There is a continuous search for healthy food ingredients for dog diets that do not compete with human consumption. Grains, which have been recently claimed to be unsuitable for dogs, are regaining interest. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rye and triticale as alternatives to wheat on digestion, fecal quality, health, and preference in dogs. Twenty-one Golden Retriever dogs (aged 3–6 years, mean body weight 26 kg) were used. Eighteen dogs (n = 6 per diet) completed the digestibility trial, and 21 dogs participated in the preference test. Dogs were fed diets containing 30

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Bacillus subtilis-derived postbiotic on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, faecal fermentation characteristics, gut microbiota, immune response, blood biochemistry, hematological parameters, serum trace minerals, and coat quality in healthy senior dogs. Twenty-one healthy senior Golden Retriever dogs (9 ± 1.0 years old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments for 28 days: a control diet (CON) or the same diet supplemented with 0.3 (POS1) or 0.6 mL/day (POS2) of a Bacillus subtilis-derived postbiotic. Apparent nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, blood variables, and coat quality were evaluated, whereas faecal bacterial communities were characterized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, followed by taxonomic classification and alpha- and beta-diversity analyses. Postbiotic supplementation significantly improved crude protein and crude fiber digestibility while reducing faecal pH and ammonia concentrations and increasing acetate, propionate, and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity was minimally affected, with a significant difference observed only for amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness, whereas beta diversity analyses demonstrated significant alterations in overall microbial community composition. Postbiotic supplementation increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ligilactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Turicibacter, and Fusobacterium, while reducing Bacteroides and Achromobacter. Serum IgG concentrations increased, whereas cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased in supplemented dogs (p < 0.05). Coat morphology and gloss also improved, without adverse effects on hematological, biochemical, or serum trace mineral parameters. In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis-derived postbiotic supplementation improved nutrient utilization, beneficially modulated faecal microbial ecology and fermentation, enhanced selected metabolic and immune responses, and improved coat quality, supporting its potential as a functional dietary strategy for promoting gastrointestinal and systemic health in healthy senior dogs.

This study evaluated the effects of partially or fully replacing poultry fat with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) fat on faecal parameters, blood biochemistry, immune responses, nutrient digestibility, food preference, and lipid oxidation in dogs. A total of 18 adult Golden Retriever dogs (6 dogs per diet group) were subjected to a digestibility trial for 30 days. Three experimental diets were formulated: a control diet (6% poultry fat), BSF3 (3% poultry fat +3% BSF larvae fat), and BSF6 (6% BSF larvae fat). Serum biochemical parameters, including blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, AST, ALT, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and immunoglobulin levels (IgE and IgG), were analysed from blood samples collected from all dogs. Faecal consistency scores were recorded over 5 days, and faecal pH, ammonia nitrogen (ammonia-N), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations were determined during the final three days of the digestibility trial. Seven days after the digestibility trial, a modified two-bowl preference test was conducted over four days using 20 dogs to assess the palatability of the control and BSF6 diets. Lipid oxidation in the diets was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs, mg MDA/kg) at baseline (day 0) and after 2, 4, 7, and 10 months of storage at ambient temperature (23–25 °C). BSF6 exhibited the lowest dry matter and organic matter digestibility percentages (p < 0.05). Protein digestibility was reduced in both BSF3 and BSF6, while ether extract digestibility was significantly lower in BSF6 compared to the control diet (p < 0.05). The replacement of poultry fat with BSF larvae fat had no significant effect on serum biochemical parameters or IgE and IgG levels (p > 0.05). Faecal acetic acid concentrations were higher in the control group compared to BSF3 and BSF6, whereas faecal valeric acid concentrations were lower in the control group than in the BSF3 and BSF6 groups (p < 0.05). Although faecal pH and consistency scores were not significantly influenced by the dietary fat source, the total SCFA concentrations in faeces decreased with the substitution of BSF larvae fat (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dogs demonstrated a higher preference rate for the control diet over the BSF6 diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of BSF larvae fat in dry dog food formulations reduced nutrient digestibility and palatability but had no adverse effects on the health status of the dogs.

