[Objective]As urban renewal enters the stage of"quality improvement"and"human-centred health",traditional park design strategies can no longer satisfy people's requirements for environmental quality improvement of parks,and guiding landscape design through audio-visual perception evaluation has become an important method to meet the complex needs of young people.Mountain city parks are rich in sensory information,and the gathering space is the place where the human-land relationship in mountain city parks is concretely presented.However,in mountain city parks,how residents perceive different types of gathering spaces,the preference of residents for visual and acoustic spatial elements,and the correlation between the evaluation of audio-visual perception and the satisfaction with various types of gathering spaces need to be further studied.This research aims to,in combination with the audio-visual preference and audio-visual coordination of young people in gathering spaces of mountain city parks,the evaluation of the correlation between audio-visual perception and satisfaction(including the satisfaction with visual and acoustic landscape,satisfaction with the environment of gathering spaces,and overall satisfaction with park environment),and the integration between the preference of young people for visual and acoustic landscape and relevant spatial elements,guide the implementation of the strategy for comprehensive improvement of environmental quality,and explore how the complex relationship between acoustic landscape,visual landscape and environmental satisfaction can be addressed in mountain city parks. [Methods]Taking 5 types of gathering spaces in Pipa Mountain Park and Eling Park in Yuzhong District,Chongqing as the research object,this research,through combining audio-visual walk survey with spatial measurement,selects 22 audio-visual perception indicators,and establishes a questionnaire evaluation scale.Based on the investigation of the environmental characteristics and the semi-structural interviews of residents,the research selects and integrates the perception indicators widely applicable to landscape assessment and design to form 12 visual perception indicators adapted to mountain parks,among which naturalness,openness,diversity and accessibility are the four indicators with the most characteristic dimensions of mountain landscape.The selection of auditory perception indicators follows the standard dimensions,and the selected indicators are combined with the most mountainous dimensions(diversity and naturalness)to form 10 dimensions of auditory perception.The research presents data analysis and results through multi-level and multi-dimensional technical path.On the basis of reliability and validity test,frequency count analysis is used to explore audio-visual preference and audio-visual interaction.Principal component analysis,Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression methods are used to explore the influence of each dimension on the audio-visual satisfaction,satisfaction with environment of gathering spaces,and overall satisfaction with park environment. [Results]The evaluation statistics and audio-visual coordination analysis show that the audio-visual perception evaluation of different types of gathering spaces has its own characteristics,and the visual landscape and acoustic landscape of the two parks are general coordinated.The analysis of the correlation between audio-visual perception and the satisfaction with the environment of gathering spaces shows that the indicators affecting the satisfaction with various types of spatial environments are different.The most distinctive space in mountain parks involves 4 relevant perception dimensions.Specifically,important nodes and path platforms are significantly correlated with the accessibility dimension;important nodes and path platforms are significantly correlated with the naturalness and diversity dimensions in both parks;path platforms,boundaries and important nodes are all significantly correlated with the openness dimension.The analysis of the correlation between the overall audio-visual perception and the overall environmental satisfaction shows that the naturalness dimension has a certain influence on the overall environmental satisfaction and the satisfaction with visual and acoustic landscape. [Conclusion]On the basis of revealing the main influencing factors of environmental perception and satisfaction evaluation of mountain city parks,this research refines the focus of audio-visual environment creation in mountain city parks.Combined with the characteristics of mountainous terrain,the research proposes the optimization strategies for youth-friendly spatial elements.Moreover,the research proposes relevant strategies for construction of youth-friendly order in mountain spaces,with a view to creating an organized and logical mountain space order by incorporating multi-dimensional spatial characteristics,enhancing spatial guidance,and improving the memorability of the environment.The research also proposes local adaptation strategies,emphasizing that the advantages of mountain space should be reasonably utilized to create satisfactory audio-visual landscape,and the needs of young people should be taken into account and the acoustic and visual environment elements be optimized to evoke residents'memory of local cultural lineage.These strategies can provide theoretical basis and practical ideas for construction of acoustic and visual landscape and comprehensive improvement of environmental quality of mountain city parks.

