Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with TB infection (TBI) serving as the primary source of TB disease. While HIV infection has long been recognised as a major risk factor for TB progression, the rise of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), which may exert immunosuppressive effects, further compounded by their treatment, contributes to increased TB susceptibility. This scoping review synthesises evidence from systematic reviews on medical and behavioural risk factors for TBI progression to TB disease, for both asymptomatic and symptomatic disease. Methods: A preliminary literature search was conducted on 11 January 2025, in PUBMED using the keywords “tuberculosis,” “asymptomatic or subclinical tuberculosis” “risk factors,” and “systematic review” followed by targeted reviews on the identified medical and behavioural risk factors for TB infection progression to TB disease. Results: A total of 25 systematic reviews were included. Medical risk factors for progression from TB infection to TB disease included diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), undernutrition (including iron and vitamin D deficiency), cancer—particularly haematological malignancies—and immunosuppressive therapies (TNF-α inhibitors and glucocorticoids). Iron and vitamin D deficiency, particularly severe deficiency, is linked to increased TB risk, especially among people living with HIV. Behavioural risk factors, including tobacco, drug, and alcohol use, were also highlighted. Geographic variations in TB prevalence, diagnostic practices, and healthcare systems contributed to differences in risk estimates across reviews. No systematic reviews were identified that examined risk factors for asymptomatic TB. Conclusions: The convergence of TB with NCDs, compounded by immunosuppressive therapies, poses a public health challenge in high TB burden settings. Effective TB prevention requires targeted screening, along with enhanced management of these NCDs. Nutritional support, particularly screening and treatment of anaemia and vitamin D deficiency, may benefit individuals with TBI, comorbid NCDs, and HIV. A multidisciplinary approach, integrating behavioural interventions and tailored prevention strategies, is essential to achieving WHO’s End TB targets. Addressing the evidence gap on risk factors for asymptomatic TB is also critical to improve early detection and interrupt transmission.

Background In people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death and is often associated with substantial morbidity. Better identifying PLWH with severe forms of TB could help target early interventions to reduce mortality and severe morbidity. Existing TB severity assessment tools may be sub-optimal for assessing disease severity in PLWH, since they incompletely integrate key determinants of disease severity. We aimed to develop a consensus-based TB severity score tailored to PLWH. Methods We developed a multifactorial TB severity score (TBSS) for PLWH using a modified Delphi process with a multidisciplinary group of international TB experts as the second part of a RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, following a previously published systematic review. Results Eight of 15 invited experts (53%) participated in both Delphi rounds. Of 62 candidate factors, 15 reflecting TB-related characteristics, host-related characteristics as well as characteristics related to both TB and host were rated as having high appropriateness for inclusion in the final TBSS. The total score ranges from 0 (no severity) to 61 (highest severity). Conclusion This study represents a first step towards the development of a multidimensional TB severity assessment tool for PLWH. However, its clinical usefulness, feasibility, and added value compared with existing severity scores remain to be demonstrated through validation studies before routine implementation can be considered. Key words: tuberculosis, HIV, severity. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) causing significant morbidity and mortality mainly in high-burden countries. Following exposure to M. tuberculosis, individuals may become infected, developing TB infection (TBI) through inhalation of the bacillus: this affects approximately one-fourth of the global population and serves as a critical reservoir for potential disease reactivation and transmission. The risk of being infected with M. tuberculosis is shaped by bacterial load of people with TB, contact patterns, environmental factors, and host susceptibility, particularly in high-risk congregate settings. Elucidating these determinants is instrumental for optimising TB prevention and control strategies. Methods: A preliminary PubMed search was conducted on 25 August 2024, using the keywords “latent tuberculosis infection,” “risk factors,” and “systematic review.” Targeted reviews were then performed in November 2024 to examine factors influencing progression from exposure to M. tuberculosis to TBI. Systematic reviews published between January 2000 and November 2024 were included. Results: The scoping review analysed eight systematic reviews, grouping findings into three key themes: (1) proximity and behavioural risk factors; (2) environmental risk factors; and (3) host immune vulnerabilities. Close contact with people with TB in crowded settings, such as dormitories, healthcare facilities, and prisons, was strongly associated with an elevated risk of TBI. Healthcare workers travelling from low- to high-incidence regions faced the highest risk due to frequent exposure to M. tuberculosis, while military personnel and general travellers had lower risks. Environmental exposures, including second-hand smoke and inadequate ventilation, further heightened susceptibility among children and adults. Host immune risk factors, such as advanced age, low body mass index, lack of BCG vaccination, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, markedly increase susceptibility to TBI. The interplay between proximity, behavioural and environmental risk factors, and host immune vulnerabilities highlights the multifactorial nature of TBI risk. Conclusion: Effective TBI control demands a multifaceted approach, combining robust infection prevention and control measures, comorbidity management, and mitigation of behavioural risk factors like smoking. Tailored strategies are crucial for high-risk settings such as healthcare facilities and prisons. Multisectoral collaboration is essential to address key risk factors and protect vulnerable populations from progressing to TBI.

