The advancement of technology has significantly improved energy measurement systems. Recent investment in smart meters has enabled companies and researchers to access data with the highest possible temporal disaggregation, on a minute-by-minute basis. This research aimed to obtain data with the highest possible temporal and spatial disaggregation. This was achieved through a process of energy consumption measurements for six devices within seven houses, located in different communes (counties) of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. From this process, a data panel of energy consumption of six devices was constructed for each household, observed in two temporal windows: one quarterly (750,000+ observations) and another semi-annual (1,500,000+ observations). By applying a panel data econometric model with fixed effects, calendar-temporal patterns that help explain energy consumption in each of these two windows have been studied, obtaining explanations of over 80% in some cases, and very low in others. Sensitivity analyses show that the results are robust in a short-term temporal horizon and provide a practical methodology for analyzing energy consumption determinants and load profiles with panel data. Moreover, to the authors’ knowledge, these are the first results obtained with data from Chile. Therefore, the findings provide key information for the planning of production, design of energy market mechanisms, tariff regulation, and other relevant energy policies, both at local and global levels.

This paper investigates the causal effect of COVID-19 quarantine measures on the electricity consumption of different types of regulated customers. In particular, the average energy consumption of a group of customers in Chile is examined, exploiting the weekly variations in the application of the stages of the Step by Step Plan as a natural experiment. Step by Step Plan was the Chile COVID containment strategy, which involved implementing partial lockdowns based on the COVID incidence in the municipalities, and adjusted on a weekly basis. An econometric model is specified, and estimated using the technique Difference-in-Difference-in-Difference (DDD) to quantify the causal impact of these measures. After applying the model, it is found that the quarantine measures have had a negative effect on the trend weekly consumption of customers located in municipalities where some of the phases of the Plan have been applied. This effect is significantly different depending on each stage of the plan analysis, and statistically significant. It is also observed that, on average, the savings for a representative customer in the sample range from $8 to $6.15 for some municipalities, and the sample costs range from $0.02 to $0.26 for others, depending on the municipality analyzed. The results can be expressed in a total of 2.95 tons less CO2 emitted on a monthly basis. This shows a great impact in terms of sustainability and planning of energy demand and supply.

Specimens of lophogastrids were collected off Chile, including four first records: Ceratolepis hamata G.O. Sars, 1883 in the vicinity of Easter Island, Eucopia unguiculata (Willemoes-Suhm, 1875) the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1873 off Concepcion, and Neognathophausia ingens (Dohrn, 1870) off Valparaiso. Additional records were also obtained for Chile for four species: Eucopia australis Dana, 1852, Eucopia grimaldii Nouvel, 1942, Fagegnathophausia gracilis (Willemoes-Suhm, 1875), and Paralophogaster sp. Based on these records, lophogastrids are now represented off Chile, in the southeastern Pacific, by nine species.

The evolutionary history of the beaked whales (Ziphiidae), odontocetes nowadays adapted to deep diving, is well known thanks to a significant fossil record mainly from the deep ocean floors. A partial cranium of a ziphiid recovered from Plio-Pleistocene deep sea deposits (about 1000 m) off the port of Pisagua, northern Chile, during fishing activity is here described and referred to the new species Ihlengesi changoensis. Ihlengesi changoensis differs from the type species Ihlengesi saldanhae, from the sea floor off South Africa, by having a more elongated premaxillary sac fossa and con-sequently a more anteriorly located premaxillary foramen; dorsal margin of each premaxillary crest sloping markedly ventrolaterally and generating an acute dorsal profile of the vertex in anterior view; less anterolateral extension of the right nasal forming part of the premaxillary crest; lateral margins of the nasals not anteriorly diverging but weakly con-vex; nasofrontal suture anteriorly pointed. The phylogeny supports a sister-taxon relationship between I. changoensis and I. saldanhae, both members of the crown ziphiids Hyperoodontinae. Ihlengesi changoensis shares with I. saldanhae and other fossil ziphiids a small body size (estimated length 3.5 m) supporting the hypothesis that in the past small beaked whales (<4 m) were more common than today. Such recent shift of the ziphiids towards a larger size could be the result of a progressive change of diet from fish to cephalopods, to the competition with the delphinids, and the predatory impact of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias and/or of the killer whale Orcinus orca. This new Chilean ziphiid further supports the hypothesis that crown beaked whales originated and firstly dispersed in the oceanic waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Their radiation and geographical distribution could have been driven by the southern oceanic circulation and related localized concentration of trophic resources in high productivity upwelling areas.

