Female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is performed, like other aesthetic procedures, for nonmedical reasons to alter genital appearance or function. However, it can be distinguished by unique ethical, psychological, and sexual health considerations. Although patients often cite aesthetic, sexual, functional, or psychological discomforts, broader social and cultural influences are key drivers of demand. This study aimed to examine the representation of FGCS in the media. This systematic review employed a hybrid deductive-inductive content analysis to examine media representations of FGCS, following PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of 6 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was conducted for English-language studies (2000-2025). After removing duplicates, 545 related articles were identified. Finally, a total of 15 eligible studies that investigated the media's content related to FGCS were included in this review. The analysis revealed 6 predominant thematic domains: (1) justifications for FGCS, (2) presentation of FGCS results, (3) genitalia depiction, (4) FGCS warning, (5) marketing practice, and (6) quality evaluation. Our findings indicated that the media's content influences public perceptions about genitalia, sexuality, and femininity, and this has contributed, in part, to the rising demand for FGCS. Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic) For image description, please refer to the figure legend and surrounding text.

BACKGROUND:Women with endometriosis and adenomyosis have an increased risk of age-dependent diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Whether this reflects differences in biological age is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To compare the epigenetic age acceleration between women with endometriosis or adenomyosis to those without these conditions. STUDY DESIGN:We studied 234 women with endometriosis or adenomyosis and 3508 women without these conditions enrolled while pregnant into the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Epigenetic age acceleration, estimated using 7 different established clocks based on peripheral blood DNA methylation, was compared between those with and without endometriosis or adenomyosis using linear regression, with adjustment for the woman's chronological age, educational level, smoking status, body mass index, and batch at the time of blood sampling. RESULTS:In the unadjusted analysis, we observed modest epigenetic age deceleration estimated using the Horvath pan-tissue clock among those with endometriosis/adenomyosis compared to those without (mean difference in the z-score, -0.15; 95% confidence interval, -0.28 to 0.02). No notable differences were observed in the estimates of epigenetic age acceleration using the other established clocks, where the mean differences in the z-scores ranged between -0.10 and 0.06. After multivariable adjustment, the significant difference in the Horvath pan-tissue clock was attenuated (mean difference in the z-score, 0.00; 95% confidence interval, -0.13 to 0.13). CONCLUSION:We did not find evidence of meaningful differences in epigenetic age acceleration measured in peripheral blood collected during pregnancy by diagnosis with endometriosis or adenomyosis.

Menstrual disturbances are a common yet often overlooked feature of eating disorders, impacting individuals across diagnostic categories and age groups. This Matters Arising piece responds to Porter (2025), a survivor-led qualitative study highlighting that menstruation is often treated as a simple health indicator, with little attention to emotional or psychosocial aspects. Specifically, I discuss broader intersections between eating disorder pathology and menstrual health, including functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and menopause-related changes, illustrating how menstrual irregularities reflect disruptions in hormonal and metabolic regulation and carry psychological and identity-related implications. Current clinical approaches frequently overlook these dimensions, focusing narrowly on the presence or absence of menstruation rather than holistic well-being. Drawing on research evidence and clinical experience, I recommend a patient-centred approach that includes routine assessment of menstrual history and symptoms, integration of menstrual considerations into nutritional, medical and psychological treatment plans and sensitive communication regarding emotional and identity-related experiences. Interdisciplinary collaboration and further research are essential to better understand menstrual experiences across the lifespan. Recognising menstrual health as a meaningful component of overall treatment can enhance recovery and provide more comprehensive, empathetic care. Menstrual health is an important but often overlooked part of care for people with eating disorders. This article responds to a recent survivor-led study by Porter (2025), which found that eating disorder inpatient services often viewed menstruation simply as a sign of physical recovery, with little attention to the emotional or personal meaning of these changes. Building on these findings, this Matters Arising article discusses how eating disorders can affect menstrual cycles in different ways, including missed or irregular periods (amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea respectively) and changes related to menopause. These menstrual disruptions are linked to changes in hormones, metabolism and mental health, and can influence how people feel about their bodies and recovery. Despite this, menstrual health is seemingly rarely discussed in a sensitive or holistic way in treatment. This Matters Arising article recommends that clinicians communicate about menstrual health more openly, assess it regularly and consider it in medical, nutritional and psychological care. A more compassionate and comprehensive approach could improve recovery and overall well-being for people with eating disorders. Collaboration between different health professionals and more research are much needed to better understand how menstrual health is affected by the various types of eating disorders at different stages of life.