Abstract Background Post-tuberculosis (TB) thoracic complications and sequelae are increasingly recognized as major contributors to chronic respiratory morbidity but remain underreported, particularly in resource-limited and TB-endemic settings. In Burkina Faso, the surgical burden of these conditions is poorly documented. This study aimed to describe the clinical patterns, surgical management, and outcomes of post-TB thoracic conditions at the national cardiothoracic referral center. Methods We conducted a retrospective case series at Tengandogo University Hospital (Ouagadougou) from December 2020 to December 2023. All patients managed for post-TB thoracic conditions were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, radiological, therapeutic, and outcome data were extracted from medical records. Descriptive statistics were performed, and associations were assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify independent predictors of symptom resolution. Results Among 1,294 admissions, 94 patients (7.3%, 95% CI: 5.9–8.8%) presented with post-TB thoracic conditions requiring surgical evaluation. Of 586 surgical procedures performed during the study period, 68 (11.6%, 95% CI: 9.1–14.5%) were related to post-TB conditions. Patients were predominantly male (88.3%), with a mean age of 40 ± 16 years. The most common diagnoses were chronic pyothorax / Pyopneumothorax (42.6%, 95% CI: 32.5–53.5%) and pulmonary aspergilloma (24.5%, 95% CI: 16.2–34.4%). Surgical treatment was performed in 72.3% (68/94) of patients, including chest tube drainage (30/68, 44.1%), lobectomy (12/68, 17.6%), and decortication (7/68, 10.3%). The mean hospital stay was 13 ± 8 days, and overall mortality was 7.4% (7/94, 95% CI: 3.0–14.6%). After adjusting for age, diagnosis type, and disease severity, surgical management was associated with absence of residual symptoms at discharge (adjusted OR 12.4, 95% CI: 4.2–36.7, p < 0.001) ; however, this finding is limited by confounding by indication, as surgically treated patients were younger and had more favourable baseline characteristics. Median follow-up was 6 months (IQR 3–12), with symptom resolution maintained in 82% of surgical patients. Conclusions Post-TB thoracic complications and sequelae represent a substantial surgical burden in Burkina Faso. These conditions predominantly affect young, economically active individuals and are often associated with delayed presentation. Improved post-TB follow-up programs and strengthened surgical capacity are needed to optimize patient outcomes in resource-limited settings.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, yet its impact extends far beyond microbiological cure. Many TB survivors experience persistent structural lung damage or functional impairment consistent with post-TB lung disease, while growing evidence highlights long-term non-respiratory health outcomes. Synthesizing evidence across lung and non- respiratory health outcomes, along with their risk factors, is critical to inform long-term TB care. Methods: We conducted a scoping review including systematic reviews reporting on post-TB long-term health outcomes. A search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE on 27 July 2025, using terms related to “tuberculosis,” “systematic review,” “meta-analysis,” “sequelae” and “long-term health outcomes,” without language restrictions. Results: Nine systematic reviews met inclusion criteria. Most focused on pulmonary outcomes and consistently demonstrated that TB is associated with chronic airflow obstruction, reduced lung function, and an increased long-term risk of lung cancer, although residual confounding from environmental, clinical, and socioeconomic factors cannot be excluded. While younger adults are more prone to developing COPD after TB in high TB burden settings, older individuals face a higher risk of broader post-TB lung sequelae. Evidence suggested that TB survivors are at increased risk of non-respiratory complications. HIV co-infection, low CD4 counts, older age, pre-existing hepatitis, prior TB treatment, and hypoalbuminemia were associated with post-TB liver injury, while baseline hearing impairment and HIV co-infection increased the likelihood of post-TB hearing loss. TB was also linked to elevated risk of several non-pulmonary cancers, including oesophageal, cervical, hematological, pancreatic, and gastric malignancies, with the highest risk within the first year after TB diagnosis and persisting, though attenuated, in subsequent years. Conclusion: TB should be viewed as a chronic condition with enduring lung and non-respiratory health outcomes. TB survivors face increased risks of COPD, lung cancer, and a range of non-respiratory health outcomes, including hepatic and auditory complications, particularly among high-risk groups, such as those living with HIV infection, along with baseline hearing and hepatic impairment. Public health programmes must extend care beyond microbiological cure to include integrated, post-TB long-term monitoring of lung, hepatic and hearing across all ages, including malignancy surveillance, after baseline assessments to identify high-risk TB survivors. Future research should also elucidate risk factors for post-TB malignancy, and clarify the relationship between neurological, renal, and musculoskeletal sequelae and TB to inform evidence-based TB survivorship care.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with transmission influenced by the incidence of contagious people with TB, the duration of infectivity, and the probability of contact with susceptible individuals. This review synthesizes recent evidence on established and emerging risk factors influencing TB transmission, particularly in light of global trends such as migration, urbanization, and demographic shifts, to guide future prevention and control strategies. This scoping review maps and synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews on risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure. Methods: A preliminary general literature search was conducted in PubMed on 25 August 2024, using the keywords “tuberculosis,” “risk factors,” and “systematic review.” A subsequent targeted search focused on systematic reviews published since 2000 that examined social and environmental determinants of exposure to M. tuberculosis identified in the general search. Original research and reviews spanning pre-2000 were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: Of the 344 systematic reviews identified, 14 met the eligibility criteria, reporting on key risk factors contributing to the incidence of contagious people with TB, the duration of infectivity, and the probability of contact. These risk factors included homelessness, migration, occupational exposure, urbanization, climate change, and air pollution. The findings emphasize the complex interrelated role of social and environmental determinants in driving TB transmission. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for a multi-sectoral approach to TB, as climate change, air pollution, overcrowding, stigma, and limited healthcare access exacerbate established risks related to poverty. Effective prevention and control require targeted interventions that address these interconnected factors.