Hayvanlar tatlı, tuzlu, ekşi, acı ve umami gibi temel tatlara evrimsel adaptasyonları, metabolik ihtiyaçları ve önceki besleme deneyimlerine bağlı olarak farklı tepkiler verir. Lezzet tat, koku ve doku gibi multisensoriyel girdilerin bütüncül algısıyla şekillenir; bu nedenle rasyon veya diyet formülasyonlarında hem kimyasal aroma bileşenlerinin profili hem de fiziksel partikül yapısı dikkate alınmaktadır. Tatlı ve umami genellikle yüksek kullanılabilir enerji ve azot varlığına işaret ederken; acı çoğu zaman potansiyel toksisite sinyali, belirgin ekşilik ise bozulma veya fermantasyon dengesizliğinin habercisi olabilir. Düşük molekül ağırlıklı uçucu aroma bileşikleri (laktonlar, esterler, terpenler, pirazinler, ketonlar, aldehitler, alkoller, yağ asitleri) bitkisel dokular, fermentatif süreçler ya da kontrollü ısıl reaksiyonlarla oluşur ve çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bile yem çekiciliğini modüle edebilmektedir. Uygun seçilmiş ve dozlanmış lezzet artırıcılar özellikle başlangıç dönemindeki genç hayvanlarda, stres altındaki sürülerde, formülasyon değişikliklerinin geçiş fazlarında ve lezzetçe sınırlayıcı hammadde içeren rasyonlarda yem alımının istikrarına katkı sağlar. Lezzet arttırıcıların hayvan beslemede kullanım amacı, tüketim dalgalanmalarını azaltmak, rasyonun kabulünü hızlandırmak, besin madde kullanım verimliliğini dolaylı desteklemek ve sürdürülebilir üretim hedefleriyle uyumlu, izlenebilir bir duyusal strateji geliştirmektir. Bu bölümde, hayvan yemlerinde lezzet arttırıcıların kullanımını genel hatlarıyla değerlendirmekte ve yem tüketimi üzerindeki dolaylı performans etkileri açıklanmıştır.

This study aimed to evaluate the crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics and degradability (CPD) of cereal and legume fodder species grown at two geographically distant locations. Ten forage species, comprising six cereals (barley, maize, millet, oats, sorghum, and wheat) and four legumes (berseem, jantar, lucerne, and mustard), were evaluated to determine the effects of forage family, species, and location of growth on CP degradation fractions and effective CPD. The forage crops were cultivated under uniform agronomic practices at two distinct agro-ecological locations and were harvested at the booting stage (cereals) and 50% flowering stage (legumes). Dried and ground samples were incubated in the rumen of four Nili-Ravi buffalo fitted with rumen cannula. The incubation periods utilized in the experiment were 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h, and a 4 × 2 × 2 split-plot design was employed. The results showed that the CP degradation fractions and CPD were significantly affected by forage family, species, and location of growth. Wide variations in degradation kinetics and degradability existed among and within the cereal and legume fodders, with wheat and jantar ranked at the top. Legume forages had larger soluble fractions, smaller potentially degradable fractions, and rapid rates and extent of degradation of dietary proteins than cereal forages. The cooler climatic conditions at location 2 increased the rapidly degradable protein fraction and overall CPD, whereas the warmer climatic conditions enhanced the slowly degradable protein fractions, thereby reducing the overall protein degradability in tropical forages. It was quite evident that some fodder species, such as maize among the cereal fodders and mustard among the legume fodders, remained quite non-responsive to the effects of the climatic conditions. A moderately positive and linear relationship between the rate of degradation and CPD was established for cereals, whereas a strongly positive and quadratic relationship was established for legume fodders. In conclusion, forage species, family, and location of growth significantly affected the degradation fractions and degradability of tropical cereal and legume fodders.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (HI) at 0% (HI0), 7.5% (HI75) and 15% (HI150) larva meal instead of chicken meal in extruded dog food. A total of 18 Golden Retriever were used. In the study, HI larva meal was obtained and after detailed nutrient analysis, it was extruded as a dog food formulation instead of chicken meal. The foods were first subjected to in vitro digestion. Then, in vivo feeding in dogs was performed to determine preference test, digestion, blood variables and faecal microbiome, faecal score and organic acids. The HI larva meal up to 15% in dog food linearly increased the molarities of acetic (AA) and propionic (PA) acids in faeces (p <.05), but linearly decreased the molarities of butyric (BA) and valeric (VA) acids (p < 0.05). Iso-butyric (IBA), iso-valeric (IVA) and iso-caproic (ICA) acids in faeces decreased linearly with HI larva meal (p < .05). The relative abundances of Phascolarctobacterium, Megamonas, Collinsella and Fournierella genera were higher in faeces of HI75 than those of HI0 (p <.05). The relative proportion of Ligilactobacillus increased with HI larva meal (p < .05). As a result, HI larva meal can be used up to 100% instead of chicken meal in extruded dog food without any negative effects on body weight, digestibility, faecal score, consumption preference, kidney-liver enzyme activities and immunological parameters. Besides, HI larva meal at 7.5% and 15% in extruded dog food had different effects on the faecal microbiome.