An autonomous lander equipped with a video camera (dropcam) was used for in situ observations of the bento-demersal macrofauna on the upper continental slope off Punta Pichalo in northern Chile, an area of permanent coastal upwelling processes, located ~70 km north of Iquique. The lander was deployed at nine stations and between 227 and 798 m of depth. According to morphological characteristics, 34 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified to the lowest taxonomic level; 24 belonged to macroinvertebrates and 10 to fishes. Macroinvertebrates comprised 9 OTUs of crustaceans, seven cnidarians, and six echinoderms. Fishes included 3 OTUs of the order Chondrichthyes, 3 belonging to macrourid. Perciformes, Anguilliformes, and Alepocephaliformes were represented by one OTU each. Also, we observed one species of lanternfish (Myctophidae). Apart from the brachyuran decapod Lophorochinia parabranchia Garth, 1969 and euphausiids, all species were observed at depths greater than 560 m. The presence of one individual identified as the granulate dogfish Centroscyllium granulatum Günther, 1887 extended the known distribution range of this species about 1000 km to the north. Images taken at 795 m showed Bathyraja peruana McEachran & Miyake, 1984. Our study suggests that the upper continental slope of northern Chile harbors nearly undiscovered biodiversity, worth to be studied more intensively to complete the comparable sparse knowledge about marine biodiversity and species distribution at the continental margin in front of Chile.

The Chilean government is looking to liberalize the retail electricity market to increase competitiveness and reduce the price of electricity for residential and small/medium commercial customers. Under this context, the article aims to enrich the legislative debate by providing an overview of the international experience of the electricity market liberalization that started in the early 1990s and presents forecasting for the regulated Chilean price until 2034, considering the current tenders and the price stabilization mechanism. In addition, multiple simulations are developed to measure the market effect of retail liberalization on regulated customers. In this regard, the results suggest a significant regulated price increase from 2022 to 2032, produced mainly by the stabilization mechanism, which overshadows the low prices obtained in recent renewable generation supply tenders. However, if the retail market is liberalized, the simulation indicates that regulated customers could save between 15% and 20% on their electricity bills.

The occurrence of Funchalia woodwardi is reported for the first time for the Southeast Pacific region off the Chilean coast. Two specimens were collected during the program of scientific cruises to remote areas (CIMAR). The first specimen was collected in 1999 for the cruise CIMAR 5 station 21 (27°00'08"S-94°05'49"W) and the second specimen was collected in 2015 for the cruise CIMAR 21 station 11 (27°00'07"S-79°05'05"W) to oceanic Chilean island and represent the first record of this genus in the Pacific waters of America. With this new record the distribution of the species is pan tropical.

The northern of Chile is one of the most productive and permanent upwelling systems of the large Humboldt Current System. However, do not investigations have been developed about the decapod larvae dynamics in this region, characterized by its narrow continental shelf and an oxygen minimal zone (OMZ) very shallow (<50 m). Four oceanographic campaigns carried out in a coastal upwelling zone off northern Chile in 2003 were used to analyze the dispersal patterns of 15 taxa from decapods larvae selected. The coastal upwelling conditions showed a maximum Ekman transport value (Mx) in January and a minimum in May, while the temperature and salinity characteristics defined four types of waters named a) cold upwelling waters (UW), b) warm trapped waters (WTW), c) upwelling front waters (UFW) and d) oceanic front waters (OFW), which showed different concentrations of dissolved oxygen, OMZ depth (<1 mL L−1) and chlorophyll-a concentrations, respectively. Decapod larvae with the highest abundance and frequency were Cancer spp., Emerita analoga, Pinnaxodes chilensis, Callianassidae sp., Pagurus sp. and Allopetrolisthes sp., from adults of diverse habitats, characterized by different development stages and periods. The offshore weighted distance (Ğ) estimated for the decapod larvae allowed the differentiation of three main groups. a) group formed by high dispersion larvae (>11 km), with five zoea stages and associated to the UFW waters, b) group formed by mean dispersion larvae (between 5 and 8 km) and distributed in upwelling waters (UW), and c) group showing lower horizontal dispersions (<4 km), which significantly and negatively correlated to the OMZ in UW and WTW-type waters. The different cross-shelf distribution patterns relative to the oceanographic conditions were compared with other upwelling system, and larval behavior, morphology, environmental requirements and development period of different decapods were discussed.