Introduction L’asthme est une affection pulmonaire chronique, qui touche toutes les personnes de tous les âges, une maladie multifactorielle. La prise en charge de l’asthme doit être exhaustive, garant d’une meilleure qualité de vie des patients. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire le profil de sensibilisation des asthmatiques suivis à Ouagadougou. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude transversale descriptive et analytique, menée du 1er janvier 2023 au 5 avril 2024 chez les asthmatiques suivis dans 3 hôpitaux de la ville de Ouagadougou spécialisés dans la prise en charge de l’asthme et des allergies. Résultats Un total de 343 patients ont été inclus. On notait une prédominance féminine, avec un sex-ratio(H/F) de 0,78. L’âge moyen des patients était de 41,85±16,39 ans, avec des extrêmes de 7 ans et 89 ans. Parmi eux, 74,05 % provenaient de la zone urbaine. Le secteur informel était l’occupation professionnelle chez 30,03 % des patients, avec un taux de non scolarisé de 13,12 %. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d’une spirométrie, et elle était normale chez 12,24 %. On notait un trouble ventilatoire obstructif réversible sévère chez 20,27 %, modéré chez 36,2 1% et légère chez 43,52 %. La majorité d’entre eux, soit 91,05 %, ont présenté une sensibilisation à au moins un allergène et la notion d’atopie familiale était présent chez 41,7 % des patients. Les sensibilisations les plus fréquentes étaient celles des acariens pour les pneumallergènes et aux crevettes pour les trophallergènes, dans respectivement 76,13 % et 21,18 % des cas. Le facteur associé à la sensibilisation des asthmatiques était la rhinite allergique (92,25 %). Conclusion L’allergie respiratoire est fréquente chez les personnes souffrant d’asthme. Notre étude nous a permis de montrer que les asthmatiques suivis à Ouagadougou avaient une sensibilisation dominée par les acariens. Le facteur le plus fréquemment associé aux sensibilisations des allergènes était la rhinite allergique.

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the comorbidities associated with this disease in the city of Ouagadougou. Methodology: This was a retrospective cohort study with a descriptive and analytical purpose, conducted on drug-susceptible tuberculosis patients followed in four tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment centers. Results: A total of 408 cases of drug-susceptible tuberculosis of all forms were included in our study. The mean age of the patients was 39.41 + -15.84 years, with a range of 15 to 80 years, and more than half were from the informal sector (61.76%). There were 86.27% new cases and 13.73% previously treated patients. Smoking and alcoholism were found in the population studied. A prevalence of 68.62% of patients had at least one comorbidity, the most common of which were malnutrition, hypertension and TB/HIV coinfection. Treatment failure was more common among patients without comorbidities (8.57% vs. 12.5%, p=0.112), and there were also more lost to follow-up (5.17% vs. 0%, p=0.01) in this group. Conclusion: Comorbidities are factors that influence the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment. In our study, 68.62% of patients had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were malnutrition, high blood pressure, and TB/HIV co-infection.