In the past few years, the pet industrial and academic community have made significant attempts to find innovative substitutes for chicken meal to make dog foods more durable and efficient. The present study is the first application of full fat locust meal (LM) in dog (Golden Retriever) food. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase 18 mixed-sex Golden Retriever dogs were fed three diets: control diet, with no LM and 140 g/kg chicken meal (CM140); LM70-CM70 - with 70 g/kg full-fat LM and 70 g/kg CM; LM140 - with 140 g/kg full-fat LM and no CM for 15 days. The LM addition in dog food did not influence the body weight of dogs significantly. The dry matter and organic matter of all feeds containing CM and LM were not changed significantly whereas crude protein digestibility was significantly changed. The faecal parameters, including score, cumulative pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids were not affected by the addition of LM in dog food, whereas faecal pH on the fifth day was significantly reduced. In the second phase, 20 mixed-sex Golden Retriever dogs were fed two diets; CM140 and LM140 to check the palatability of the diets. The food selection in terms of consumption, preference and direction preference were not changed with the addition of LM in place of CM in dog food. It can be concluded from the present study that the replacement of CM with LM in dog food can be done without major negative consequences on the health status and overall performance of dogs.

Teknolojik katkılar yemlerin fiziksel yapısını korumak, homojenlik, depolama stabilitesi ve besinlerin biyoyararlanımını dolaylı olarak geliştirmek amacıyla kullanılırlar. Bu maddelerin ortak hedefi; yemin bütünlüğünü korumak, karışımın homojenliğini sağlamak, istenmeyen faz ayrışmalarını azaltmak ve hayvanın yemi daha tutarlı bir formda tüketmesini sağlamaktır. Bu katkı maddelerinden emülgatörler yağ ve suyu daha iyi karıştırılabilir hale getirerek yağların sindirilebilirliğini iyileştirebilmektedir. Stabilizatörler ve kıvam artırıcılar, karışımın akış özelliklerini düzenleyip ve ayrışmayı yavaşlatarak istenilen doku özelliğini sağlarlar. Jelleştirici maddeler ise yem üretimi sırasında yapı oluşturarak formu stabilize eder. Bu katkıların çoğu doğal kaynaklardan (bitkisel zamklar, bazı lifler, deniz yosunu türevleri) elde edilebilir; bazıları ise işlevsellik ve maliyet dengesi için yarı sentetik ya da sentetik olarak üretilir. Yem formunun korunması ve besinlerin daha düzenli sunulması yoluyla dolaylı olarak performans ve verim hedeflerinin desteklenmesine katkı sağlarlar. Bu katkılar, yem formülasyonlarında enerji kullanımını iyileştirerek maliyet optimizasyonuna destek olurken, fiziksel stabilite sayesinde bileşen ayrışmasını önleyip, işleme verimliliği, hayvanın besinlere erişimi ve ürün kalitesinde tutarlılık sağlamaya katkıda bulunur, böylece performans, sağlık ve sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine uyumu destekler. Bu bölümde yemlerde kullanılan teknolojik katkı maddeleri sınıfına giren emülgatör, stabilizatör, kıvam artırıcı ve jelleştirici maddelerin tanımı, işlevleri, bileşim özellikleri ve hayvan beslemede kullanım gerekçelerini açıklanmaktadır.