Background:Body image dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and eating disorders represent significant public health concerns; however, many affected individuals never access evidence-based support. We co-designed and developed a rule-based chatbot, JEM, which conducts conversations addressing evidence-based psychoeducation and psychotherapeutic microinterventions. We previously demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary satisfaction of the JEM chatbot in a research setting. However, broader satisfaction, experiences, and user-reported outcomes in real-world settings have not yet been investigated. Objective:This study aims to conduct a real-world evaluation of the JEM chatbot in Australia and Canada, the two countries that have hosted a deployment of the chatbot to date. Specifically, we aim to explore user satisfaction and experiences with the chatbot and within-session differences in user mood and body image satisfaction when completing the chatbot's microinterventions. Methods:Respondents were users of the JEM chatbot aged 13 to 64 years who self-selected to complete a web-based overall evaluation survey (N=230; n=122 in Australia and n=108 in Canada) over a 6-month period. This evaluation survey included user demographic characteristics, satisfaction measures, and the System Usability Scale. Respondents for the within-session pre-post analyses were JEM chatbot users who chose to complete brief web-based surveys immediately before and after completing one of the chatbot's microinterventions during the same 6-month period. Sample sizes varied across microinterventions, ranging from 75 to 276 respondents overall (Australia: n=34-146; Canada: n=39-130). These surveys included validated visual analog scales (VAS) measuring mood (anxiety, depression, happiness, confidence) and body image satisfaction (body size satisfaction, body shape satisfaction, physical attractiveness). Results:Demographic characteristics showed that survey respondents were commonly young adult cisgender women and nonbinary individuals across Australia and Canada. Respondent satisfaction with the chatbot was high in both countries (Australia: mean 76.1, SD 22.7; Canada: mean 78.8, SD 14.3), and the usability of the chatbot was rated as "excellent" in both countries (Australia: mean 86.5, SD 16.9; Canada: mean 89.5, SD 11.6) according to the System Usability Scale. Across completed microintervention surveys, patterns of within-session pre-post ratings were broadly similar in Australia and Canada, with effect sizes generally ranging from very small to large across VAS-measured mood and body image outcomes. Conclusions:The JEM chatbot achieved high satisfaction and usability ratings. Among respondents who completed pre-post surveys, immediate within-session differences in mood and body image ratings were observed following the completion of chatbot microinterventions. The study findings were broadly similar across Australia and Canada. These results provide evidence of user experience and within-session differences following engagement with JEM and support continued evaluation in future studies.