Introduction Les pathologies respiratoires occupent une place importante parmi les maladies professionnelles de par leur fréquence et la diversité de leurs aspects pathologiques. Il s’agissait pour nous d’évaluer la santé respiratoire et l’évolution des patients orpailleurs pris en charge dans le service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales du CHU de Bogodogo. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude transversale descriptive avec un recueil rétrospectif et prospectif des données. Étaient inclus dans l’étude, tous les orpailleurs reçus en hospitalisation ou en consultation pour des troubles respiratoires durant la période d’étude. Résultats L’étude a concerné 63 patients, tous de sexe masculin. L’âge moyen était de 35 ans. La durée d’exposition moyenne était de 8 ans. La tuberculose pulmonaire traitée et déclarée guérie était l’antécédent pathologique le plus représenté (33,33 %) ainsi que l’hypertension artérielle (12,7 %) et l’infection à VIH (11,11). Le tabagisme était présent chez 42,86% des enquêtés. Les signes cliniques étaient dominés par la toux (100 %), la dyspnée (90 %). Les affections respiratoires rencontrées chez les orpailleurs étaient la silicose (58,73 %), la tuberculose pulmonaire active (53,96 %). Les complications étaient la détresse respiratoire aiguë (28,57 %) et les surinfections sur séquelles de tuberculose (42,86 %). L’évolution à 6 mois fut marquée par un taux de mortalité à 36,51 %. Le taux de survie était de 68,75 % à zéro mois, 61,70 % à trois mois, et 52,89 % à six mois. Les facteurs associés aux décès étaient la présence d’un antécédent de tuberculose, d’une hypertension artérielle, et la présence d’un cœur pulmonaire chronique. Conclusion L’orpaillage artisanal engendre d’énormes problèmes respiratoires dont l’évolution met en jeu le pronostic vital des praticiens.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. The prevalence and management of DR-TB in African countries require comprehensive strategies to improve patient outcomes and control the spread of the disease. Aggregated routine data (from 2018 to 2022) on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) were collected from the National TB Programs (NTPs) from all six countries. The diagnostic capacity for MDR-TB was globally insufficient. The system for collecting and transporting samples was sometimes inoperative. A total of 2353 cases of MDR-TB were reported, with 86.4% receiving treatment. The gap between the expected number of MDR-TB cases and the number reported per country varied from 51.5% to 88.0%, depending on the year. Fifty-two extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases received treatment regimens over five years, with variations across countries. All patients received free follow-up examinations, nutritional and financial support for travel expenses to the outpatient care and treatment centers. The MDR-TB treatment success rates for all regimens between 2018 and 2021 ranged from 44.4 to 90.9%, varying by country and year. The information system relied on primary tools, reporting tools, and digital solutions. Progress has been made in MDR-TB management; however, challenges persist, necessitating resources to enhance access to rapid molecular screening tests.