本文关注设备系统和结构系统的整合设计.首先,基于案例研究与建筑师访谈,对比瑞士建筑师克雷兹苏黎世劳申巴赫学校项目和比利时VRT媒体大楼竞赛方案.通过分析两个案例中设备与结构的整合设计策略,呈现了两个拓展边界的整合设计观念—紧致抑或灵活,揭示了两个系统互动过程中强与弱的制衡关系,阐明两个系统的冲突如何成为设计机遇.最后,提炼两个系统整合设计的方法,强调了从初始设计概念贯穿到具体建筑构件级别的整体性思考,为当下设计实践提供指引.

Based on the comprehensive analysis and practical significance of high-rise building design, the paper explores the comprehensive evaluation system of vertical space consisting of the space efficiency index and the net height perceived satisfaction index. Taking high-rise inpatient buildings as the object, the paper develops specific indicators and implements evaluation,discovering a declining trend of vertical space usage efficiency. Based on the results, the paper concludes the improvement measures, such as coordinating internal height differences, deducing the floor height through integrated factors. Through the design and application of the comprehensive evaluation system, the paper aims to improve the scientific design of vertical space.

宅间环境是老年人日常活动的主要区域,环境更新对改善居民居住品质、促进身心健康水平起到了重要作用.研究针对4类典型宅间的环境对老年人情感健康的影响,引入行为特征中介变量,通过建立以活动频率、活动时长和活动类型为中介的效应模型,试图发现不同宅间类型的环境要素对老年人群情感健康的影响差异与中介影响的方式和特征,并提出"入—景交互"理念的老旧住区优化治理建议.

随着我国居民健康意识的不断增强,大型综合医院作为最高级别的医疗服务机构,吸引大量患者前往就诊.由于医院仅能为患者提供医疗服务,不具备其他生活服务功能,因此患者在就诊期间的生活服务需求被延伸至医院周边的城市空间,对周边空间产生了特殊的医疗影响.基于此,本文选择了位于济南市旧城区的趵突泉街道片区作为研究对象,着眼于山东大学齐鲁医院、山东省中医院两所顶级医院,运用ArcGIS软件,并结合兴趣点(POI)、城市热力图等开放数据,量化医院对周边城市功能、空间布局、业态分布、人群构成的空间影响,补充大型综合医院对周边城市空间影响的理论研究.

对于建筑设计这一行业的工作对象——建筑物而言,"为健康生活而设计"有两层含义:一是设计的对象或成果直接为人们健康生活提供保障或服务,如各类医疗建筑、有人照料的公共性养老设施;一是更广义的"健康建筑",其本身可能在改善或促进人类健康方面发挥作用,如绿色建筑、全生命周期低碳或零碳建筑、无污染排放建筑等.前者与人们是否能保持健康生活更相关,也是相关从业人员直接关注的对象.

文章是柱系列的第二篇,在前文辨析了中国传统木柱与古希腊石柱的建造规则、空间秩序与力学性能基础上,作者通过对奈尔维独特混凝土巨柱的传力机制、形态特征、生成方法及其空间特性的系统探讨,体察这位混凝土诗人以材料和力学雕塑结构、以统一协调的结构秩序构筑空间的结构美学理念与古典建造思想,为当代建筑与结构设计提供思考与实践的范本.

随着我国人口数量的持续膨胀、医疗改革的不断深入和基层疫情防控工作的加速部署,新时期高密度城市环境下的社区卫生服务中心面临着新的发展形势与困境.本文梳理了社区卫生服务中心在三个层面的变化,分别总结了高密度城市环境对社区卫生服务中心所产生的影响及变化.文章采用实地调研、问卷调查、现场访谈、拓扑量化分析等方式对近30家社区卫生服务中心的功能配置、空间布局和空间环境情况及满意度进行了调查分析,总结提出社区卫生服务中心现存核心问题,并总结了当下主要的"供需矛盾",提出了"需求侧"和"供给侧"两条优化路径及其相对应的设计策略与目标.

