This chapter examines the role of CSOs pan-Europe in countering terrorist attacks, as well as the implications of counter-terrorism on these organizations. Specifically, it investigates four countries in Central Europe as a means to viewing their actions toward counter-terrorism and briefly explore a fifth case in southeastern Europe. The four primary countries provide a sense of procedures and effects in vulnerable European countries. They include: Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania. Interestingly, three of the four countries joined the EU in 2004 with the EU-25 enlargement; the fourth, Romania, in 2007 with the EU-27 enlargement. This chapter builds upon comparative work linking counter-terrorism and CSOs also examining multiple case studies, across different sections of the world.

This chapter presents an overview of the actions of Islamic State/ISIS/ISIL/Da-esh to investigate their nascent designs on a wider caliphate including parts of Europe and Eurasia. A false flag terrorist organization is one that is created to smear the name of secessionists who seek to go through legitimate, peaceful political channels to obtain their maximalist goal of independence. The terrorist organizations in Quebec, Scotland, and Catalonia collectively killed between four and nine people, injured dozens more, and committed a lot of personal and property damage. In Canada, the Pierre Trudeau government embarked on a project to create a written constitution. Islamic State and its atrocious terrorist attacks on Europe provides another element to the discussion on secessionism and terrorism. Although ISIS has been largely defeated, the goal of ISIS was to seek a state in the Middle Eastern countries of Syria and Iraq, which would provide the starting point of their end goal of a caliphate.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book focuses on the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland and is written by John Sutcliffe and Geoffrey Alchin. It describes the case of the Kosovo Liberation Army in Kosovo within the wider Yugoslav conflict. The book examines the cases of the Front du Liberation du Quebec in Quebec, Scottish National Liberation Army in Scotland, and Terra Lluire in Catalonia. It presents a discussion of Kurdish separatist terrorism in Turkey, and discusses Chechen terrorism within Russia. The book presents a foil of the other chapters examining cases like Scotland, Catalonia, and Quebec— regions in which terrorist organizations disbanded early and effectively ceded ground to legitimate, independence-seeking political parties within their respective subnational regions. It provides a lucid overview of the French state and the lengths to which Paris has attempted to create a uniform French polity.

This essay evaluates the ways that soccer has been used by various actors in the promotion of both ethnic and civic forms of nationalism throughout the world. By focusing on domestic soccer, this paper further investigates the phenomenon of nationalism in the world and provides broader theoretical and practical answers to the questions of integration and ethnic identity. This essay starts by examining the issue of ethnicity in historic and contemporary football, provides a review of the academic literature on ethnic and civic nationalism and then discusses the role of ethnic and civic models of identity within club football. Most notable is a discussion of five categories, which best explain why ethnic nationalism persists, and why it was initially mobilized. The essay then moves to a discussion of why most soccer clubs in the world have made the transition to a more civic form of nationalism. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the issue of ethnic nationalism in domestic football.

Sovereignty issues in the Caucasus: contested ethnic and national identities in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South OssetiaThe issue of sovereignty has been at the forefront of regional politics in the Caucasus since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. In particular, the Russian government has approached various—seemingly similar cases—in very different ways. Although each specific region examined—Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia—is unique, the nature of ethnic and national identity has been framed differently by the Russian government. In Chechnya, the Putin administration has framed any outstanding separatist claims in conjunction with terrorism and national security issues. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Putin administration has instead noted the need for “liberation.” The outcome has been to stifle secessionist desires in Chechnya, while supporting those same secessionist desires outside of Russia’s borders, in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Kwestia suwerenności na Kaukazie: kontestowane tożsamości etniczne i narodowe w Czeczenii, Abchazji i Osetii PołudniowejKwestia suwerenności wysunęła się na czołowe miejsce w polityce regionalnej na Kaukazie z chwilą rozpadu Związku Sowieckiego w 1991 roku. W istocie rząd rosyjski do poszczególnych, pozornie podobnych, przypadków podszedł w odmienny sposób. Aczkolwiek każdy z interesujących nas tutaj regionów – Czeczenia, Abchazja i Osetia Południowa – jest unikatowy, to charakter tożsamości etnicznej i narodowej został ujęty przez rząd rosyjski w inne ramy. W Czeczenii administracja Putina wiązała wysuwane tam roszczenia separatystyczne z terroryzmem i kwestiami bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Z kolei w Abchazji i Osetii Południowej Rosja dostrzegła potrzebę „wyzwolenia”. W efekcie nastąpiło stłumienie aspiracji do secesji w Czeczenii, podczas gdy poza granicami Rosji, w Abchazji i Osetii Południowej, te same dążenia secesjonistyczne zyskały sobie poparcie.