensive. Computational simulation is a promising choice for evaluating the performance of fiber ropes when bent over a sheave. This article presents two methods that could be employed to build a model of braided rope bent over a sheave. One is the mathematical method which deduces the exact mathematical equations of braiding curves based on the Frenet–Serret frame. The spatial equations, considering the phase difference of strands in the same direction and the difference of strands’ projection in different directions, are discussed carefully. The final equation of braided strands is confirmed by modeling the braided rope in Maple ® 17. The other method, which is inspired by the analysis of braiding movements, is based on the intersection of surfaces of braiding surface and helical surface which are introduced and defined based on the motion analysis of bobbins and take-up roller. The SolidWorks ® 2018 is successfully employed to realize the modeling process.

Thermal damage is an important failure mechanism that affects the bending failure of fiber ropes. This is relevant because synthetic fibers often have a relatively low melting point and low thermal conductivity. In cyclic bending over sheave (CBOS), the heat generated by friction and deformation is not conducted rapidly to the external environment, and the temperature of the rope core increases quickly. This higher temperature greatly reduces the mechanical properties of the fiber, thus accelerating the final rope failure. In this paper, evidence of thermal damage in the bending process of a braided synthetic fiber rope is given. The test conditions inducing thermal damage are discussed, including stress level, bending frequency and diameter ratio. The reasons for the heat generation and the dynamic process of heat accumulation inside the rope during CBOS are also discussed. This study aims to provide theoretical and experimental guidance for the design and use of fiber rope.

A flexible SiO2 porous fiber membrane (SF) is prepared by electrospinning followed by calcination in this work.

Once away from a heat source, the residual heat energy absorbed by thermal protective garments can continue to transfer and can injure human skin. Such a post-fire exposure period should not be neglected when investigating the thermal protective ability of thermal protective garments. In our paper, a heat transfer model of a microsystem consisting of a thermal protective garment, an air gap and multilayer human skin is established, and numerically solved via the Finite Element Method. Temperature distributions of the microsystem during fire exposure and post-fire exposure are extracted from the model, and the thermal behavior of skin underneath the thermal protective garment is elucidated. Two parameters [retardation time (Δ t ) and temperature maximum ( T max )] are proposed and employed to assess the thermal response of human skin during the post-fire exposure period. Furthermore, the effect of several factors (heat source intensity, thickness and thermophysical properties of the garment, and air gap thickness) on the two parameters and the thermal behavior of human skin are investigated and compared. This might be a significant reminder of self-protection for firefighters on duty, and informative or thermal protective garment design.