Antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections continue to limit the effectiveness of conventional treatments, highlighting the need for agents that suppress bacterial virulence rather than growth alone. The methanolic rhizome extract of Acorus calamus (ACRE) was examined for its antibacterial, anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) and anti-biofilm properties against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, ACRE significantly inhibited biofilm formation (up to ∼70 %), suppressed QS-regulated pigment production (up to ∼90 % violacein reduction), and reduced EPS synthesis and swimming motility in a dose-dependent manner. Phytochemical profiling by HPTLC and GC–MS revealed a mixture of phenolics, methoxyphenols, pyranone derivatives and related compounds. ACRE displayed antibacterial activity with MIC values between 250 and 500 µg/mL. At 1/2 MIC, the extract significantly hindered biofilm formation, with inhibition reaching 67.51 % in C. violaceum, 70.21 % in P. aeruginosa and 63.40 % in S. marcescens, observations that were supported by microscopy showing thinner and poorly structured biofilms after treatment. Strong suppression of QS-regulated pigments and virulence factors was also evident, violacein in C. violaceum was reduced by approximately 89.3 %, 63.4 % and 47.2 % across increasing concentrations, while pyocyanin, pyoverdine and prodigiosin in P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens showed similar dose-dependent declines. A marked reduction in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and swimming motility further indicated disruption of QS-linked pathways. These findings show that ACRE effectively suppresses key virulence factors and interferes with bacterial communication and biofilm development, likely through the combined action of multiple phytoconstituents. The extract therefore presents a promising natural source of anti-virulence compounds, warranting further purification, mechanistic studies and safety evaluation.

In this study, a leucine derivative ligand and its corresponding copper(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized using appropriate analytical techniques. Additionally, the molecular structures of ligand and one of the copper(II) complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that there are two molecules in the asymmetric unit of ligand, which crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system. A sheet structure parallel to the bc plane is formed by OH…O and CH…O type hydrogen bonds. [(R)-2-[[(1,3-Dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]amido]-4-methylpentanoate](1-methylimidazole) copper(II), which crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system, forms polymeric chains along the a-axis, while neighbouring chains form bi-chains through hydrogen bonding with solvent water molecules. The copper atom in [(R)-2-[[(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]-amido]-4-methylpentanoate](1-methylimidazole) copper(II) adopts a square pyramidal geometry. Antioxidant activities of the compounds were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. (R)-2-[[(1,3-Dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid, [(R)-2-[[(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]amido]-4- methylpentanoate] triphenylphosphine copper(II), and bis[(R)-2-[[(1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]amido]-4-methylpentanoate](4-pyridyl) copper(II) exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than the other complexes in this study. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compounds were evaluated against a series of microbial species and compared with that of the free ligand. [(R)-2-[[(1,3-Dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene)methyl]amido]-4-methylpentanoate](1-methylimidazole) copper(II) exhibited better biological activity than the ligand and other copper complexes against the tested microorganisms.

Antimicrobial and anticancer activities against prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells by Schiff base derived from novel 4-Nitrobenzohydrazone ligand and its Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) complexes are reported in this study. Characterizations by conventional spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses suggest successful syntheses. The cobalt complex, Co(HL)(2) was found to be moderately effective on both Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 35032 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, other compounds did not affect the test microorganisms. Results indicated that the compounds are effective on both prostate and breast cell lines at concentrations between 5 and 40 & mu;M, and exhibit their effects by apoptotic mechanisms. The complex Mn(HL)(2) could be a potential candidate against prostate cancer cells (PC-3). The interactions of ligand and complexes with biological targets were predicted by molecular docking which indicated high binding affinities, and artificial neural network explained their anticancer activities. Density functional theoretical calculations corroborated experimental findings.

