İnsanın toplumsal varlığının bir ürünü olan dil, iç ve dış dünyanın tanınması, duygu ve düşüncelerin ifade edilmesinde ortak birtakım ilkelerden yararlanır. Bu ortak ilkelerden biri de sorudur. İnsanlar çevreyi ve kendini tanıma konusunda bir merak duygusuna sahiptir. Dış dünyaya ait bilgileri zihninde sınıflandırarak öğrenen insanoğlu bu sınıflandırma özelliğinin bir neticesi olarak dilde birtakım soru yapma stratejileri kullanır. Dünya üzerinde incelenen dillere göre yedi tip soru yapma stratejisi vardır ve diller bu stratejilerden birkaçını kullanır. Biz bu çalışmada Türkçede kullanılan soru yapma stratejilerini Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretimi açısından değerlendirmeye çalışacak ve özellikle sorunun biçimsel özellikleri üzerinde duracağız. Soru tek bir ünitede ele alınıp bitirebilecek bir konu değildir. Soru yapılabilmesi için dilin fonolojik, morfolojik ve semantik özelliklerinin de kavranmış olması gerekir. Kısacası soru, gramerin birçok alt dalıyla ilişki içerisindedir. Günümüzde Türkçe öğretmek amacıyla yazılmış birçok set bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak özellikle Türkçe öğretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılan dört set -Gazi Üniversitesi TÖMER Yabancılar İçin Türkçe, Yedi İklim, Yeni Hitit ve İstanbul Yabancılar İçin Türkçe Ders Kitabı- beyin araştırmaları ve evrensel dilbilimin verileri ışığında sorunun biçimsel özellikleri açısından değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Amacımız söz konusu alanlardaki verilerden yararlanarak Türkçe soru kategorisinin yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde nasıl ele alındığını ortaya koymak ve konuyla ilgili bazı öneriler sunmaktır.

Aliaga Bay is located on Aegean coast of Turkey and many industrial facilities such as shipbreaking, shipyards, petroleum refineries, the paper mills were placed around it. The scientific literature search has revealed that the chemical pollution of industrial origin is affecting the marine biota and human population directly or indirectly. Since many carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals have been accumulated in aquatic sediments it is of great importance to search and monitor their genotoxic potential considering the contamination of aquatic organisms and human beings. In the present study it has been aimed to detect the mutagenic effects of the sediments from 6 stations on Aliaga Bay using AMES's test with TA98 and TA 100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. According to the results, samples from the stations close to the shipbreaking shipyard were toxic and only the samples from St.3 and St.4 had values close to those for weak mutagenicity. As conclusion, Aliaga Bay is under influence of toxic and genotoxic pollution originating mainly from the shipbreaking and shipyards activities, wastewater of Aliaga Municipality and Aliaga Organized Industrial Zone and it is likely to experience greater environmental problems unless measures are taken to prevent it.

Our environment has been affected by increasing level of discharged organic and inorganic pollutants from anthropogenic sources. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are one of the important sources of pollution and they are major risks for the aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of PFOS on GST enzyme activities in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). For this purpose, mussels were exposed to six different PFOS concentrations and the effects were evaluated. PFOS has been caused to a statistically significant increase in GST activity in hepatopancreas in all experimental groups compared with the control group. In conclusion, it has been approved that GST which is a defense mechanism of organisms, can be a very useful tool to detect the toxic effects of pollutants.

Golcuk Golu (Bozdag-Izmir) turizm aktiviteleri, evsel ve tarimsal kaynaklar nedeniyle kirlenmektedir. Golcuk Golu’nun suyu tarimda sulama amacli kullanilmakta ve golden beslenme amaciyla balik avlandigi icin gol suyu, civarindaki halkin sagligini da olumsuz yonde etkilemektedir. Bu amacla, “OECD 201 Algal Buyume Inhibisyon Testi” kisa zamanli phytotoxicity test yontemi icin standart bir test protokoludur ve yesil alglerden olan Desmodesmus dimorphus kulturu birinci trofik seviye temsilcisi olarak degerlendirilmektedir. Bu test, golden daha onceden belirlenmis 5 ornekleme yerinden toplanan sediment orneklerinin toksisitesini degerlendirmek icin kullanildi. Sediment orneklerinin ekstraktlari dort farkli konsantrasyonda (20, 40, 100 ve 200 mg/ml) test edildiler. Desmodesmus dimorphus’ un buyumesi uzerindeki etkiler, sayma kamarasi Neubauer hemositometre ile isik mikroskopu altinda hucre sayimi yapilarak degerlendirilmistir. Sonuclara gore, 3 numarali istasyon disinda tum sediment ekstraktlari artan konsantrasyona bagli olarak Desmodesmus dimorphus buyumesini engellemistir ve bu istasyonlar sirasiyla 2u003e5u003e4u003e1 nolu istasyonlardir. Ayrica 3 nolu istasyonda zamana ve konsantrasyona bagli olarak alg sayisinda artis (hormesis) gozlenmistir.