Eating disorders are a global health concern, yet research in this field has historically been underfunded and sometimes perceived as “niche”. To attempt to address these challenges, the international charity Consortium for Research in Eating Disorders (CoRe-ED) was launched in September 2024. CoRe-ED aims to promote innovations in eating disorders research by empowering all voices and supporting the development of new therapies. The present study examined the characteristics of individuals who joined CoRe-ED over the first 15 months, their engagement with consortium initiatives and their expected benefits and experiences. Between 25 September 2024 and 31 December 2025, CoRe-ED registrants completed an online registration form and consented to the use of deidentified, aggregated data for research. Data were analysed for registrant characteristics, including primary country of residence and role(s) (e.g., researcher, health professional, lived experience), and for perceived expectations and experiences, using inductive thematic analysis. Survey feedback from ten CoRe-ED events, engagement with collaborative CoRe-ED initiatives, and an overarching survey capturing overall registrant experiences were also analysed. A total of 960 individuals from 37 countries across five continents registered with CoRe-ED, representing researchers, health professionals, individuals with lived experience, advocates, not-for-profit representatives and industry professionals. Registrants’ expectations included networking and community building, research contribution and collaboration, learning and professional development, advocacy, facilitation of innovation, integration of lived experience into research, global collaboration and mentorship. CoRe-ED also implemented a structured “Next Big Research Idea” initiative, which involved 18 internationally distributed multidisciplinary teams across 20 countries in collaborative research proposal development. Event-specific and overall feedback indicated high satisfaction with CoRe-ED activities, particularly valuing the diversity of presenters, global perspectives, inclusive environment and opportunities to learn and connect. Over the first 15 months, CoRe-ED engaged a diverse, international registrant group and developed activities consistent with early registrant expectations. The consortium implemented initiatives intended to support cross-disciplinary research collaboration, knowledge exchange and innovation, while expanding international representation. Future research should examine longer-term experiences, including impacts on research outputs, mentorship, co-design and policy translation, to better understand how the consortium evolves in response to the needs of its international community. Eating disorders are a global health concern, but research and support in this area are limited. To attempt to address this, the international charity Consortium for Research in Eating Disorders (CoRe-ED) was launched in September 2024 to bring together people from different countries, professions and experiences. Over the first 15 months, 960 individuals from 37 countries joined, including researchers, health professionals, people with lived experience, advocates, not-for-profit workers and industry representatives. Registrants reported wanting to build networks, contribute to research, access learning and professional development, engage in advocacy, support innovation, integrate lived experience into research, participate in global collaborations and receive mentorship. CoRe-ED also launched a “Next Big Research Idea” initiative, which brought together 18 multidisciplinary teams across 20 countries to develop collaborative eating disorders research proposals. Feedback on events and the overall consortium was very positive, with registrants highlighting the diversity of presenters, inclusive environment, global perspectives and learning opportunities. These findings potentially suggest CoRe-ED engaged a diverse, international group and implemented initiatives aligned with registrants’ expectations. Future research should examine longer-term experiences to better understand how the consortium responds to the needs of its international community.

BACKGROUND: Maternal sustained smoking during pregnancy is associated with thousands of differentially methylated CpGs in newborns, but impacts of other prenatal tobacco smoking exposures remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify differential DNA methylation in newborns from maternal sustained smoking and less studied prenatal smoking exposures (i.e., maternal exposure to secondhand smoke [SHS] exposure during pregnancy, maternal quitting before pregnancy, paternal smoking around conception, and paternal quitting before pregnancy). METHODS: We conducted a large meta-analysis of prenatal tobacco smoking exposures and epigenome-wide newborn blood DNA methylation through the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium (PACE). Across 19 cohorts, 11,175 parent-newborn pairs contributed information on at least one prenatal smoking exposure, mostly from questionnaires. Maternal blood or urine cotinine measurements, available in a few studies, provided objective data for maternal SHS and smoking during pregnancy. Primary analyses used Illumina450 K methylation data; secondary analyses in 5 cohorts examined CpGs unique to the EPIC array. RESULTS: Maternal sustained smoking associated with differential DNA methylation (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) at 8,862 CpGs on the 450 K (n = 8,148) and did not differ by infant sex. We identified over 300 novel genes not previously identified in EWAS of smoking. No differential methylation was associated with maternal SHS, maternal former smoking, or paternal smoking around conception. However, cg24805739 (MED13L) was associated with former paternal former smoking. Forty-one novel genes were identified using maternal cotinine measurements compared to questionnaire. In EPIC unique analyses (n = 3,415), differential methylation was observed with maternal sustained smoking (211 CpGs), maternal SHS (5 CpGs), and paternal former smoking (4 CpGs). Smoking-associated CpGs in blood were strongly enriched for functional elements across multiple tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal sustained smoking has the largest impact on newborn DNA methylation, suggesting a strong influence of the intrauterine environment. We observed minimal impacts for less studied exposures including SHS, maternal former smoking, and paternal smoking.

