This study investigates livestock management strategies at the early Shang capital of Zhengzhou through sequential carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of tooth enamel from the Zijingshanlu site. The data reveal a growing sophistication in management. For cattle, strategies included year-round and seasonal C4 foddering to address different needs, while sheep husbandry was more flexible, involving targeted seasonal supplementation and low-input free-ranging. Livestock reproduction largely followed natural cycles to ensure winter survival, with evidence for an extended breeding season suggesting potential human intervention to meet certain needs. These strategies illustrate the complex adaptations of animal husbandry to the resource challenges of an early urban center. As Zhengzhou grew into a political and economic center, such management played a critical role in meeting the demands of the city. The isotopic evidence underscores the critical adaptability of livestock management in sustaining the socio-economic stability of the early Shang period.

Technological innovations in Africa and western Europe in the later part of the Middle Pleistocene signal the behavioural complexity of hominin populations. Yet, at the same time, it has long been believed that hominin technologies in Eastern Asia lack signs of innovation and sophistication. Here, we report on technological innovations occurring at Xigou, in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China, dating to ~160,000–72,000 years ago. Technological, typological, and functional analyses reveal the presence of advanced technological behaviours spanning over a 90,000-year period. The Xigou hominins used core-on-flake and discoid methods to effectively obtain small dimensional flakes to manufacture a diverse range of tool forms. The identification of the hafted tools provides the earliest evidence for composite tools in Eastern Asia, to our knowledge. Technological innovations revealed at Xigou and other contemporary sites in China correspond with increasing evidence for Late Quaternary hominin morphological variability, including larger brain sizes, such as demonstrated at Lingjing (Xuchang) in central China. The complex technological advancements recorded at Xigou indicate that hominins developed adaptive strategies that enhanced their survivability across fluctuating environments of the late Middle Pleistocene and middle Late Pleistocene in Eastern Asia. Stone tools illustrate behavioural complexities in Middle Pleistocene hominin populations. Here, the authors present small dimensional flakes and hafted tools from Xigou, central China, dated to ~160–72 thousand years ago that demonstrate early, complex technological advancements.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of human and animal bones from the Zijingshanlu site in Zhengzhou Shang City reveal significant dietary diversity. The majority of the population primarily consumed C4 foods, while a few individuals exhibited a mixed or C3-based diet. This diversity not only reflects individual lifestyles but also underscores cultural interactions and the absorptive effects within Zhengzhou, the political center of the early Shang dynasty. Additionally, the varied animal diets indicate differentiated husbandry strategies, emphasizing the resource diversity and organizational control. The complex demographics and cultural richness of the city provide valuable insights into diet, resource utilization, and regional interactions in Shang society. Stable isotope analysis further demonstrates the continuity of livelihood strategies, changes in resource consumption, and ongoing population dynamics, offering key insights into the subsistence economy of the period.

本研究利用了多种科技检测方法,对小双桥出土的29件陶器样品进行了显微结构和化学元素构成分析,并与山东地区岳石文化3个遗址的19件陶器样品进行了比较.结果显示,小双桥出土的岳石文化风格陶器与商文化陶器在制作工艺上均采用了小双桥当地的黏土为原料.由此可见,小双桥出土的岳石文化陶器至少有部分并非产自外地.当地存在一批深受岳石文化因素影响的人群,其器用保持了山东地区的文化传统.

丹江口库区位于东秦岭南麓,是连接我国南北文化的重要地带,本文全面梳理了该地区目前已发掘的旧石器遗址,重新厘定了遗址的年代.结合年代和石制品特征,本文得到以下几点认识:1)该地区文化发展可以被划分为三个阶段:阶段1(相当于MIS27-MIS8)石器工业为石核-石片类型,阶段2(相当于MIS7～MIS3c)出现了大型切割石器组合,阶段3(约晚于MIS 3b)以小型石片石器为特征;2)在文化阶段性发展的同时,石核-石片技术一直贯穿于本地区的更新世期间,体现了区域文化发展的连续性;3)丹江下游石器技术在形成过程中受到了来自华北和秦岭地区的文化辐射,显示出融合性的技术特征;4)100～50kaBP期间,丹江口库区汉水上游的现代人石器工业中可能包含了大型切割石器组合.