The pollution problems in aquatic environment is getting serious in many closed or semi-closed bays in most of the countries. Aliaga Bay (Izmir, Turkey) is one of the contaminated area by domestic and several industrial facilities. For this reason, the toxic effects of the samples which were collected from six stations, diluted up to 10(-1) to 10(-3) ml in habitual sea water were determined as embryo development of Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. According to sea urchin embryotoxicity results all water and sediment samples of Aliaga Bay assessed as toxic. EC50 of water was 9.348 and 123.7 ml/L for P. lividus and A. lixula and EC50 of sediment was 2.216 and 203.37 mg/L for P. lividus and A. lixula at Station 3. In conclusion, the present investigation has pointed out a clear response of embryo bioassays of sea urchins may be good method to evaluate the toxicity of contaminated environmental samples.

Gölcük Lake (Bozdağ-İzmir) is polluted by the touristic activities and agricultural and domestic sources. Gölcük Lake also adversely impacts human health as the lake water is used for irrigation in agriculture, and the fish caught from the lake is used for nutrition by the community around it. For this purpose, “OECD 201 Algal Growth Inhibition Test”, the standard test protocol was evaluated with cultures of green algae Desmodesmus dimorphus as the representative of the first trophic level. This test was used to assess the toxicity of sediment samples collected from five sampling sites in Gölcük Lake. Extracts of sediment samples were assayed in four different concentrations (20, 40, 100, and 200 mg/ml). The effects on the growth of D. dimorphus were examined by scoring cell numbers under the light microscope with a Neubauer haemocytometer counting chamber. According to the results, all extracts, except those from Station 3, inhibited growth of D. dimorphus in increasing concentrations of sediment samples, and inhibition was observed in the following order of stations: 2>5>4>1. Additionally, an increase in the number of algae (hormesis) was observed in the Station 3, depending on time and concentrations.

Bisfenol-A (BPA), cesitli uygulamalar icin sentezlenen onemli endustriyel kimyasallardan biridir. En son calismalara gore sanayinin bircok alaninda yaygin kullanimi nedeniyle BPA’ nin cevresel konsantrasyonlari yuksek risk duzeyinde bulunmaktadir. BPA’ nin Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) uzerine genotoksisitesinin belirlendigi calisma bulunmamaktadir. Mikronukleus denemeleri, interfaz hucrelerin sitoplazmasinda ki DNA parcaciklarinin degisimine neden olan kimyasallarin ve kirliligin belirlenmesinde kullanilan mutajenite test sistemidir. Bu amacla, micronukleus (MN) ve diger cekirdek anormallikleri (nuklear bud, binukleus, apoptatcik cekirdek) incelenmistir. Midyeler BPA’ nin (12.5-100 µg-BPA/L) artan konsantrasyonlari semi-statik labaratuvar sartlarinda maruz birakilmislardir. Calismanin sonuclarina gore; BPA’ nin tum konsantrasyonlari genotoxic hasari arttirmakta ve ‰ 11, 33 to ‰ 37, 35 MN olusumuna neden oldugu gozlenmistir. Bu nedenle, MN testi ile BPA’ nin DNA duzeyinde, M. galloprovincialis ' in hucreleri etkileyip etkilemedigini belirlenmeye calisilmistir.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of different flowable composite resins placed in different configuration factors (C-factors) into Class I cavities.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Fifty freshly extracted human molars were divided into 10 groups. Five different composite resins; a universal flowable composite (AeliteFlo, BISCO), two highly filled flowable composites (GrandioSO Flow, VOCO; GrandioSO Heavy Flow, VOCO), a bulk-fill flowable composite (smart dentin replacement [SDR], Dentsply), and a conventional paste-like composite (Filtek Supreme XT, 3M ESPE) were placed into Class I cavities (4 mm deep) with 1 mm or 2 mm layers. Restored teeth were sectioned vertically with a slow-speed diamond saw (Isomet 1000, Buehler) and four micro-specimens (1 mm × 1 mm) were obtained from each tooth (n = 20). Specimens were subjected to μTBS test. Data were recorded and statistically analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. Fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope.RESULTS:The μTBS in SDR-1 mm were higher than other groups, where Filtek Supreme XT-2 mm and GrandioSO Flow-2 mm were lower. No significant differences were found between C-factors for any composite resin (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION:Bulk-fill flowable composite provided more satisfactory μTBS than others. Different C-factors did not affect mean μTBS of the materials tested.

Bisphenol a (BPA) have generated concern because of to their high production and widespread use. BPA is used to make polycarbonate, epoxy resin production and specialty resins and in the manufacture of flame retardants. It is well-known that a wide variety of man-made chemicals in the environment is capable of adversely affecting aquatic organisms. Damage caused on the DNA by genotoxic pollutants is the first consequence occurring in the aquatic organisms. Micronuclei tests is a system of mutagenicity testing used for determining the pollution and chemicals causing changes in DNA fragments such as micronuclei. Sea urchins are to be good applicants for being selected as marine target macroinvertebrates and useful test species in ecotoxicology. For this purpose, the experiment was carried out using a sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos. The sea urchin embryos were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPA (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mu g-BPA/L) under static conditions in the laboratory. According to the results of the study, it is revealed that all concentrations of BPA increases the genotoxic damage by the means of increasing micronucleus frequency.