OBJECTIVES:To understand perspectives of primary care professionals and trainee primary care professionals on discussions with higher weight patients focused on weight management support, particularly the barriers and facilitators to these discussions. METHODS:Qualified primary care professionals and trainee primary care professionals (N = 91) at varying career stages within Australia completed an online survey (as part of a larger study) with a series of open-ended questions about their experiences and requirements to facilitate effective weight-related discussions with higher weight patients. Survey responses were qualitatively analysed using thematic and content analysis. RESULTS:From the analyses, participants recognised their strengths, including non-judgemental and non-blaming attitudes, empathy and providing practical and tailored weight management solutions. Participants also indicated a need for more time and resources to deliver comprehensive, tailored care sensitively. Perceived barriers included appointment length/time and patient financial constraints for extended consultations, limited familiarity with suitable weight management options and challenges prioritising health and lifestyle factors over weight. Participants emphasised the need for resources and multidisciplinary support to facilitate effective weight-related discussions that focused on overall health and wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS:Improving access to and awareness of clinical guidelines and existing resources, along with investing in specialised weight management services, could benefit primary care professionals across the career stage spectrum. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:These findings suggest the need for health systems and leadership to support prioritisation of education, training, development of, and access to relevant curricula, tools, resources, and guidelines. This may facilitate primary care professionals (current and future) to raise weight-related discussions sensitively and effectively.

BackgroundEarly treatment is critical for improving eating disorder prognosis. Single-session interventions (SSIs) can provide short-term support to people on waitlists for eating disorder treatment; however, it is not always possible to access SSIs. We co-designed and developed a rule-based chatbot called ED ESSI (Eating Disorder Electronic Single-Session Intervention), which delivered an SSI and demonstrated its acceptability and feasibility. However, the effectiveness of ED ESSI is yet to be investigated. ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an SSI delivered by ED ESSI. We examined the chatbot’s impact on eating disorder pathology, psychosocial impairment, depression, anxiety, stress, and motivation for change or treatment in individuals aged ≥16 years on waitlists for treatment for all types of eating disorders. MethodsThis multicenter 2-armed randomized controlled trial included 60 people on waitlists for eating disorder treatment in the chatbot intervention group (n=30, 50%) or the control group (n=30, 50%). The ED ESSI chatbot guided participants through a 30-minute SSI of assessment and psychoeducation, while the control group received web-based information on the same core topics covered in the SSI. There were 4 time points: before intervention or baseline (time point 1 [T1]), after intervention within 72 hours of baseline (T2), 1 month after baseline (T3), and 3 months after baseline (T4). Eating disorder pathology (primary outcome) and psychosocial impairment, depression, anxiety, and stress (secondary outcomes) were measured at T1, T3, and T4, and motivation for change or treatment (secondary outcome) was measured at all 4 time points. Furthermore, the System Usability Scale was implemented at T2 for the chatbot intervention group only. ResultsED ESSI induced significantly greater reductions compared to the control group in the primary outcome of eating disorder pathology (P=.003) and secondary outcomes of psychosocial impairment (P=.008), depression (P=.002), and anxiety (P=.040) over the 1- and 3-month time points, with small to moderate effects (Cohen d=0.15-0.53). Chatbot use also induced an increase in participants’ confidence in their ability to change (secondary outcome) immediately after use (T2), with a moderate effect (P<.001; Cohen d=0.74). The chatbot was rated as “excellent” in terms of usability. A significantly higher proportion of participants in the chatbot group (28/30, 93%) entered treatment by 3 months upon the opportunity being offered to them, compared to the control group, with a moderate effect (21/30, 70%; P=.042; ϕ=0.30). ConclusionsED ESSI promptly induced improvements in eating disorder pathology, psychosocial impairment, depression, and anxiety, which were detectable at 1 month and maintained to 3 months. ED ESSI potentially represents an effective, accessible, and scalable form of early intervention for people aged ≥16 years waiting for eating disorder treatment. Further research is needed to determine the longer-term effectiveness of ED ESSI. Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12623000680662; https://tinyurl.com/2h9v7hh7