Percnon pascuensis is redescribed based on adult specimens collected in Easter Island (today Rapa-Nui). The gonopod (first two pair of pleopod of males) structure is described by first time and compare with the other species of the genus. The analysis conclude that P. pascuensis is closely to P. sinensis based on the gonopods morphology. P. sinensis is distributed to China Sea. Earlier papers claim that P. pascuensis is closely related with P. planissimum, a widely distributed species, but both species are different morphology of the gonopods. P. pascuensis is a valid species seemingly endemic of the Easter Island.

Pachygrapsus transversus has been reported repeatedly at Easter Island, south Pacific, this species was registered in both side of America and in the West and East Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In a phylogeographic analysis, P. transversus is considered a species of the Atlantic Ocean and Pachygrapsus socius has been regarded as part of the Eastern Pacific fauna. At the same time, a review of the genus Pachygrapsus concludes that the species from Easter Island could be Pachygrapsus laevimanus. A recent paper about the phylogeny of the Grapsidae, reveal that the genus Pachygrapsus is polyphyletic, with just 5 species. In the same study is showed that P. laevimanus belong to genus Planes. Here we analyze the gonopods of the males of new material of this group from Easter Island, and compare with other species of genera Pachygrapsus and Planes. We conclude that the species in Easter Island belong to Planes laevimanus. Additional comparisons between species are given, as well as with genus Planes, sister group of Pachygrapsus.

Two morphologically similar species of porcellanid crabs have been cited around Easter Island, Petrolisthes coccineus and P. extremus. New material collected in different locations of the island, only support the presence of P. extremus. The specimens used in the records of P. coccineus in Easter Island are deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Santiago and the Museo de Zoologia of the Universidad de Concepcion. After checking this material identified as P. coccineus, it was concluded that just one species is found in Easter Island and correspond to P. extremus.

RESUMENEn este estudio se realiza un análisis empírico descriptivo respecto a la adopción de las TIC en las pymes de Guayaquil. Los resultados revelan un nivel equivalente a la mera interacción de las Tecnologíasde la Información y Comunicación. Por lo que se recomienda mayor inversión en infraestructuras ycapacitación a los potenciales usuarios. También se infiere que hay una correlación entre el tamañode las empresas y las pymes.Palabras clave: TIC, pymes, crecimiento empresarial, capacitación.Analysis of the use of ICT in smes of Guayaquil in 2015ABSTRACTIn this study a descriptive empirical analysis on the adoption of ICT in SMEs in Guayaquil is performed. The results show an equivalent to the mere interaction of Information Technology andCommunication level. It is recommended that increased investment in infrastructure and trainingto potential users. It also follows that there is a correlation between the size of companies and SMEs.Keywords: ICT, SMEs, business growth, training.Análise do uso das TIC das pyme de Guayaquil no ano 2015RESUMONeste estudo, realiza-se uma análise empírica descritiva relativa à adopção das TIC nas pymes de Guayaquil. Os resultados revelam um nível equivalente à mera interação das Tecnologias da Informaçãoe Comunicação. Por isto, recomenda-se um maior investimento em infraestruturas e capacitação aospotenciais usuários. Também se infere que há uma correlação entre o tamanho das empresas e das pymes.Palavras-chave: TIC, pymes, crescimento empresarial, capacitação.

Two morphologically similar species of porcellanid crabs have been cited around Easter Island, Petrolisthes coccineus and P. extremus. New material collected in different locations of the island, only support the presence of P. extremus. The specimens used in the records of P. coccineus in Easter Island are deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Santiago and the Museo de Zoologia of the Universidad de Concepcion. After checking this material identified as P. coccineus, it was concluded that just one species is found in Easter Island and correspond to P. extremus.