Pharmaceutically active compounds have attracted great attention last decades because of their potential environmental affects. Beside the expected impacts, depends on the concentrations of pharmaceuticals, unexpected side effects also can be occurred. In our study the effects of Atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol and nadolol are being investigated by embryos of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus which is one of important member of aquatic ecosystems. According to our results the EC50 values of embryotoxicity are 0,232 mg/l for Propranolol; 9,32 mg/l for Metoprolol, 33,802 mg/l for Atenolol and 53,08mg/l for Nadolol. Also we detect some chromosomal abnormality like mitotic bridge and scattered formations. According to the results, we can have concluded that beta blockers have effects on embryonic development of sea urchin and these effects can be seen on embryonic stages, larval development and cytotoxic level.

The aim of this paper was to assess the biological damages in fish caused by various mutagenic agents present in polluted waters of Aliağa Bay. For this purpose, micronuclei (MN) test was performed using peripheral erythrocytes and gill cells of different fish specimens caught from both polluted and relatively clean sites from Aliağa Bay (Turkey). Micronuclei tests is a system of mutagenicity testing used for determining changes in DNA fragments such as micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells caused by the pollution and chemicals in the environment. Thus, it was attempted to determine whether pollution affected the erythrocytes and gills of fish living in Aliağa Bay at the level of DNA by the means of micronuclei (MN) test. According to the results of present study, frequency of MN was found at high level in polluted site. In conclusion, this study indicates that the micronuclei test gives sensitive results in monitoring the pollution, especially the pollution of harbor, and thus it might be used as standard method in regularly monitoring pollution of coastal ecosystem.

Dış kök rezorpsiyonu (DKR), çeşitli mekanik ve kimyasal uyarıları takiben meydana gelen patolojik bir süreç olup, kök yapısının yıkımı ve genellikle geri dönüşümsüz kaybıdır. DKR'nin kesin nedeni tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, oluşması için koruyucu dokuların mekanik ya da kimyasal olarak zarar görmesi ve inflamasyon veya basınçla uyarılması gerektiği kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, 36 yaşındaki bir erkek olguda üst çene sağ santral dişin kron ve kök 1/3 koronal bölgesini içine alan DKR'nin tedavisi sunulmuştur. Kanal tedavisini takiben mukoperiosteal flep kaldırılmış ve kök yüzeyindeki rezorpsiyon bölgesi cam iyonomer siman ile kapatılmıştır. Krondaki defekt ise kompozit rezin ile restore edilmiştir. Klinik ve radyolojik incelemelerde 18 ve 24 aylık izlemler sonucunda dişin asemptomatik olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Dil, bireyin kimlik olusumunu saglayan en onemli aractir. Bireyin dil edinimi, dilin gunluk hayatta, her alanda etkin bir sekilde kullanilmasina bagli olarak dogal bir surec icerisinde gerceklesir. Yurt disinda yasayan gocmen Turk cocuklari, ana dillerini ogrenmek ve etkin bir sekilde kullanmak icin ana vatandaki cocuklardan daha cok caba gostermek zorundadir. Gocmen cocuklar –evde aileleri ile etkin bir sekilde ana dillerini kullansalar bile- baskin toplum diliyle egitim almaya basladiklarinda, bu cocuklarin iki dil arasindaki yetenekleri ve yeterlilikleri degismeye baslayacaktir. Bunyesindeki etnik gruplarin cesitliligi ile gurur duyan Avustralya; etnik gruplarin dillerini, kulturlerini ogrenmeleri ve devam ettirmeleri icin okullarinda haftanin belirli saatlerinde, Cok Kulturlu Egitim politikasi uygulayarak onlara ana dillerini ogrenme firsati sunmaktadir. Ancak bu ulkede yasayan iki dilli Turk ogrenciler, bazi seviyelerde, Avustralya mufredatina ve dil olcutlerine gore hazirlanmis kaynaklardan yoksundur. Suphesiz ki derslerde kullanilan kaynaklarin icerikleri ve hazirlanma sekilleri, ogrencilerin dil egitiminde oldukca onemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu makalede, Avustralya’nin Melbourne sehrinde 10. sinif duzeyinde Turkce egitim alan ogrencilere, Turkce seviyelerini, yeterliliklerini, Turkceye yaklasim tarzlari ve ilgilerini belirlemek amaci ile uygulanan anketin sonuclari degerlendirilecek, bu seviyede Turkceyi ana dil konusurlarina ogretmek uzere hazirlanacak kitabin iceriginde neler olmasi gerektigi ile ilgili bilgiler verilecek ve Avustralya mufredatina uygun olarak oneriler sunulmaya calisilacaktir

çocukların sosyalleşme sürecinin ilk aşamasını temsil etmektedir.Çok kültürlü toplumlarda yaşayan göçmen çocuklarının sosyalleşmesi, kimlik ve kişilik kazanması ana dile gösterilen özenle doğrudan bağlantılıdır