BackgroundThere is a substantial and growing evidence base that has identified three distinct personality types (Overcontrol, Undercontrol and Resilient) among samples of individuals with eating disorders, as well as non-clinical samples. Even in studies where up to six personality types have been identified, the three core types representing Overcontrol, Undercontrol and Resilient consistently emerge. The aim of the research was to explore whether latent Overcontrol and Undercontrol personality types could be identified using pathological personality types as part of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders published in DSM-5. We further aimed to understand how these personality types were associated with eating pathology, depressed mood and anxiety.MethodsA total of 391 women, 167 men and 10 gender-diverse individuals aged 16 to 31 years completed measures of the alternative model of personality disorder traits, disordered eating behaviours, eating pathology, depression, anxiety and stress. A systematic four-step process using hierarchical, k-means, and random forest cluster analyses were used to identify the best fitting cluster solution in the data.ResultsThe results revealed a four-cluster solution that represented overcontrol, undercontrol, resilient and an antisocial/psychoticism cluster. The overcontrol, undercontrol, and antisocial/psychoticism types were all associated with increased disordered eating, eating pathology, depression, anxiety and stress compared to the resilient types, with the undercontrol cluster scoring significantly higher than the other three clusters on all measures of clinical pathology.ConclusionsPathological personality traits, as conceptualised within the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders may have merit for identifying overcontrol and undercontrol personality types. Our findings provide additional evidence that both overcontrol and undercontrol personality types are associated with increased eating pathology, depression, anxiety and stress.

BACKGROUND:Eating disorders are a major global health concern. However, eating disorders research has been incorrectly labelled by some as "niche" and is critically underfunded throughout the world. With a plan to try to assist in addressing these issues and others, we launched the international not-for-profit Consortium for Research in Eating Disorders (CoRe-ED) in September 2024. CoRe-ED has a global mission to promote innovations in eating disorders research by empowering all voices and ultimately creating new therapies for all people experiencing eating disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the broad characteristics of the individuals who joined CoRe-ED free of charge and their expected benefits and experiences in the earliest stages of CoRe-ED. METHODS:CoRe-ED registrants completed a written online form between 25 September 2024 and 31 December 2024. As part of this registration process, they consented to deidentified aggregated data being used for research purposes. We analysed the registration data from 252 adult participants, particularly, their primary country of residence, their role(s) (e.g., researcher with lived experience) and their perceived expectations for benefits and experiences using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS:The CoRe-ED registrants came from 20 countries across five continents, with Australia being the most common country. The following roles were represented; researchers, health professionals, working in a not-for-profit/advocacy role, lived experience of an eating disorder either personally and/or as a carer/supporter, and working in industry, with researchers being the highest frequency group. Thematic analysis of perceived expectations for CoRe-ED resulted in seven major themes: (1) networking, connecting, and community building (2), research contribution and collaboration (3), learning, staying informed, and professional development (4), raising awareness and advocacy (5), facilitating innovations and advancements in practice and policy (6), sharing lived experience, and (7) gaining international insights and inspiration. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggested that our novel international eating disorder research consortium had attracted registrants across multiple continents and groups who broadly wished to network/build a community, contribute to research and receive education. Future research should examine longer term experiences to ensure that expectations are being met and that the broader global mission of CoRe-ED is being addressed.