河南淅川梁家岗2号地点和东岗地点位于丹江下游左岸第三级阶地,海拔148～160 m.2009年对两地点进行了发掘,共计揭露面积1425 m2,出土和采集石制品193件.石制品种类可分为石核、石片、石器、断块和残片.原料均取自河滩砾石,岩性主要为脉石英,少量硅质岩.基本为锤击法剥片,个别采用砸击法剥片.石制品长和宽集中在20～80 mm.石器有刮削器、尖状器、砍砸器和手斧等.石器毛坯有近一半为石片,另有一定数量的断块和石核毛坯,个别为砾石毛坯.推测遗存年代在中更新世晚期至晚更新世.

Here, we investigate human diet and origins using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios at the site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province, which dates to the middle Shang Dynasty (1435-1412 cal bc). A total of the 66 specimens (51 humans, six cattle, five pigs, three sheep and one dog) were isotopically analysed for delta C-13 and delta N-15 values. The population (delta C-13 = -9.1 +/- 1.5 parts per thousand, n = 51) was found to consume a predominately C-4 diet (millet), and no difference was observed between the delta C-13 (p = 0.809) and delta N-15 (p = 0.876) results of the males and females. The isotopic results were then examined by burial location to determine the presence of the local Shang population or sacrificed Dongyi warriors. Differences in delta C-13 were found for individuals buried in the sacrificial pits H66 (-10.0 +/- 1.2 parts per thousand; n = 9) and H63 (-8.2 +/- 0.8 parts per thousand; n = 11) as well as layer (-8.9 +/- 1.5 parts per thousand; n = 24), with the differences statistically significant for pits H66 and H63 (p = 0.001). The isotopic and archaeological evidence suggests that the individuals recovered in pit H63 and layer were Shang but that the pit H66 skeletons were Dongyi prisoners of war that were sacrificed. As the site of Xiaoshuangqiao is thought to be the lost Shang capital of Ao ', this research offers new information about the diet and inhabitants of this city.

本文运用碳氮稳定同位素分析的研究方法,对郑州商城居民食物结构的历时性进行分析.研究表明该遗址作为都城时期居民食物结构的多样性最为显著,体现了首都地区居民流动性较强的特点.商王朝迁都以后,居民食物结构的多样性呈现出另外一种特点,暗示人口来源地可能发生了变化.由此可见,古代都城居民食物结构呈现出了由简单到复杂,由统一到分化的变化规律,当与首都地区居民的迁徙融合活动和国家疆域的变化息息相关.

本文将郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期考古出土的石刀分为甲、乙、丙三类,并对其演进趋势、生产技术及二者之间的关系进行了考察.仰韶晚期以乙、丙类石刀为主向龙山时期以丙类石刀为主的阶段化转变得到了更清楚的勾勒,细化了郑州地区石刀的谱系研究,各类石刀生产技术的差异也得到了揭示.值得注意的是,仰韶中晚期石刀形态设计的规整程度、加工技术的选择倾向及类型演进的主导趋势等方面都体现出由乙类向丙类的渐变特点,这种类型、技术与演进的正向关联体现出先民在仰韶中晚期农业、社会发展进程中对石刀这一主要割刈工具的综合认知与相互作用.

利用超景深三维显微镜观察、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、显微拉曼光谱分析和显微红外光谱分析等方法对郑州地区仰韶文化中晚期3件石钺和1件石斧的红彩进行分析.结果 表明:4件石器红彩颜料为朱砂或铁红;石斧为兼具粉碎和研磨功能的赤铁矿粉加工工具;朱砂粒径显示仰韶文化中晚期颜料研磨工艺已达到很高水平,人们可能已经掌握了"水飞"工艺;2件彩绘石钺表面中存在人工成因碳酸钙,推测它们红彩的胶结材料可能为熟石灰.本研究结果为探索仰韶文化时期石器彩绘工艺提供了重要的资料信息.

从形态特征和制作工艺可将郑州地区仰韶时期石环分为甲、乙、丙三类.其中甲类石环修坯、钻(扩)孔、磨制等操作链的关键环节得以复原,应为本地生产;乙、丙类石环未见磨制之前的生产证据,标准化程度较高,部分石料的选用与甲类有异,整体的磨制精细程度也高于甲类,尚难以判断是否为本地生产.各类石环均存在一定的改制,改制工序均在当地完成.石环生产与聚落性质间关系密切,其主要分布于具备祭祀神权或军事防御属性的双槐树、青台遗址和西山城址等聚落中,由此可知,石环主要流通于等级较高的聚落,它的获取和使用应有一定的条件限制.