分析了目前我国各级各类医疗机构中发热门诊建设定位不明、分区流线混乱、功能配置不清等现状问题,通过梳理现有政策要求、调研各地建设情况,提出了我国医疗机构中的发热门诊分级分类设置的思路——根据各级医院的医疗资源基础及其覆盖的就诊人群,从定位、规模到功能配置等方面确定不同级别的发热门诊建设方案.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council released a plan in October 2016 entitled “Outline of the Plan of ‘Healthy China 2030’.”The objective outlined in the plan was to “integrate health into the whole process of urban-rural planning, construction and governance, and promote the harmonious development between cities and human health.”As an indispensable part of building a healthy China, the healing environment concept has proven integral to the physiological and psychological health of human beings. The early achievements made in the psychological science and rehabilitation fields have gradually impacted landscape architecture, urban planning and architecture. In modern high-density city settlements, particularly since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the importance of healing environments has been highlighted. In recent years, scholars have expanded on and deepened the research by investigating blue-green spaces at different levels, as well as the natural elements of a built environment. They have also attempted to utilize experimental means wherever possible, making remarkable progress in the process. The editorial department of this journal organized an academic conversation on the topic, Healthy Cities and Healing Environments. Six scholars from different backgrounds were invited to take part in a focused, yet diverse, discussion. Based on the relationship between green and health on the urban scale, Li Shuhua explained that cities are places where humans gather and live and, thus, such places continue to develop with the evolution of our species. An ideal city should conform to people,s collective desire for a better life. It should not only meet the needs associated with sustainable ecological development but also provide people with an appropriate living environment in favor of human health. The Green Healthy City Theory provides an ideal perspective toward alleviating current “Urban diseases”and “Urban population health issues”. The Otemachi Forest in the center of Tokyo represents a practical pioneering case of the Green Healthy City Theory. Based on relations between humans, nature and cities, the current study traced the development of ideal cities in Europe, America, Japan and China, and discussed the principles and constituent elements that should be adhered to during practical construction of a green healthy city. There are evident differences among different races in terms of the COVID-19 infection rate in the United States (US), which reflect health justice issues. Therefore, Jiang Bin et al. hypothesized that such differences among races are significantly reduced in areas where green space coverage is high. Taking control over variables covering socioeconomic characteristics and chronic diseases, the current study measured the correlation between racial differences in the COVID-19 infection rate and green space coverage using a multi-linear regression model. The findings from the study revealed that, at the county level, higher green space coverage could significantly reduce racial differences of COVID-19 infection rate. Further, four green space types were found to contribute to this reduction. Finally, an encircling mechanism and five core mechanisms were established to interpret such correlation. Du Hongwu et al. determined that it is extremely important that high-density urban scenery meet people,s restorative needs, which were highlighted during the COVID-19 outbreak. Two types of sky gardens, which are grown outside well-designed office buildings and residential buildings, both promote restoration. However, their spatial morphologies, influential factors and action mechanisms differ. The spatial locations , combinations and relations between spaces should be arranged in a way that increases the restorative benefits of sky gardens. Toward improving the quality of sky gardens, the influential factors impacting the restorative benefits of sky gardens should be explored further. These include visual accessibility, the spatial level of sky gardens and the green view rates. It is also important to establish supportive environments, to strengthen multifunctionality, to diversify activity types and to increase participation and usage rates.Zheng et al. believed that green contact in cities is crucial for the promotion of urban residents, health. In practical projects, full consideration to functions and the use of streets has to be given to such green contact in order that the associated health benefits are realized. Combining the street reconstruction for a park city in Chengdu, Zheng et al. investigated the walking and business-facility use preferences of 40 respondents in specific street scenes as well as the green space alongside streets for the remainder of the behavioral experiment. Moreover, their first impressions and sub-dimensional evaluation findings of the street environment were collected. At the same time, eye positions of respondents in their relevant choices or evaluations were recorded using an SMI Redn Professional desktop eye tracker. The results of the study provide support for decision-making in the design of healthy streets. Long Hao attempted to review and elaborate on the specific applications of evidence-based design in the design and construction of rehabilitation gardens. He believed that as an important psychological and physiological rehabilitation space in CCRC-type aging communities, rehabilitation gardens should be implemented to improve functions of gardens in psychological counseling based on evidence-based design. The psychological health, depression and anxiety of the aged residents are becoming increasingly prominent issues as the closed management in medical and nursing institutions for the aged is becoming increasingly common as a result of COVID19. It is expected that the current study will provide reference points and assistance in thinking about rehabilitation garden design into the future and offering a feasible psychological health space for CCRC-type aging communities. Focusing on the age-friendly city framework of the World Health Organization (WHO), Yuan Xiaomei proposed the concept of a “community environment of health management for the aged.”This concept helps to establish the key technological system of “the aged+environment+life”from the perspectives of “comfort and safety”, “encouragement in activities”, “intimacy to nature”and “interaction.”She aims to integrate rehabilitation therapy into daily outdoor activities for the aged and provide them with an effective environmental solution to their health-and life-related issues. In the current study, the health performance and application potential of relevant technologies were described through their combination with the findings of the preliminary research and evidence-based practices put forward by the research team led by Professor Yuan Xiaomei.