Four species belonging to genus Thalamita have been reported from the Easter Island, South Pacific, from Chile.The controversial presence of T. bevisi in Easter Island is confirmed, with a new record of recent specimens.The present study provides taxonomic information, including the examination of the morphology of the first gonopod.

The information about the family Munidopsidae in Chile is scarce and sparse, making identification of new material. difficult. Due to this we lack precise information about the number and accurate distribution of Chilean species. Recent expeditions to Chile have collected specimens of this group, allowing an exhaustive review of the registers and collections in four museums in the country. A total of 93 specimens from six expeditions were analyzed, belonging to twelve species, of which five represent first records for the Chilean waters. The family in Chile is now composed by 19 bathyal and abyssal species; three belong to the genus Galacantha and 16 to Munidopsis. Only three species have distributions restricted to southeastern Pacific waters (M. cochlearis, M. follirostris and M. opalescens). Three other species are widely distributed along the eastern Pacific from Alaska or from Oregon to Chile (M. aspera, M. quadrata and M. verrucosus). No relationships were observed between the extensive geographical distribution of species and the bathymetric distribution.

The thecosomate pteropods collected in an oceanograpic transect between Caldera, Chile (similar to 27 degrees S) to neighbouring of Easter Island and Salas y Gomez Island, southeastern Pacific were analyzed. A total of 2021 specimens belonging to 18 species were identified, being Clio pyramidata and Styliola subula the most dominant species along the transect and the most frequent ones, represented in 18 of the 23 stations analysed are reported. The most abundant species were S. subula (35%), C. pyramidata (28%) y Cavolinia inflexa (13%). The following species are new records for the southeastern Pacific: Cavolinia labiata, Cavolinia uncinata, Cavolinia gibosa, Cuvierina columnella, Clio cuspidata, Clio chaptalii, Diacria trispinosa, D. quadridentata, D. major, Cymbulia sp. and Peracle reticulata. The classification can recognize three sets of stations, characterized by its species abundance, species richness and diversity, including a neritic assemblage (71-79 degrees W), an oceanic assemblage (82-105 degrees W) and a set of thalasoepipelagic stations associated with the oceanic islands.

The glass shrimps belonging to genus Pasiphaea are scarcely registered in Chilean waters, with just 5 of the 66 species recognized today. Of these Pasiphaea acutifrons is reported erroneously to some localities in different oceans, this due basically to an ambiguous diagnosis. Recently, a paper was published that analyze the taxonomic status of this species, limiting the range of variability of its diagnostic characters and restricting its distribution. In Chile P. acutifrons is distributed from Iquique to Magellan Strait, but the informed diagnostic characters are not in agree with those of this specie. By this reason is proposed a study to analyze the material referred as P. acutifrons with the object verify the status of this species in Chile. To this end, the material of Pasiphaeidae of 3 important carcinological collections in this country were revised, as well as new material collected in the CIMAR XIV expedition. The results of this study reveals that the specimens of P. acutifrons in fact belong to other species. One of these is Pasiphaea barnardi which is reported here by first time for Chilean Fjord, between Golfo de Penas and Concepcion Channel.

The glass shrimps belonging to genus Pasiphaea are scarcely registered in Chilean waters, with just 5 of the 66 species recognized today. Of these Pasiphaea acutifrons is reported erroneously to some localities in different oceans, this due basically to an ambiguous diagnosis. Recently, a paper was published that analyze the taxonomic status of this species, limiting the range of variability of its diagnostic characters and restricting its distribution. In Chile P. acutifrons is distributed from Iquique to Magellan Strait, but the informed diagnostic characters are not in agree with those of this specie. By this reason is proposed a study to analyze the material referred as P. acutifrons with the object verify the status of this species in Chile. To this end, the material of Pasiphaeidae of 3 important carcinological collections in this country were revised, as well as new material collected in the CIMAR XIV expedition. The results of this study reveals that the specimens of P. acutifrons in fact belong to other species. One of these is Pasiphaea barnardi which is reported here by first time for Chilean Fjord, between Golfo de Penas and Concepcion Channel.