Çalışmada, miselyum bazlı, çevre dostu yalıtım malzemelerinin üretilebilirliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal olarak Aydın ilinden toplanan Ganoderma resinaceum (Cilalı reyşi), Schizophyllum commune (Kımuk) ve Agroma Mantar Şirketinden temin edilen Pleurotus ostreatus (İstiridye mantarı) hazır miselleri kullanılmıştır. Deney örneklerinin üretimine uygun kalıplar 3D yazıcı ile hazırlanmış ve mantar üretim çadırı ve iklimlendirme otomasyon sisteminde denemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Buğday sapı, mısır ve pamuk sapı gibi tarımsal artıklar miselyum gelişimi için substrat olarak incelenmiştir. Tarımsal artıklar miselyum ile aşılanmış ve 27 °C'de % 60-80 nemde 14 gün inkübasyondan sonra kalıplama yapılmış ve inkübasyona 7 gün daha devam edilmiştir. Kalıptan çıkarılan örnekler 70 °C'de Pasteur fırınında 8 saat kurutulmuştur. Materyal üretildikten sonra, basma, çekme, eğme, ısıl iletkenlik testleri ve FTIR analizi yapılmıştır. Denemeler sonunda substrat olarak buğday sapının, 27 ℃ sıcaklık ve % 60-80 nemde optimum olarak uygunluğu belirlendi. En iyi inokulum miktarını belirlemek için miselyum, malt ekstrak agar içeren petri kabında geliştirildikten sonra, buğday sapı içeren kompost ortamına ½ ve ¼ gibi çeşitli oranlarda miselyumla aşılandı. Üç tip mantar ve üç farklı substrat kullanılarak miselyal büyüme gözlendi. En iyi mantarın Ganoderma resinaceum, en iyi substratın ise buğday sapı olduğu belirlendi.

Knowledge of genetic variability within and among types and breeds of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius L.) can be a valuable asset in selective breeding of desirable characteristics and will shed light on their origin, dynamics of domestication, and dispersion. Variability in an 809 bp segment of the mtDNA genome was measured within and among dromedaries from eight indigenous and one exogenous breed from Ha'il in north-central Saudi Arabia. Sixteen mtDNA haplotypes were identified among 47 camels. Haplotypic diversity among breeds is high (Hd = 0.817); most of the AMOVA variance (55.05%) occurs within breeds. Phylogenetic comparison of these haplotypes with those obtained across their geographic range showed that most haplotypes were placed within the same cluster with ancient wild dromedaries and the two newly identified haplotypes in this study. The most prevalent haplotypes found in dromedaries from this area appear to be ancestral to most other dromedaries and differ from each other by only one SNP. These results support the hypothesis that the Arabian Peninsula is a hub of diversification for dromedaries.

Mucormycosis is a type of opportunistic fungal infection caused by the Mucorales order of Zygomycetes. The study"s goal was to characterize Lichtheimia and other fungal agents in Tekirdağ province of Türkiye by morphological and molecular methods. Head hair and skin scrapings of 13 cattle with mucormycosis lesions inoculated onto Rose Bengal Agar, Potato Dextrose, and Malt Extract Agar. After the incubation at 25°C and 27°C, pure colonies were evaluated morphologically and microscopically. For molecular identification, DNA isolation and PCR studies were followed by sequence analysis and the results were compared with the data in GeneBank using the nBLAST tool. ITS1/ ITS4 primers used in PCR study. Fungal species were identified with data verified after morphological and molecular identification. The sequence analyses revealed that 12 samples had L. ramosa HBF570, 7 samples contained A. niger HBF572 and P. crustosum HBF571, 2 samples contained A. chevalieri HBF573 and A. flavus HBF576, and one sample contained A. pseudoglaucus HBF577 and Aspergillus sp. HBF570. The study"s causative agents emerged were environmental fungus species. In conclusion, because of the fungal diversity in the environment, hygiene investigations must be conducted and implemented for the protection of mucormycosis.

A good yield of 1,2-diborolanderivatives 2-8 was obtained from the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-diborolane 1 and R2NLi/ArNHLi/PhOLi/H2O. The structures of these new derivatives were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 4 and 7a were also determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial activities of synthesized compounds were tested against clinically important Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida species. The most effective substances were found to be compounds 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 among the tested compounds. Therefore, the activity of these substances were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575, which form biofilms and have antibiotic resistance. Compound 2, 6 and 8 appears to be a promising candidate for potential antibacterial agents against these bacterial strains, especially given its potent activity against biofilm-forming and antibiotic resistant strains. The results indicate that these new materials will be evaluated as potential drugs against infectious diseases in the future.