The objective of this study was to assess tobacco use (TU) behaviors among newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and identify associated factors in Benin and Burkina Faso. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 randomly selected TB clinics. To ensure a representative study cohort, clinics were stratified during the sampling process. PTB patients were consecutively sampled in 20 of the clinics between 1 December 2021 and 30 September 2022. The study population comprised individuals aged 15 years and above who were newly diagnosed with PTB. Among the 1399 registered PTB patients, 564 (40.3%) reported a history of TU, including 392 (28.0%) current tobacco users and 172 ex-tobacco users. Cigarettes emerged as the predominant form of TU (86.2%), followed by smokeless tobacco (6.4%), and chicha smoking (2.6%). Factors independently associated with tobacco use were male gender (p < 0.001), being in Burkina Faso (p < 0.001), and an age of 25–59 years (p = 0.002). Our multicentric study reveals a substantial prevalence of tobacco use among TB patients, with cigarette smoking emerging as the predominant form. These findings underscore the imperative for implementing targeted cessation interventions within TB control programs. Special emphasis is warranted for male patients aged 25–59 years.

Le syndrome d’apnées hypopnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) est le type le plus courant des troubles respiratoires du sommeil et représente 84 % des diagnostics d’apnée du sommeil. C’est une pathologie chronique encore sous diagnostiquée dans le monde et en Afrique en particulier. L’effet combiné négatif de l’anesthésie et de la chirurgie sur la qualité du sommeil ainsi que sa quantité au cours des premières nuits de sommeil post-chirurgie est un facteur de surmortalité. Le questionnaire STOP-BANG (SBQ) est un score diagnostique qui est simple d’utilisation, accessible et disponible. Il est adapté à la consultation pré anesthésique. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer le risque de SAHOS chez des patients candidats à une intervention chirurgicale nécessitant une anesthésie générale au Burkina Faso. Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale, déroulée au centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo et qui a concerné les patients reçus en consultation pré anesthésique du 1er juillet 2020 au 30 juin 2021. Le questionnaire STOP BANG a été utilisé pour déterminer le risque de SAHOS. Le score de Mallampatie a permis d’apprécier la difficulté d’intubation et le score ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) a été utilisé pour exprimer l’état de santé préopératoire des patients. Notre population était de 599 individus. La moyenne d’âge était de 39,52 ± 15,85 ans, avec un sexe ratio de 1,25. Les antécédents médicaux étaient dominés par l’hypertension artérielle (45/599 ; 7,51 %) et le diabète (11/599 ; 1,84 %). Quatre-vingt-un (81/599 ; 13,52 %) d’entre eux étaient des consommateurs habituels d’alcool, et 43/599 (7,18 %) des tabagiques. La majorité des patients (572/599 ; 95,49 %) avait une durée de sommeil nocturne comprise entre 05h00 et 09h00. La fatigue excessive (échelle de Pichot > 22) était retrouvée chez 13,02 % (78/599) de la population. L’échelle d’Epworth était applicable chez 348/599 (58,09 %) d’entre eux et 81/348 (23,28 %) avait un score supérieur à 10 (somnolence diurne excessive). Les indications de l’anesthésie générale les plus fréquemment retrouvées étaient l’exérèse de tumeur digestive (92/599 ; 15,35 %) et les ostéosynthèses (77/599 ; 12,85 %). Le score ASA était égal à I chez 326/599 (54,42 %) patients. Deux cent soixante (260/599 ; 43,40 %) d’entre eux avaient un score Mallampati égal à I. Un risque d’AOS moyen à élevé était retrouvé chez 11,18 % d’entre eux. Le score ASA et l’échelle de Mallampatie était indépendamment associés au risque moyen à élevé d’AOS (p < 0,001 ; p < 0,001). Un score ASA égal à I ou une classe Mallampatie égale à I diminuait le risque d’AOS. Le risque d’AOS dans cette population est non négligeable. Une confirmation du syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil par poly(somno)graphie ventilatoire apporterait plus de précision.