Abstract Alternative protein source discovery is one of the main objectives of all researchers in the nutrition field because the world population is increasing rapidly. Insects are currently on top of the list of alternative protein sources. Grasshoppers and locusts meals are from that category. Grasshoppers and locusts, commonly consumed in insect-eating communities, are among the most promising insects as food and feed. Therefore, this review aims to summarize available data on their nutritional composition including crude fibre (2.5-17.7%), chitin (4-11%), crude ash (1.8-6.7%), crude protein (16.6-77.3%), crude fat (2.6-54.9%), and energy (157-527 kcal/g) of grasshoppers varying between these ranges. The essential amino acids (AA) profile reflects methionine (0.9-3.9%), lysine (2.9-7.1%), threonine (1.6-5.3%), leucine (4.6-12.7%), tryptophan (0.4-3.2%), and valine (4.1-0.2%). The fatty acids (FA) profile is oleic acid (3.4-40.9%), linoleic acid (0.8-45.6%), linolenic acid (1.4-13.1%), and lauric acid (0.3-1.3%). The polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) (17.5-67.4%) and saturated FA (SFA) (22.1-56.8%) are present in the range quoted in brackets. The PUFA content richness is beneficial for human consumption. The huge diversity in the chemical composition of grasshoppers is mainly due to the substrate chemical composition on which grasshoppers propagate. Some allergic reactions have been reported in the literature, but the removal of wings, legs, and antennae overcame the allergenicity problem. In conclusion, this review summarizes the nutritional composition of grasshoppers and locusts in scientific literature.

This study aimed to determine the effects of kefir addition on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and protein apparent digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology, and biochemistry parameters of healthy dogs. Twenty-one adult Golden Retriever dogs were divided into three groups: Control (CON, no kefir), KF1 (2 x 10(6) CFU/g kefir), and KF2 (4 x 10(6) CFU/g kefir). The dogs were fed for a 30-day administration period. Blood was taken from all dogs on the initial (day 0) and last day (day 30). Stool consistency of the dogs were scored according to 1-5 system (1 = diarrhea-like, 5 = formed and too dry) on the last five days before taking fresh faecal samples to determine digestibility, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia, pH and DM levels. The highest DM, OM and protein digestibility levels were determined in KF2 (p < 0.05). Kefir addition improved the faecal scores of KF1 and KF2 (p < 0.05). Faecal pH was lower in KF2 than CON (p < 0.001). The lowest faecal ammonia levels were found in KF1 and KF2 (p < 0.001). Increased faecal acetic and total SCFA levels were detected in the kefir groups, and KF2 had the highest propionic acid level (p < 0.05). The lowest cholesterol level was determined in KF2, and the lowest triglyceride levels were determined in KF1 and KF2 on the 30th day (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride, and creatinine was detected to the KF2 dog's first and last day (p < 0.05). Blood MCHC was affected by kefir in KF2 (p < 0.05). These results indicated that 2-4 gr of kefir had positive effects on nutrient digestibility, colon fermentation, stool consistency, and the blood parameters of dogs.Highlights

The effects of harvesting periods and cultivars on the nutritional values of forage crops are very important. In the present study, the effects of harvesting periods and varieties on the nutritional values of Italian ryegrass were investigated. The trial was conducted in the Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications under the environmental conditions of Central Anatolia in the growing season of 2015. Seven Italian ryegrass varieties were harvested at two different harvest times in the study (earing and dough forming period) and feed values were determined. As a result of the study, the crude protein content of Italian ryegrass was found to be 9.4 - 21.0%, crude ash was 0.22% - 0.48%, crude fat 0.11% - 0.26%, ADF 30.45 - 36.26%, NDF 49.99% - 57.11%, ADL 7.72 - 10.11%, TDN 49.31% - 53.55%, ME 1.68 - 1.86 Mcal/kg, NEL 0.99 - 1.12 Mcal/kg, NEM 0.87 - 1.04 Mcal/kg, and NEG 0.31 - 0.48 Mcal/kg compared to the beginning of earing and dough formation period. According to the statistical analysis results, the differences between variety averages, growth period averages, and cutting averages were found to be significant in terms of the analyzed characteristics (crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, ADF, NDF, ADL, TDN, ME, NEL, NEM, and NEG). According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to cut at the beginning of the heading to obtain quality grass in Italian ryegrass farming. It is also very important to choose the appropriate Italian ryegrass variety for each region.