Bu çalışmada iştahsızlık, kilo kaybı ve dışkıda kötü koku şikayetleri ile getirilen Sultan papağanının (Nymphicus hollandicus Kerr, 1972) dışkı örneği mikolojik yönden incelenmiştir. Dışkı örneğinin aseptik şartlarda seri dilüsyonları yapılarak Dichloran Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) ve kanlı agar besiyerlerine inokülasyonu yapılmıştır. İnkübasyon sonrası örnekler saf koloniler olarak ayrılmış ve bu saf kolonilerden morfolojik, mikroskobik ve moleküler tanımlamalar yapılmıştır. Moleküler tanımlamalarda fenol-kloroform izoamilalkol DNA izolasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Fungus DNA’larından PCR amplikasyonu Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarında ve hizmet alımı olarak ticari firmalarda yaptırılmıştır. Sekanslama hizmetleri Innopenta Biyoteknoloji ve Macrogen Europe tarafından yapılmıştır. ITS1 (50-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-30) / ITS4 (50-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-30) primerleri kullanılmıştır. Fungusların tanımlanmasında nBLAST programı kullanılmış ve genetik benzerlik oranlarına göre türler eşleştirilmiştir. Sekans sonuçları GenBank sisteminde kayıt altına alınmış ve kültür koleksiyonuna eklenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar sonrasında Fusarium fujikuroi HBF578, Mucor racemosus HBB579 suşları tanımlanmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları incelendiğinde Fusarium fujikuroi HBF578 suşunun Sultan papağanı’ndan daha önce izole edilmediği ilk kez bu çalışmada raporlandığı görülmüştür.

In this study, it was aimed to identify the microorganisms isolated from aflatoxin-containing dried figs, the biodegradation of aflatoxin and the products resulting from biodegradation studies. Within the scope of the study, adapted microorganisms in aflatoxin-containing dried figs were isolated and preliminary screening studies were carried out to determine their morphological/molecular identification and aflatoxin degradation properties. In biodegradation studies of aflatoxin, both microorganism cultures and supernatants were examined separately. Aflatoxin biodegradation occurred with the isolated microorganisms Bacillus cereus HBB532, Bacillus safensis HBB 526, Periesta megaterium HBB 522, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii HBB 542 and Zygosaccharomyces pseudorouxii HBB 545. Biodegradation amounts were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography. QTOF-LC/MS analyzes were performed to determine the degradation products formed after biodegradation in the samples where aflatoxin biodegradation took place. With these microorganisms, the amount of aflatoxin in dried figs was reduced by 50% or more. As a result of biodegradation, 22 degradation products were identified. This study is the first aflatoxin biodegradation study conducted using dried figs. In this study, aflatoxin biodegradation was evaluated with the matrix effect.

Every year many patients die due to hospital-acquired infections. These infections also put the lives of healthcare workers at risk. Additionally, hospitals are one of the main reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, the effect of X-rays on species diversity and functions and antimicrobial resistance were observed. Metagenome analysis was performed on air samples taken from the x-ray room (radiation exposure) and the waiting room (non-radiation area) to examine whether the radiation affected the species present in the air. The diversity of microorganisms was analysed based on phylum, genus, and species levels. Functional profiling and resistance screening were also performed. X-ray radiation was found to have a major effect at the phylum level. It was observed that Proteobacteria species almost dominated the microbiome in the x-ray room (99%) while Actinobacteria species dominated the microbiome in the waiting room (84%). No significant differences were observed between the two areas in functional profiling. A total of thirty-eight functions were observed, twenty-four of which were overlapping. Antimicrobial resistance was not as diverse as expected. Only beta-lactam, penicillin, tetracycline, and lincomycin resistance genes were present (2364 reads belonging to four different genes). According to the results, it was observed that X-rays affected the air microbiome, as expected. A decrease in the number of microorganisms was expected, but it was also observed that the dominant microorganism types changed. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in terms of functional profiling and no significant antimicrobial resistance was observed.

Novel control products are needed in the control of important insects like mosquitoes which are developing resistance to insecticides and larvicides currently in the market. Boron compounds have been demonstrated to exhibit antibacterial and anticancer effects. 1,2-diboranes with a long history and importance in boron chemistry have been described. These compounds are synthesized from reactions of 1,2-dichlordiborane derivatives with lidium amides (ArNHLi/Et2NLi, etc.). In addition to the three previously synthesized diborane compounds, five novel 1,2-diborane compounds were synthesized in good yield using the same method for the first time. The structures of the novel derivatives were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the molecular structure of one of them (2a) was also demonstrated using single crystal X-ray diffraction. In this preliminary study, the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of new 1,2-diamino-1,2-diborane derivatives against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs and larvae were investigated for the first time. Of these, 2a and 2e showed the highest ovicidal activity against both species, while 7, 4 and 2d showed particularly high larvicidal activity. Some 1,2-diborane derivatives were found to be significantly toxic, with LC50 values ranging from 14,930 to 27,975 mu g/mL. Some derivatives (6, 2a, 2c) were less effective against mosquito larvae. 1,2-Diborane derivatives have high ovicidal and larvicidal effects on mosquitoes and are therefore potential candidates for the development of new larvicides. Further studies are needed to evaluate its mode of action and safety. Understanding their mode of action against mosquito development is crucial to optimizing their use and reducing the potential development of resistance. Their potential effects on other mosquito species and non -target organisms need to be investigated.