"乡村振兴"背景下,近年来我国乡村建设已逐渐走热,但从建筑理论的角度看尚处于建筑师"各自为战"的状态.20世纪乡土建筑在现代建筑的发源地欧洲也一直是讨论热点,其中希腊建筑师康斯坦丁尼迪斯的系列独栋住宅设计可谓典型之一,但国内对"康氏住宅设计"的研究分析尚不多见.本文从康氏的周末住宅出发,将其典型住宅案例的平面分为四类,利用空间句法理论与方法研究了康氏的"外廊"与"片墙网格"在现代主义住宅中解决交通效率与公共私密划分之间矛盾的尝试,探讨了基于"廊、路径、视觉"的片墙网格住宅缘起,以期对国内当下的乡土建造有所启示.

作为结构传力路径的中枢,柱的压弯特性既为马亚尔和奈尔维等大师提供了有力的结构语汇,也成为自身尺寸和形态以及支撑范围和空间秩序的限制.柱,能否挣脱弯矩的束缚,而具有更多的造型可能,并塑造和支撑更高、更广、更加自由的空间?作为柱系列论文的收官之文,作者选取了当代建造实践中形态和传力特性迥异的树柱、管柱和细柱,展示出以新材料、新理论和新的设计计算方法为基础,柱可以不再是孤立的压弯构件和规则空间单元的独立支撑,而可以通过对树的仿生,支撑高敞的空间;通过抗侧柱与承重柱的分离或拉压杆的组合,使柱的形态和柱网的划分共同成为传力功能和空间塑造的主角.最后,文章凭借对外观形态和柱网秩序变化中柱的力学本质的揭示,进一步探讨存在于建筑空间、功能与结构形式及其力学特性之间深刻的交互作用.

我国自2000年迈入老龄化社会之后,养老问题日趋严峻,"医养结合"成为近年来养老领域的核心事业,现有医养结合型社区养老设施却存在大量低效利用现象.在梳理医养结合型社区养老设施空间使用效率的内涵与影响因素的基础上,以成都市3处典型设施为例,以实际调研和百度兴趣点(POI)数据作为数据获取手段,运用行走效率、空间句法、TOPSIS等分析法从空间分布、空间形式、空间组织、空间复合四个方面入手,建立空间使用效率评价体系,并基于用后评估对案例进行量化研究和综合评价,提出空间使用效率优化策略,以期更好地满足老年人的医养需求.

新冠肺炎疫情发生以来,作为疫情防控的前端,或者说公共卫生体系中呼吸道传染病筛查的神经末梢,发热门诊重新引起了从政府到医院的重视,管理部门、医院以及相关建设方都开始认真审视原有医院建设在这一领域的不足,尽快实现发热门诊的规范建设成为疫情下筛查潜在患者、控制疫情蔓延的必然选择.

城市交通高架下部的空间是典型的具有利用价值的"都市空缺",是当前健康城市优化发展中无法绕开的一个话题.而重庆嘉滨路高架桥下空间又是其中最为特别的一例,由于独特的地理环境特点,其除了具有普通的城市高架下"负空间"所具有的问题之外,还面临着可达性差,地形陡峭,消落带水位周期性大幅消涨等问题.但又正是这些地理环境特点使其具有独特的景观开发潜质,若以合理手法激活改造,便能"变负为正".本文深入探究其失落之因,从空间特质,区位优势以及市场趋势三方面分析其激活潜质,结合重庆市宏观的旅游现状,从活动多样性、易达性、整体性,以及时空灵活性四方面提出对应的激活策略,构造出一条区域联动的,独具"山城烟火气"的旅游走廊.