La lutte anti-tabac est une priorité de santé publique au Burkina Faso. Dans cette optique, une unité de sevrage tabagique vient d’être créée à Ouagadougou et rattachée au service de pneumologie du centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO). Elle a ouvert officiellement ses portes le 5 mai 2017. Ce travail vise à étudier le devenir des tabagiques ayant bénéficié des prestations de ladite unité. Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective à visée descriptive et analytique, déroulée à l’unité de sevrage tabagique de Ouagadougou (USTO) du 5 mai 2017 au 4 mai 2020. Tous les consommateurs de tabac sous forme fumée reçus en consultation d’aide au sevrage tabagique ont été concernés. La collecte des données a été faite à partir des « dossiers de consultation de tabacologie », complétée par des entretiens téléphoniques (appel et message) des patients eux-mêmes ou de leurs proches. Un total de 250 fumeurs sur 902 consommateurs de tabac reçus a été colligé. La moyenne d’âge de ces fumeurs était de 38,35 ± 13,39 ans avec des extrêmes de 15 et 77 ans. Les hommes représentaient 97,20 % (243/250) de l’effectif. Un niveau équivalent au supérieur était retrouvé chez 40,00 % (100/250) d’entre eux. L’âge d’initiation au tabac était en moyenne de 18,09 ± 3,75 ans [8–31 ans]. La durée moyenne du tabagisme était de 20,30 ± 13,29 ans [1–56 ans]. Le nombre moyen de bâtons fumés par jour était de 16,97 ± 12,24 bâtons [3–87 bâtons]. Le test de Fagerström révélait que 48 % (120/250) des fumeurs avaient une dépendance moyenne à la nicotine. Un syndrome dépressif était retrouvé chez 38,00 % (95/250) et une anxiété chez 32,00 % (80/250) d’entre eux (échelle HAD). Parmi ces fumeurs, 227/250 (90,80 %) avait une bonne, voire une très bonne motivation à arrêter la consommation du tabac (échelle de Richmond). L’association d’un dispositif transdermique et d’une gomme et/ou une pastille était prescrite chez 40,80 % (102/250) des fumeurs, en plus d’une thérapie comportementale au sein de l’USTO chez 55/250 (22,00 %). Huit (8/250 ; 3,20 %) étaient orientés vers un psychiatre. Dans cette étude, 42,00 % (105/250) des participants ont pu arrêter de fumer. Cet arrêt était statistiquement associé au niveau de dépendance nicotinique (p = 0,04). Une rechute a été notée chez 72/250 (28,80 %) de ces fumeurs. Les raisons de cette rechute étaient surtout relatives au coût des substituts nicotiniques (45/72 ; 62,50 %) et la persistance du syndrome de manque malgré une substitution nicotinique bien conduite (10/72 ; 13,88 %). Cette rechute était statistiquement associée au niveau de dépendance nicotinique (p = 0,01). Cette étude a permis d’apprécier l’impact de l’offre d’aide au sevrage tabagique sur les fumeurs reçus dans cette nouvelle unité de sevrage tabagique. Le taux de sevrage pourrait être amélioré si les substituts nicotiniques étaient financièrement plus accessibles.