Famille rose porcelain made in the imperial workshop was one of the symbols of the highest manufacturing techniques in ancient China. It was very precious and only owned by the royals for a long time. Because of its complex making technology, overglaze green pigment painted on famille rose porcelain shows many variations. In this work, selected porcelain shards that were excavated at the Forbidden City were analyzed by using microscopy observation, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer to obtain a deep understanding of overglaze green pigment technique on famille rose porcelain. The results revealed that four types of green pigment are used in the selected samples. With different recipes and combinative ways on green pigment and opaque white pigment, craftsmen can choose the using method of pigment to get the effect they want.

本文在器型分析的基础上,利用多种科技手段,对安阳殷墟原始瓷样品进行了系统测试分析,并与江西吴城与浙江湖州等地出土的原始瓷进行对比研究.结果表明,所分析的殷墟原始瓷在化学元素组成、岩相特征上,都与南方产品有显著差异.该结果为了解商代晚期的制瓷业状况提供了重要信息.

郑州具有漫长的城市发展史,郑州商城作为起点,长期以来都是学界关注的重点.以往围绕郑州商城开展的考古工作已经取得了大量成果,但同一地点上的古代城市发展进程研究相对薄弱.在城市形态的阐释和郑州古代城市遗产保护等方面仍然有待深入.本文通过回顾郑州古代城市考古工作,指出以往研究以及当下郑州城市考古中仍需进一步探讨的问题,为接下来以郑州商城为重点的城市考古工作与研究提供新的思路.

南水北调中线工程的水源地是位于河南、湖北交界处的丹江口水库,这一区域是南北方人类迁徙和文化交流的重要生态廊道.为配合南水北调工程建设,从上世纪90年代开始,文物部门组织对丹江口水库淹没区进行了系统考古调查,仅在河南淅川境内就发现了30多处旧石器时代中晚期遗址和化石地点.2009年以来,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所与中国科学院大学等单位对其中20余处遗址和地点进行了抢救性发掘,发掘面积超1万平方米,发现石制品2万多件.本文重点介绍了丹江口水库(河南)淹没区旧石器时代遗址的发现和主要研究成果:1)该区域广域的、持续性的人类活动表明本地区是早期人类活动的密集区;2)出土石器特征同时具备南方砾石石器工业和北方石片石器工业的特点,有明显的南北方石器加工技术相互融合的现象;3)石器残留物分析,为了解遗址附近环境和先民植物利用提供了线索;4)遗址年代从距今约50万年到1万年左右,大致相当于旧石器时代早期晚段至旧石器时代晚期,是旧石器考古的关键时期;5)个别遗址发现的陶器残片、烧土类遗存以及燧石石叶等文化因素,为解决中国石叶技术源流和新、旧石器过渡提供了重要资料.

河南淅川申明铺遗址2007年度出土的三件仰韶晚期玉石器,其造型规范精美,考古背景明确,保存完好,具有重要研究价值.文章采用激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、显微观察和植硅体提取等科技分析手段,对三件样品分析并讨论,了解到玉石器原料来源于当地,钻孔技术已相当成熟,石钱孔缘部位的刻槽装饰是礼器装饰的一大特色.三件样品均为祭祀活动中使用的礼器,对探讨当地的礼制有一定指示意义.

残留物分析是石器功能研究的重要组成部分,主要包含微体植物化石、血红蛋白、古DNA、血液蛋白质和沉积物DNA等研究对象.对这些对象开展残留物分析的结果,与微痕分析、模拟实验相结合,可以通过分析作用对象和作用方式,对石器功用进行较全面的阐释.关于石器残留物分析国内学术界已开展了一系列研究,初步构建起了一套学术话语体系.本文将从植物及动物残留物两方面,来回顾石器残留物研究的发展历程;尝试归纳石器残留物研究发展的阶段性特征,并从研究对象、研究方法和研究技术三方面对国内已开展石器残留物研究进行思考,进而提出若干展望.

中国旗帜文化历史悠久,源远流长."太常"旗,作为《周礼·春官·司常》明文规定的天子用旗,形貌、配色、功用等学界至今没有定论.通过对上至三代、下达明清的日月旗式样进行综述,追溯周代旗帜的设计理念,并结合旗帜图样的继承特性,推断出周代"太常"旗上绘有日月图案,以"五德终始说"来判断旗帜颜色,周代的旗帜颜色是以红色为正色.再结合"太常"形制的宋、明、清记述,我们推断,周代"太常"旗以红色为底色,旗面绣日月、北斗七星,下绘交龙盘旋于旗面,一升一降.此旗经历漫长的历史后逐渐失去了原本的形式.宋朝重启日月旗之风气,但日旗、月旗分立,双龙不见所踪,元、明之制大致沿袭宋朝之风.