地域主义概念自提出以来,随时代发展不断经受着实践的检验,并衍生了丰富多元、扎根本土的地域建筑设计理论与方法.本文主要关注当代大型医院设计中,因功能性与时代性要求而与建筑在地性的矛盾,在以地域主义理论为指导的地域性建筑创作框架下,从自然环境、人文属性、建筑与环境的整体性3个方面出发,通过分析大型医院建筑功能技术和时代人文要求,并基于实例分析其对地形气候的适应途径、对历史文脉和时代性的回应方法以及与整体发展相融合的设计手段,梳理总结大型医院地域性表达的方向性策略.

The workload in the Infection Disease Nursing Unit (IDNU) is increasing dramatically due to COVID-19, and leads to the prevalence of fatigue among the frontline nurses, threatening their health, and safety. The built environment and design could fundamentally affect the fatigue of nurses for a long-term perspective. This article aims to extract the environmental factors of IDNU and explore nurses' perceptions of these factors on the work-related fatigue. It would produce evidences for mitigating the fatigue by environmental interferons. A cross-sectional design was employed by combination of focus group interview and written survey. Environmental factors of IDNU were collected from healthcare design experts ( n = 8). Nurses ( n = 64) with frontline COVID-19 experiences in IDNU were recruited to assess these factors individually. Four environmental factors were identified as: Nursing Distance (ND), Spatial Crowdness (SC), Natural Ventilation, and Light (NVL), and Spatial Privacy (SP). Among them, ND was considered as the most influential factor on the physical fatigue, while SP was on the psychological fatigue. Generally, these environmental factors were found to be more influential on the physical fatigue than the psychological fatigue. Technical titles were found to be associated with the nurses' perceptions of fatigue by these environmental factors. Nurse assistant and practical nurse were more likely to suffer from the physical fatigue by these factors than senior nurse. The result indicated that environmental factors of IDNU were associated with the nurses' fatigue, particularly on the physical aspect. Environmental interventions of design could be adopted to alleviate the fatigue by these factors such as reducing the ND and improving the spatial privacy. The accurate interventional measures should be applied to fit nurses' conditions due to their technical titles. More attention should be given to the low-ranking nurses, who account for the majority and are much vulnerable to the physical fatigue by environmental factors.

本文简单梳理了我国医疗机构中发热门诊建设发展的历史,总结了"非典"和"新冠"两次疫情中在我国现行医疗管理和建设体制下发热门诊规划与建设中出现的问题,从医疗体制、规划建设等方面提出了未来常态化疫情防控背景下我国发热门诊建设的策略性思考.

公共设施选址优化问题是数字技术在城市设计应用中的经典问题,一直以来受到关注.其中城市公共应急服务设施的合理选址和有效配置更是在紧急情况下关系到居民生命财产安全的关键因素之一.在突发事件下快速准确地提供应急服务设施的选址方案成为城市急需解决的问题.随着时空大数据技术的蓬勃发展,构建以多源城市数据为基础、多目标优化为导向的公共应急服务设施选址模型成为可能.本研究模拟重度传染病疫情下武汉市病患的救治需求,以城市方舱医院的应急选址布局为例,通过对城市数据的挖掘建立多源城市数据集,并基于此利用启发式算法,以最短服务距离、最短服务时间和最小设施点数为目标构建选址模型并生成选址方案.其结果与武汉市的实际布局方案比对验证了模型和算法的快速有效性,为解决城市突发事件中的应急服务设施优化配置的问题提供了思路.

基于院内感染(NI)对综合医院带来的新挑战,分析NI在综合医院的发生机制,明确空间环境的风险因子,提出其布局设计的优化策略和路径,旨在帮助设计师通过空间环境干预应对NI挑战,降低其对公众健康的危害.以综合医院为研究对象,通过交叉文献阅读明确了其NI发生过程及途径,空间环境影响NI的方式,构建了NI-空间环境机制框架;其次利用专家访谈方法等,分析了综合医院的NI风险影响因子,并进行风险度和优化度分析,将其归纳为功能布置、设施与材料、物理环境三个层面,最后从应对NI风险的角度提出了阻隔感染链条、遏制感染源和控制感染环境的布局设计优化策略.研究对于促进院内感染与建筑设计的交叉研究,指导后疫情时代医院建筑的设计有着显著意义.