Abstract Since per capita global meat utilization is predicted to increase to 40% from 2019 to 2050, global use of cultivable land in livestock, poultry, and feed production is 30%. Use of alternative protein sources as animal feed can be a solution to minimize cropland usage in conventional feed production. Commonly used protein sources in animal diets like soybean meal and fish meal are facing challenges of high demand, but the current production might not fulfill their dire need. To overcome this issue, the discovery of alternative protein sources is the need of the hour, insect meals like black soldier fly (BSF) are one of these alternative protein sources. These flies are non-infectious, bite-less, can convert the variant types of organic waste (food wastes, animal and human excreta) proficiently into rich profile biomass with reduced harmful bacteria count and do not serve as a vector in disease transmission. Based on the substrate used, the BSF larvae protein, fat and ash contents vary from 37 to 63%, 7 to 39% and 9 to 28% on dry matter basis, respectively. Previous studies have reported using BSF and its by-products as alternative protein sources in broiler diets with partial or complete replacement of conventional protein sources. In this review, a brief introduction to insect meal, BSF origin, life cycle, nutritional profile, influences on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile of meat, biochemical properties of blood, gut morphology and microbiota of the caecum along with its influence on laying performance of layers has been discussed in detail. Studies have concluded the partial replacement of conventional protein sources with BSF is possible, whereas complete replacement may cause poor performance due to reduced digestibility up to 62% attributable to chitin content (9.6%). Further studies to corroborate the effect of dietary BSF on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile of meat, and gut morphology and caecum microbiota are required to standardize the inclusion levels in feeds for higher performance of poultry.

The aim of current study was to determine in vitro digestibility, some microbiological properties and shelf life of fermented sucuk foods consisting mixture of animal and vegetable natural foods produced for dogs. Grain-inclusive and grain-free (GF) formulations were prepared. Grain-inclusive group was subgrouped as cooked (CG) and uncooked grain (UCG). In vitro digestibility, nutrient composition, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of 3 groups of sucuk foods were determined at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after production. Microbiological characteristics (Aerobic colony number, E. coli, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, coliform bacteria, yeast mold, Salmonella spp.) and lactic acid levels of sucuks were determined at the end of 1, 3, and 6-months of storage (+4°C). There were differences in nutrient compositions of groups and storage times within groups (P<0.05). All sucuk foods were negative for E. coli and Salmonella spp. Count of aerobic colonies were 5.8x107, 3.0x107 and 3.1x109 CFU/g in CG, UCG and GF, respectively. Total yeast-mold counts were between 5.5x103-9.6x104 CFU/g. The highest pH drop (5.38 to 4.25) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (92.02%) were determined in CG sucuk (P<0.05). TBARS value of UCG group was the highest at the end of the 6-months storage (P<0.05). Lactic acid levels were not different between storage times and groups (P>0.05). As a result, healthy and highly digestible sucuk foods were obtained for dogs, which contain sufficient and balanced nutrients and have a long shelf life.

In this study, we compared the digestibility levels and in vitro fermentation parameters of total mixed rations (TMRs) containing 20% and 40% defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSF) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in the basal ration (60% roughage/40% concentrated feed) of dairy cows. We evaluated the volatile fatty acid (VFA), total gas production, methane emission, ammonia, pH, carbon dioxide, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) of the TMR0 (basal), TMR20 (20% BSF included), and TMR40 (40% BSF included) diets at the end of 24 and 48 h of incubation. Significantly lower levels of ammonia formation were found in the TMR20 and TMR40 groups at 24 and 48 h (p < 0.001). An increase in total VFA levels was observed in the TMR0 group at 24 h (p < 0.001). The highest IVDMD was determined in TMR20 and TMR40 at 24 h. The highest IVNDFD value was observed in TMR20 at 24 h and in TMR40 at 48 h. The substitution of 20% and 40% of SBM with BSF positively affected IVDMD and IVNDFD (p < 0.001). TMR20 and TMR40 had the highest cumulative gas production at 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of BSF had a positive impact on digestibility and in vitro rumen fermentation. Therefore, we recommend the use of BSF in formulating dairy cow rations.