Introduction. - General anaesthesia and surgery increase morbidity and mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) who are not known to have OSAHS and therefore not treated before surgery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of OSAHS using the STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ) in patients undergoing general anaesthesia in Burkina Faso. Material and method. - This is a cross-sectional study concerning patients having received preanaesthetic consultation from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Risk of OSAHS is considered "medium to high" when the risk of obstructive sleep apnea is medium or high on SBQ.Results. - Our population consisted in 599 persons. A medium to high risk of OSAHS was found in 11.18%. The ASA score and the Mallampati scale were independently associated with moderate to high risk of OSAHS (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). ASA score of I and Mallampati class of I decreased the risk of OSAHS by 17 and 45% respectively (P = 0.012; P= 0.031).Conclusion. - The risk of OSAHS in this population is comparable to that of the general population. Confirmation of OSAHS by ventilatory polygraphy or polysomnography would help to achieve further precision.(c) 2023 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Les maladies respiratoires chroniques, en particulier l’asthme et la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO), constituent une menace importante pour la santé publique. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer la disponibilité et l’accessibilité financière à leurs moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. Il s’agit d’une étude transversale couvrant la période d’août à décembre 2021 à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso. Cette étude a concerné 107 centres de santé et 135 officines pharmaceutiques. La définition de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé/Health Action International a été utilisée pour déterminer l’accessibilité aux médicaments. Sur 107 centres de santé, 29 (27,1 %) disposaient d’un spiromètre. Le prix moyen de réalisation de la spirométrie représentait 19,88 jours de salaire pour un patient payé au SMIG. Les médicaments les plus disponibles étaient le salbutamol en aérosol doseur pressurisé (ADP) (88,1 %) et la prednisone 20 mg en comprimé (87,4 %). Aucun médicament du traitement de fond n’était disponible dans les officines publiques. Les médicaments accessibles financièrement étaient le salbutamol comprimé 4 mg et l’aminophylline comprimé 100 mg. Les moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de l’asthme et la BPCO sont faiblement disponibles, surtout dans le secteur public avec une quasi-absence du traitement de fond. Chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), pose a significant threat to public health. This study aims to determine the accessibility and affordability of means of diagnosis and treatment. This was a cross-sectional study covering the period from August to December 2021 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. This study involved 107 health centers and 135 pharmacies. The World Health Organization/Health Action International definition was used as a benchmark for accessibility to medicines. Out of 107 health centers, 29 (27.1%) had a spirometer. The average cost of spirometry represented 19.88 days of salary for a patient paid at the minimum wage. The most widely available drugs were salbutamol in a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) (88.1%) and prednisone 20 mg tablet (87.4%). No disease-modifying drug was available in public pharmacies. Affordable drugs were salbutamol 4 mg tablet and aminophylline 100 mg tablet. The means of diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD are insufficiently available, especially in the public sector, which is characterized by a nearly total absence of basic treatment.

Background. The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Shisha use has recently been gaining increased popularity in many developed and developing countries. Objective. To determine the prevalence of shisha use among students in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and associated knowledge, smoking practices and beliefs about health effects. Method. A total of 443 students were selected for this cross-sectional study, using a stratified sampling method. Data on shisha use, knowledge about shisha, shisha smoking practices, and factors associated with use of shisha were collected via a questionnaire. The association between the independent variables and shisha use was assessed using a χ2 test (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine variables that were independently associated with shisha smoking. Results. Of the 421 respondents, 162 (38.5%) indicated that they had smoked shisha; 14.0% were regular smokers. We found that 183 students (43.5%) had poor knowledge about the health effects of shisha. The main reasons for shisha smoking were being in the company of friends who were users (57.4%), the pleasant flavour and fragrance of shisha (25.9%), and fashion (22.2%). Ninety-nine shisha smokers (61.1%) also consumed alcohol. Factors associated with shisha smoking included age <20 years (p<0.001), gender (p=0.034), and educational level of the respondent’s father (p=0.0001) and mother (p=0.0004). Conclusion. We found a relatively high prevalence of shisha smoking among the students, and that 43.5% of them had poor knowledge about its effects on health. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to shisha has become a public health priority.