There has been increasing research focus on the relationship between eating disorders and personality types and traits separately. In this pilot study, we present a mixed methods approach to classify individuals with an eating disorder as Overcontrol (OC; anxiousand perfectionistic), Undercontrol (UC; emotionally dysregulated) or resilient (without personality pathology). We then explore the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, Alternative Model of Personality Disorder trait profiles associated with OC and UC presentations. Twenty individuals (12 women, 2 men, 6 gender-diverse) seeking treatment for eating disorders were classified as OC, UC or resilient based on a structured clinical interview and clinician rating scales supplemented by self-report measures of depression, anxiety and stress. Group differences in DSM-5 alternative model personality traits and eating pathology were examined. Twelve individuals were classified as OC, six as resilient, and two as UC. The OC group scored higher than the resilient group on the following DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder traits: Anhedonia, Depressivity, Emotional Lability, Submissiveness and Separation Insecurity with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = .0.80–1.84). Our research suggests the importance of assessing the public and private nature of problem behaviour within clinical assessment. In addition, our results indicated potential benefit of further research focused on understanding personality types in the context of DSM-5 pathological personality traits. A pilot study using personality traits designed to assess personality disorder to identify overcontrol, under control and resilient personality types among people seeking treatment for an eating disorder. The understanding of personality disorders has shifted from defining discrete categories to understanding personality and personality disorder as a series of personality traits. At the same time, there is growing research that suggests that classifying individuals as overcontrol, undercontrol or resilient personality types can assist with understanding eating disorders. We present a pilot study designed to assess individuals who are seeking treatment for eating disorders and classify participants as overcontrol, undercontrol or resilient based on interviews. We then compared the groups based on personality traits. Of the twenty individuals (12 women, 2 men, 6 gender-diverse) who participated in the study, twelve individuals were classified as overcontrol, six as resilient, and two as undercontrol. The overcontrol group scored higher than the resilient groups on traits such as Anhedonia, Depressivity, Emotional Lability, Hostility, Perceptual Dysregulation, Risk Taking, Separation Insecurity. Our research helps to pave the way for further investigation into the relationship between personality traits and personality types.

OBJECTIVE: The classification of severe and enduring eating disorders (SEED) was introduced to acknowledge the chronic nature of eating disorders (EDs) that persist beyond standard treatment. However, concerns exist regarding its role in reinforcing prognostic pessimism, shaping clinician attitudes, and influencing patient identity and treatment trajectories. This study explores lived experience perspectives on SEED classification, examining how diagnostic language affects treatment access, psychological outcomes, and engagement with care. METHOD: An online survey was employed to collect demographic and clinical history data, followed by in-depth online semi-structured interviews with 41 individuals with longstanding eating disorders across a range of diagnoses. Reflexive thematic analysis examined participants’ experiences of SEED. RESULTS: Three key themes emerged: [1] SEED as a paradoxical classification, with participants describing the term as both validating and restrictive; [2] SEED as a justification for treatment withdrawal, with clinicians and services interpreting the classification as an indicator of treatment futility, contributing to reduced care opportunities and systemic exclusion; and [3] redefining SEED through recovery-oriented frameworks, with participants advocating for alternative terminology, such as “longstanding eating disorder,” and treatment models prioritising harm reduction, step-down care, and sustained engagement. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that SEED classification is not merely a descriptor but actively shapes treatment options, patient agency, and long-term engagement with care. The inferred association between SEED and “treatment resistance” contributed to exclusion from services and reinforced therapeutic nihilism. Participants suggested the need for person-centred, recovery-oriented language and clinical frameworks that support continued access to care rather than rigid prognostic assumptions. Further research is needed to examine how chronicity-based classifications influence clinician decision-making, resource allocation, and stigma, informing more inclusive and responsive treatment models.