The benefits of probiotics for animal health are widely recognised. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on diet digestibility, faecal characteristics, intestinal shedding of microbiota, and hematological characteristics in healthy dogs. Adult Golden Retriever dogs (n = 18) were divided into three groups: the control group (no B. subtilis), the BS1 group (1 × 109 CFU/g of B. subtilis), and the BS2 group (2 × 109 CFU/g of B. subtilis). Dogs were fed for a 30-day administration period, and total faeces were collected in the last five days. On the first and last days of the study, blood samples were taken to determine hematological characteristics. In addition, the dry matter content, faecal consistency score, faecal output, pH, ammonia level, and quantity of short- and branched-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and BCFAs) in faecal samples were also evaluated. Results revealed that the dry matter, fibre, organic matter, and protein digestibility coefficients were higher in BS1 and BS2 (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Lower pH and higher acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate levels were detected in BS1 and BS2 (p < 0.05). Lower ammonia levels and firmer stools were observed in BS2 (p < 0.001). The numbers of faecal enterococci and lactobacilli were higher in BS1 and BS2 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, B. subtilis increased the concentrations of WBCs, RBCs, and granulocytes in BS1 and BS2 (p < 0.05). Data in the present study suggest that dietary supplementation with B. subtilis improved faecal quality, enhanced nutrient digestibility, and contributed to the dogs’ gut health by reducing gut ammonia, increasing SCFAs, and improving the number of Lactobacillus and Enterococci.HIGHLIGHTS Probiotics are one of the most commonly used feed additives in dog food. Bacillus subtilis boosts the immunity and overall gastrointestinal health of companion animals. B. subtilis dietary supplementation improved dogs’ gut health, immunity, and digestibility of food. B. subtilis increased the concentration of WBCs, RBCs, and granulocytes. B. subtilis reduced gut ammonia and increased SCFAs and the number of lactobacilli and enterococci in faeces.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 supplementation on digestibility, faecal characteristics, some blood chemistry parameters and microbiota of dogs. Eighteen adult Golden retriever dogs were assigned to three treatments: control (no B. subtilis), 2g B. subtilis (5 × 108 CFU/g, BS1) and 4g B. subtilis (5 × 108 CFU/g, BS2) added groups. Dogs were fed 25 days of adaptation period followed by 5 days of faecal collection. Blood samples were taken from all dogs on the first and last day of the study. Fecal characteristics were evaluated on the last 3 days of the study by dry matter content, fecal score, fecal output, pH, ammonia, short (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acids. Improved dry matter, fibre, organic matter and protein digestibility coefficents were determined in BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Lower pH, higher dry matter, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate levels in feaces were determined in BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Lower ammonia and firmer stools were observed in BS2 (P < 0.001). Counts of CFU of faecal Enterococci, Lactobacilli were improved BS1 and BS2 (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not affected (P > 0.05). Higher values of WBCs, RBCs and granulocyte were recorded in B.subtilis groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of B. subtilis in dog food improved faecal quality, enhanced digestibility of diet and contributed to the health by supporting immune functions of dogs, reducing gut ammonia, increasing SCFA and number of Lactobacillus and Enterecocci.