Introduction. - Chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pul-monary Disease (COPD), pose a significant threat to public health. This study aims to determine the accessibility and affordability of means of diagnosis and treatment. Methods. - This was a cross-sectional study covering the period from August to December 2021 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. This study involved 107 health centers and 135 pharmacies. The World Health Organization/Health Action International definition was used as a benchmark for accessibility to medicines.Results. - Out of 107 health centers, 29 (27.1%) had a spirometer. The average cost of spi-rometry represented 19.88 days of salary for a patient paid at the minimum wage. The most widely available drugs were salbutamol in a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) (88.1%) and prednisone 20 mg tablet (87.4%). No disease-modifying drug was available in public pharmacies. Affordable drugs were salbutamol 4 mg tablet and aminophylline 100 mg tablet. Conclusion. - The means of diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD are insufficiently available, especially in the public sector, which is characterized by a nearly total absence of basic treatment. (c) 2023 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Le syndrome d’apnées du sommeil (SAS) est une pathologie fréquente mais sous diagnostiquée dans le monde et particulièrement en Afrique. Au Burkina Faso, l’introduction de la polygraphie ventilatoire (PV) dans son diagnostic est récente. Ce travail a pour but d’étudier les motifs des enregistrements polygraphiques nocturnes réalisés à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective, descriptive et analytique allant du 1er janvier 2015 à 31 décembre 2020 (six années), déroulée dans trois structures où est réalisé l’essentiel des enregistrements de polygraphies ventilatoires du pays. Sur 623 polygraphies ventilatoires réalisées, 332 (53,29 %) rapports ont été concernés. L’âge moyen des patients était 48,16 ans ± 13,31 ans. Les hommes étaient au nombre de 182/332 (54,82 %). La PV avait été réalisée dans 84,64 % (281/332) des cas à domicile. La plupart des patients était adressé par des pneumologues (50,60 %) et des cardiologues (27,71 %). Le ronflement faisait partie du motif de l’enregistrement polygraphique dans 43,07 % (143/332) et l’hypertension artérielle dans 23,80 % (79/332) des cas. Le SAS a été confirmé chez 256/332 (77,10 %) de ces présumés apnéiques. Un mécanisme obstructif était retrouvé chez 94,53 % (242/256) d’entre eux. Les sujets ronfleurs avaient été confirmés apnéiques chez 109/143 (76,22 %) (p = 0,04) d’entre eux et 68/79 (86,07 %) des hypertendus étaient apnéiques (p = 0,04). Il ressort de cette étude que les motifs des enregistrements polygraphiques à Ouagadougou sont comparables à ceux retrouvés dans la littérature. Le SAS a été confirmé chez 77,10 % des sujets enregistrés. Des études complémentaires pourraient nous informer sur l’accessibilité des moyens de leur prise en charge au Burkina Faso.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome during pregnancy can lead to several maternal–fetal complications. What factors may be associated with OSA in pregnant women? This was a cross-sectional study from July 1, 2020, to October 4, 2021, involving pregnant women attending prenatal consultations in selected health facilities in Ouagadougou. OSA probability was assessed with the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), and patients were classified as having a low or high risk of OSA. A binary logistic regression assessed the association between the probability of OSA and sociodemographic and clinical factors. Associations between variables were considered statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Eight hundred and nine (809) patients were surveyed. The mean age was 29.06 ± 5.47 years. Medical history included hypertension (35/809, 4.32