Early treatment is critical to improve eating disorder prognosis. Single session interventions have been proposed as a strategy to provide short term support to people on waitlists for eating disorder treatment, however, it is not always possible to access this early intervention. Conversational artificial intelligence agents or “chatbots” reflect a unique opportunity to attempt to fill this gap in service provision. The aim of this research was to co-design a novel chatbot capable of delivering a single session intervention for adults on the waitlist for eating disorder treatment across the diagnostic spectrum and ascertain its preliminary acceptability and feasibility. A Double Diamond co-design approach was employed which included four phases: discover, define, develop, and deliver. There were 17 participants in total in Australia; ten adults with a lived experience of an eating disorder and seven registered psychologists working in the field of eating disorders, who participated in online interviews and workshops. Thematic and content analyses were undertaken with interview/workshop transcriptions with findings from the previous phase informing the ideas and development of the next phase. A final prototype of a single session intervention chatbot was presented to the participants in the deliver phase. Thematic and content analyses identified four main themes that were present across the four phases of interviews/workshops: conversational tone, safety and risk management, user journey and session structure, and content. Overall, the feedback on the single session intervention chatbot was positive throughout the Double Diamond process from both people with a lived experience of an eating disorder and psychologists. Incorporating the feedback across the four themes and four co-design phases allowed for refinement of the chatbot. Further research is required to evaluate the chatbot’s efficacy in early treatment settings.

Genital body image or genital self-image encompasses an individual's attitudes, feelings, and behaviours surrounding their own genitals. Despite the crucial importance of genitals in propagating the human species, genital body image remains a highly understudied concept in broader body image research. Nevertheless, the existing literature suggests a sizeable percentage of people across the gender spectrum experience dissatisfaction with their genital size, shape and/or form. This paper provides a brief summary of the existing genital body image research, focusing on sociocultural factors of influence such as media representations of genital ideals and peer and partner commentaries on genitals, as well as the impacts of genital body image concerns such as poorer sexual and psychological well-being and consideration of cosmetic genital procedures and surgeries. This paper additionally discusses current educational interventions and programs which aim to promote a positive genital body image. The paper also identifies gaps in current research and important suggestions for future research including greater inclusivity of gender, sexual orientation and ethnic diversity, given often radically different perspectives on genital body image, as well as recognition of the rapidly changing landscape of genital representations in media such as amateur pornography and pornographic content on OnlyFans. The paper concludes with recommendations for the inclusion of genital body image content in existing body image programs and other genital body image intervention needs. We hope that this discussion results in greater recognition of the concept of genital body image and prompts the establishment of new collaborations and initiatives.

The biological, psychological and social changes that occur during the menopause transition can contribute to increased risk of eating disorder onset, re-emergence or exacerbation of a pre-existing eating disorder. Owing to a substantial lack of available evidence-based information addressing the intersection of eating disorders and menopause, we co-designed a novel online resource with people with a lived experience of an eating disorder during the menopause transition and other key stakeholders. We previously demonstrated preliminary acceptability and feasibility of this resource. The aim of our study was to conduct a brief evaluation of the online resource with “real world” users. In an approximately 7-month period during 2024, with the resource being hosted on Eating Disorders Victoria’s LearnED platform, 279 people enrolled in the resource. The most common resource users were health professionals, particularly dietitians and psychologists. Of these users, almost 40

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize mental health care, including for eating disorders, but there are still a number of concerns focused on ethics, governance, and regulation. As the authors found in their preliminary survey study involving mental health clinicians and people experiencing eating disorder symptoms, there was support and recognition of the benefits of AI tools in eating disorder care. However, participants also had concerns surrounding issues like data privacy, governance, information accuracy, and therapeutic rapport. From our own research involving the development of multiple AI tools, particularly chatbots, to assist people experiencing eating disorders and their loved ones, we suggest that these perceived barriers can be overcome with thoughtful and comprehensive codesign with multidisciplinary teams following ethical frameworks for AI and digital technologies. In this way, we can optimally mitigate the risk of using AI tools while still offering the most advanced technologies to treat eating disorders.