Türkiye’de son yıllarda büyükbaş hayvancılık sektöründe önemli değişimler yaşanmıştır. Bu süreçte birim hayvan başına düşen verim düzeyleri artmış olmakla birlikte; nüfus artışıyla birlikte oluşan damızlık ve kasaplık hayvan talebi iç piyasadan yeterince karşılanamamıştır. Ülkemizde artan hayvansal ürün ihtiyacının karşılanabilmesi yanında ithalatın azaltılabilmesi ve sürdürülebilir bir hayvancılık için hayvansal üretimdeki kayıpların en aza indirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda sığırcılık işletmelerinde en önemliüretim zararlarından birisi “buzağı kayıpları” olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İneklerde Gebeliğin Elde Edilmesi ve Döl Verimi ile İlgili Kayıplar Hüseyin ERDEM İneklerde Gebelik Muayene Zamanlarının Planlanması Hüseyin ERDEM Fatma SATILMIŞ Kuru Dönemde Bakım ve Beslemenin Buzağı Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri Behiç COŞKUN Mikotoksinlerin Buzağı Kayıplarına Etkisi Halis OĞUZ İneklerin Gebeliğinde Önemli Bir Sorun: Yavru Atıkları (Abortus) Fatma SATILMIŞ Furkan ÇİFTÇİ Ö. Faruk YEŞİLKAYA Hüseyin ERDEM Doğuma Yardımda Buzağı Kayıplar D. Ali DİNÇ S. Ülküm ÇİZMECİ Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Kolostrum Yönetiminin Önemi Mahmut OK Prematüre (Günsüz) Doğan Buzağıların Bakımı Mahmut OK Sütten Kesim Döneminde Buzağıların Beslenmesi ve Buzağı Kayıplarının Önlenmesi Nurettin GÜLŞEN Buzağıların Süt Emme Dönemindeki Beslenmesi Fatma İNAL İbrar AHMED Buzağıları Hastalıklardan Koruma Yöntemleri Mahmut OK Buzağılarda Bakteriyel Hastalıklar Hüseyin HADİMLİ Buzağı Kayıplarına Neden Olan Viral Hastalıklar Oya BULUT Buzağı Kayıplarında Şap Hastalığının Rolü Murat ŞEVİK Mehmet Kürşat IŞIK Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda İshale Neden Olan Başlıca Paraziter Hastalık: Cryptosporidiosis Ferda SEVİNÇ Onur CEYLAN Buzağılarda Myiasis Uğur USLU Buzağılarda Coccidiosis Onur CEYLAN Ferda SEVİNÇ Buzağılarda Görülen Önemli Ektoparazitler Uğur USLU Buzağılarda Doğum Sonrası Dönemde Görülen Eklem Hastalıkları, Tedavi Seçenekleri ve Korunma Yolları Mustafa ARICAN Nuriza ZAMİRBEKOVA Buzağılarda Doğum Sırasında ve Sonradan Olan Kırık Olgularında Tedavi Seçenekleri Mustafa ARICAN Fehmiye GÜMÜŞ Birol ÖZDİL Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Göbek Bölgesi Problemleri Fahrettin ALKAN Kurtuluş PARLAK Mustafa KUL Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Acil Müdahaleler Mehmet MADEN Süt İnekleri ve Buzağılar İçin Aşılama Programları Hüseyin HADİMLİ Sığırlarda Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Bünyamin TRAŞ Kamil ÜNEY Buzağı Barındırma Sistemleri Mustafa ÇAM Şeref İNAL Sığır İşletmelerinde Biyogüvenlik Erdem DANYER Sabri HACIOĞLU Cevdet YARALI Buzağı Kayıplarında İşletme Hatalarının Rolü Emine ÇİFTCİ Buzağı Yetiştirmede Refah Uygulamaları Kürşat IŞIK Buzağı Kayıpları ve Buzağı Hastalıklarının Ekonomik Değerlendirmesi Aytekin GÜNLÜ Sütçü Sığır İşletmelerinde Buzağı Kayıplarının Analizi: Nedenleri, Risk Faktörleri ve Hedefleri Mehmet MADEN Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Veteriner Kontrol Enstitüleri Erdem DANYER Sabri HACIOĞLU Cevdet YARALI Buzağı Yetiştirmede Kontrol ve Değerlendirme Listesi Şeref İNAL Mustafa ÇAM

In this study, effects of different levels of feeding on digestibility, body weight(BW), body condition score(BCS) and some stool parameters were investigated. Fifteen adult Golden Retriever dogs were divided into 3 groups. ME content of food and ME requirements of the dogs were determined by the modified Atwater factors and the FEDIAF equation(95*BW0.75). The first group was fed 50% less than daily metabolic energy requirement(MER)(1), second group was fed 100%(2) and the third group was fed 50% more than the MER(3). Trial lasted 15 days. Stools were scored and stool samples were taken in last 4 days of the study. Dry matter(DMD) and organic matter digestibilities(OMD) were determined by acid-insoluble ash indicator method. BW and BCS values were determined on the 7th and 15th days. Changes in BW and BCS between days and groups were insignificant(P>0.05). DMD and OMD values were the highest in groups 1 and 2(P<0.05). Group 1 had the highest stool score(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in stool DM levels between all groups(P>0.05). In conclusion, modified Atwater factors and formula 95*BW0.75 were sufficient to preserve BW and BCS for this 15-day study. More studies are needed to compare the different formulas used to calculate the energy needs of dogs and the energy content in their diets. BW and BCS changes should be demonstrated with long-term trials. Effects of daily amount of food determined by the formulas on digestibility and health of dogs should also be investigated.