A good yield of 1,2-diarylamino-1,2-diborolanes 2 was obtained from the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-diborolane 1 and ArNHLi (an anilide). The structures of these new derivatives were characterized by nu-clear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 2a and 2b were also determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Antimicrobial activities of synthesized compounds against some Gram-positive and-negative bacteria and yeasts were determined. Some compounds were found to have strong antibacterial and antifungal properties, especially against the bacterium, S. pneumonia, which is the causative agent of pneumonia, and the fungus, C. albicans, which is the causative agent of candidiasis. The compounds 2a and 3 had a powerful effect (compound 2a and 3 = 1 mu gmL -1) against S. pneumoniae ATCC 27336 bacteria. In addition, compounds 2a, 3 and 2f were observed to have strong effects (com-pound 2a, 3, 2f = 2 mu gmL -1) against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. utilis ATCC 9950. The results obtained were found to be more effective than the MIC values (128-64 mu gmL -1) of Streptomycin and Flukanozol drugs used for bacteria and yeasts. The results of our study show that the synthesized substances can be used for new drug applications that are being developed against infectious diseases in the pharmaceutical industry.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

One N,O-bidentate dimedone derivatives ligand (1) and its Ni(II), Pd(II), and Cu(II) complexes (2,3,4) have been prepared and structurally characterized by the spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, NMR, and X-Ray. 1,3, and 4 crystallize in the triclinic crystal system in the space group P-1, 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group C2/c. X-Ray diffraction studies showed 1 exists in enamine form, 2-4 have a square planar geometry around metal atoms which are surrounded by two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms from two ligands. Antibacterial properties of 1-4 have been examined against selected bacteria and yeast strains. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1-4 against these pathogens was compared with the selected antibiotic drugs. The result revealed that all compounds have good activity.

Strawberry is a delicious fruit that can be consumed fresh or/and can be used in the industry. One of the important factors that affect yield is the plant protection problems. Fungicides because of the metabolites they produce, especially their presence in foods, pose a threat to health and also cause economic problems. Botrytis cinerea causes grey mold disease in over 220 plant species. Samples were collected from five different localities from Aydin and Mersin province. Samples were incubated on um and then isolated from mixed cultures. Morphological and molecular identification of the samples were made. Transposon sites were amplified with PCR. In total 154 B.cinerea samples were isolated of which Transposa 20.1%, Boty 46.1%, Flipper 10.4% and Vacuma 23.4%, in Aydin population Transposa 19.5%, Boty 48.3%, Flipper 9.2% and Vacuma 23.0%, in Mersin Transposa 20.9%, Boty 43.3%, Flipper 11.9% and Vacuma 23.9% were found. In the fungicide resistant test, in spore tests, Cyprodinil was found most effective while fenhexamid was found less effective. In mycelium tests, fenhexamid was mast effective at the lowest concentration applied while carbendazim was found less effective even at the highest concentration. Although short-term results are limited, in long-term transposon profiling can help with disease management.

Biofilm formation is one of the major problems in many industries. The marine environment is rich in nutrients for microbial growth. It also makes it easier for microorganisms to form biofilms. This study aims to identify biofilm-forming fungi in the marine environment and assess their ability to form biofilm. We identified biofilm-forming fungi species using morphological and molecular methods. ITS regions were used for molecular identification. The qualitative assessment of biofilms was carried out using the Petri dish method, and quantitative measurements of biofilms were carried out using the microplate method. We identified 69 isolates; 37 were yeast, and 32 of them were fungi. Only ten of them were found to have biofilm. Most of them were adherents, and only two of them were strong adherents. Biofilms can have positive or negative effects on fish health. Identifying biofilm-forming agents will help us identify the nature of the effect. Microorganisms that have positive effects can be used as biocontrol agents.

Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) membranes containing silver nitrate have been prepared and investigated for antimicrobial properties of preparal membranes. CS/PVA membranees containing silver nitrate have been successfully prepared by solution casting method. The prepared membranes have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FFIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) methods. The elemental composition of the membranes is studied by energy dispersive analysis of SEM-EDX. Correspondingly, the EDX analysis confirms the presence of silver ions in the chitosan matrix. The antimicrobial activities of the membranes have been tested with wide spectrum of bacteria. Efficiency of the antimicrobial effect against the selected twelve bacteria type and two yeasts is measured by disc diffusion method. Effect of the concentration of silver solutions to the developed CS/PVA membranes was investigated. It is noticed that the antimicrobial activity of membranes is improved with the increased silver concentration as a bactericidal agent, as expected. Our observations suggest that Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/Ag (CS/PVA/Ag) membranes have an excellent antimicrobial effect. Thus, developed membranes can easily be applied in various fields such as biomedical sector, tissue engineering and water treatment sector.

1,2-diborolanes with strong and without strong donor substituents have been described, and are also referred to as 1,2-diboracyclopentane. The 1,2-diaryl/alkyl-amino-1,2-diboracyclopentanes 2, 3, and 4 were obtained in good yield after the reaction of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-diboracyclopentane 1 with ArNHLi and Me3Si-NR2. The structures of these new derivatives were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 2b, 2c, 2e, 4, and 5f were also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The newly synthesized 1,2-borolanes are stable in air and showed particularly high activity against some Gram-positive bacteria.

The study investigated the effects of morpholine substituent and metal complexation on in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of acylthioureas using two acylthiourea molecules that differ only by the presence of morpholine oxygen; N,N-diethyl-N' -(4-chlorobenzoyl)thiourea (CBDEA) and N-morpholine-N' -(4-chlorobenzoyl) thiourea (CBMOR), and their Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes (NiCBDEA, CuCBDEA, NiCBMOR, CuCBMOR). All compounds were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic studies. CBDEA, CuCBDEA, NiCBDEA, CBMOR, and NiCBMOR were structurally elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The metal complexes were isolated as neutral four coordinate complexes of the form, ML2 (M: Ni(II), Cu(II), H.L.: CBDEA/CBMOR) in square-planar geometry. The compounds were screened for DNA binding/cleavage, antimicrobial activity, and anti-proliferative effects on human prostate cancer PC-3 and breast cancer MCF-7 cells. DNA binding interaction studies suggest that the metal complexes bind more strongly to the DNA compared to the ligands. The morpholine derivative CBMOR shows similar activity to CBDEA against PC-3 cell lines but twice as effective against MCF-3 cells at cell death and apoptotic levels. Anticancer activities were enhanced by complexation with Cu(II), as evident in CuCBMOR, which showed the optimal anticancer activity (IC50: 1.76 mu M for MCF-7 and 1.97 mu M for PC-3), comparable to known anticancer drug paclitaxel. The CuCBMOR apoptosis results show that the cancer cells die by apoptotic mechanisms (Apoptosis rate: 91.53 % in MCF-7 and 85.95 % in PC-3). In vitro screening of the compounds against seventeen bacteria and four yeast strains confirmed antimicrobial potency against more susceptible Gram-positive bacteria strains. The results of the study suggest that some of the compounds could be developed into novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Microbial contaminations and related issues are causing serious economic losses to the global trade of dried figs. A significant amount of dried figs are rejected at the customs gates after legally required analyses, which in turn brings several problems covering the destruction of foods, environmental hazards, and food safety issues. In the present study, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Penicillium expansum inoculated (10(7) CFU/g) dried figs (Ficus carica cv. Sarilop) were subjected to sanitation treatments using ultrasound application (US; 100-600 W), peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 40-200 mg/L) and sodium chloride (NaCl; 4-12%); separately and/or in combinations using a central composite design by response surface methodology. In case of combined (dual/triple) treatments, the optimum process conditions were [US: 527 W, PAA: 148 mg/L], [US: 527 W, NaCl: 11.0%], [PAA: 108 mg/L, NaCl: 10.6%], [US: 203 W, PAA: 89 mg/L, NaCl: 10.4%]. Microbial decontamination by combined US and PAA showed 3.35, 0.93, and 0.90 log CFU/g while the US, PAA, and NaCl combination showed 3.09, 0.82, and 0.98 log CFU/g for E. coli, B. cereus, and P. expansum, respectively. The triple combination was found better for microbial decontamination as it consumed less US power in addition to less comparative concentrations of PAA and NaCl.