Türkiye Ekonomisinde Koyun-Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinin Yeri ve Önemi Aytekin GÜNLÜ, Burak MAT KOP Bölgesine Uygun Koyun-Keçi Irklarının Özellikleri ve Damızlık Seçimi Kriterleri Mustafa GARİP, Emre ARSLAN Küçükbaş Hayvancılıkta Yetiştirme Sistemleri: Çevre Şartları ve Barınaklar Ümit YORGANCILAR Koyun ve Keçilerin Beslenmesinde Çayır ve Meralar Fatma İNAL, İbrar AHMED Koyun-Keçi Sütü Gürkan UÇAR, Yusuf BİÇER Koyun-Keçi Eti Tahir YILMAZ, Abderraouf BOUGHEZELA, Ahmet GÜNER Yapağı-Tiftik Esad Sami POLAT Küçükbaş Hayvancılıkta Sürü Yönetimi Orhan ERMETİN Koyun ve Keçi Refahı Kürşat IŞIK, Onur ERZURUM Koyun-Keçilerde Bakım ve Beslenmenin Önemi Mustafa Selçuk ALATAŞ Koyun-Keçi İşletmelerinde Kuzu-Oğlak Büyütme Döneminde Olması Gereken Yapısal ve Teknik Uygulamalar Cafer TEPELİ Mikotoksinlerin Kuzu-Oğlak Kayıplarına Etkisi Halis OĞUZ Yıllık Kuzu/Oğlak Verimini Artırma Yolları Mehmet Emin TEKİN Kuzu/Oğlak Bakım-Besleme ve Yönetimi Orhan ERMETİN Kuzu ve Oğlakların Beslenmesinde Başlangıç Yemlerinin Önemi Nurettin GÜLŞEN Kuzu-Oğlak Kayıplarında İşletme Hatalarının Rolü Emine ÇİFTCİ, Kübra BİÇER Uygulanabilen Biyoteknolojik Yöntemler Tevfik TEKELİ, Hasan ALKAN, Kübra KARAKAŞ ALKAN Koyun ve Keçilerde Üremenin Denetlenmesi Mehmet GÜLER, Fatma SATILMIŞ Koyun-Keçilerde Gebeliğin Belirlenmesi Hüseyin ERDEM Koyun-Keçilerde Doğum ve Doğuma Yardım Girişimleri Hüseyin ERDEM, Ö. Faruk YEŞİLKAYA, M. Furkan ÇİFTÇİ Koyun-Keçilerde Sağım Hüseyin ERDEM, Kübra KARAKAŞ ALKAN Koyun ve Keçilerde Önemli Hastalıklar Mutlu SEVİNÇ, Merve İDER Koyun ve Keçilerde Metabolik Profil Testinin Değerlendirilmesi Mutlu SEVİNÇ Koyun ve Keçilerin Metabolik ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Mutlu SEVİNÇ Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıkları Fahrettin ALKAN, Mustafa KUL, Fatma BORAN ÇAYIRLI Koyun ve Keçilerin Ayak Hastalıklarında Tanı ve Tedavi Yöntemleri ile Koruyucu Önlemler Fahrettin ALKAN, Kurtuluş PARLAK, Kadir SULU Koyun-Keçilerde Meme Sağlığı ve Mastitis Fatma SATILMIŞ, Hasan ALKAN Koyun ve Keçilerde Ani Ölümle Seyreden Hastalıklar Mahmut OK, Merve İDER Koyun ve Keçilerde Hastalıklardan Korunmada Koruyucu Hekimlik ve Aşılama Stratejileri Mahmut OK, İbrahim Kubilay YILDIZ Koyun ve Keçilerde Görülen Önemli Dış Parazitler Uğur USLU Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi Uğur USLU Koyun-Keçilerde Önemli İç Paraziter Hastalıklar ve Mücadele Yöntemleri Nermin IŞIK USLU Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Bünyamin TRAŞ Koyun-Keçilerde Yavru Atıklarına Neden Olan Bakteriyel Hastalıklar Hüseyin HADİMLİ, Esra ASLAN, Adam Bashir Tawor ELDOW Küçükbaş Hayvanlarda Yavru Atıklarına Sebep Olan Viral Hastalıklar Oya BULUT Koyun-Keçilerde Yavru Atıklarına Neden Olan Paraziter Hastalıklar Özlem DERİNBAY EKİCİ Koyun-Keçi İşletmelerinde Biyogüvenlik Onur ERZURUM, M. Kürşat IŞIK, Emine ÇİFTCİ Kuzu-Oğlak Ölümlerinde Numune Alma ve Gönderme Kriterleri Hekim Yalçın FAKI, Hekim İsa KAPLAN Koyunculuk İşletmelerinde Değerlendirme ve Kontrol Listesi Şeref İNAL, Mustafa ÇAM