Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. Although previous studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations, they have suffered from small sample sizes and a lack of linguistic and cultural diversity. In this Registered Report, we measured the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across 19 languages (N = 25,163 participants analyzed) by creating the largest available database of semantic priming values based on an adaptive sampling procedure. We found evidence for semantic priming in terms of differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions. Model comparisons showed that inclusion of a random intercept for language improved model fit, providing support for variability in semantic priming across languages. This study highlights the robustness and variability of semantic priming across languages and provides a rich, linguistically diverse dataset for further analysis.

According to the justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge, people can truly know something only if they have a belief that is both justified and true (i.e., knowledge is JTB). This account was challenged by Gettier, who argued that JTB does not explain knowledge attributions in certain situations, later called "Gettier-type cases," wherein protagonists are justified in believing something to be true, but their belief was correct only because of luck. Laypeople may not attribute knowledge to protagonists with justified but only luckily true beliefs. Although some research has found evidence for these so-called Gettier intuitions, Turri et al. found no evidence that participants attributed knowledge in a counterfeit-object Gettier-type case differently than in a matched case of JTB. In a large-scale, cross-cultural conceptual replication of Turri and colleagues' Experiment 1 (N = 4,724) using a within-participants design and three vignettes across 19 geopolitical regions, we did find evidence for Gettier intuitions; participants were 1.86 times more likely to attribute knowledge to protagonists in standard cases of JTB than to protagonists in Gettier-type cases. These results suggest that Gettier intuitions may be detectable across different scenarios and cultural contexts. However, the size of the Gettier intuition effect did vary by vignette, and the Turri et al. vignette produced the smallest effect, which was similar in size to that observed in the original study. Differences across vignettes suggest that epistemic intuitions may also depend on contextual factors unrelated to the criteria of knowledge, such as the characteristics of the protagonist being evaluated.

The purpose of this study is to empirically establish which effects the facets of servant leadership have on the facets of commitment to supervisor and which effect the facets of commitment to supervisor have on the facets of organizational commitment. To this end, we conducted a survey with 1,756 participants, who roughly represent the German workforce by gender and age, to measure organizational commitment, commitment to supervisor and servant leadership. To test the relationship between the facets of the examined constructs, we analyzed our data using partial least squares path modeling. Our results indicate that commitment to supervisor serves as a relevant, but not the only, antecedent of organizational commitment. Furthermore, our results indicate that affective and normative commitment to supervisor is relatively strongly affected by the servant leadership facets empowerment and stewardship, relatively moderately by forgiveness, authenticity and humility, and relatively weakly by standing back and accountability. Organizations are advised to prioritize the afore-mentioned facets of servant leadership in a corresponding order when selecting and developing managers as servant leaders. The results and findings of our study provide rather comprehensive insights in the complex relationships of organizational commitment, commitment to supervisor and servant leadership, which can serve as a basis for further research and assist the managerial practice.

Do people in different societies experience morality differently in everyday life? Using experience sampling methods, we investigate everyday moral experiences in a sample from 20 countries across 6 continents, thereby replicating and extending a large-scale study originally conducted in the United States and Canada. We aim to replicate key findings about the kinds of moral experiences people have, the relationship between such experiences and religious or political affiliation, how such experiences affect momentary feelings, and how such experiences influence moral behavior. An international sample enables us to assess the generalizability of these findings across different socio-cultural contexts.

Cultural logic is a set of cultural scripts and patterns organized around a central theme. The cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face describe different ways of evaluating a person’s worth and maintaining cooperation. These cultural logics vary in prevalence across cultures. In this study, we collaboratively develop and validate a measure capturing these cultural logics, which will allow us to map world cultures based on the prevalence of these logics. We will further explore the interrelations of dignity, honor, and face with prosocial behavior, values, moral beliefs, and religiosity as well as examine the generalizability of these relationships across cultures. Finally, we will explore historical antecedents (e.g., resource scarcity) and current correlates (e.g., inequality) of the country-level prevalence of these cultural logics. This study will generate a new dataset of country scores for dignity, honor, and face that will be available for future comparative research. It will also provide theoretical insights for researchers and practitioners interested in cooperation and social behavior within and between cultures.

According to Justified True Belief Theory, a person can be said to know something if they arrive at true beliefs for justifiable reasons. Philosophers now mostly agree, however, that this account is inadequate because it fails to capture instances in which people arrive at true beliefs for reasons that, while justifiable, are not the real reasons why the belief is true (i.e., people sometimes get lucky). But when ordinary perceivers attribute knowledge, do they really distinguish between being right for the right reasons and being right because one “just got lucky”? Thus far, empirical work on this question has been mixed. And, in focusing almost exclusively on perceivers’ (lack of) sensitivity to the particular reasons underlying a person’s belief, this work has not yet examined the potential impact of additional aspects of perceiver’s beliefs about a protagonist on the process of knowledge attribution. In this preregistered, multi-site study, we contribute to this literature by replicating and extending the influential work of Turri et al. (2015). Our results showed that participants did attribute knowledge more readily to protagonists who were right for the right reasons than to protagonists who were right because they got lucky. Further, this tendency held regardless of the protagonist’s level of expertise about the domain of knowledge in question, suggesting that logical considerations about the reasons underlying a protagonist’s beliefs may override at least some category-based beliefs about the protagonist.

The German food retail market is highly saturated and concentrated. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic led to some changes in eating and grocery shopping behaviours. In such conditions, food retailers need to understand the customers’ expectations and how best to fulfil them as well as respective changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we examined the aforementioned aspects in two studies, which represent the German population by gender and age, in 2019 and 2022. The results reveal that the customers’ evaluation of several performance elements of food retailers have significantly but not substantially changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These performance elements should be analysed in more detail and monitored closely. Essentially, food retailers are advised to primarily focus on securing the quality of their core business, such as their location appeal and product range, whilst improving the quality of “secondary” performance categories, like services and communication, to provide their customers with added value.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data.

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e. a controlling message) compared to no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly-internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared to the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly-internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing: Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.

The study investigated the influence of resilience and dispositional optimism on, first, emotional distress and, second, the intention to self-isolate, experienced by people with a lower and higher illness risk, during the lockdown imposed in Spain during the first COVID-19 wave. These effects were investigated against the background of the Health Belief Model (HBM). A convenience sample of N = 325 participants completed an online survey including an ad-hoc questionnaire measuring the HBM core factors: Perceived health threat (susceptibility and severity of getting infected), and perceived quarantine benefits and costs. Self-efficacy and perceived social pressure were also measured. Based on reviews regarding pandemic outbreaks, quarantine benefits were conceptualized as the perceived effectiveness and solidary contribution of self-isolating in line with the quarantine protocols. Quarantine "psychosocial" costs were conceptualized as a composite of perceived boredom, loneliness, and economic concerns. Findings revealed an asymmetrical pattern of results so that (i) people at higher risk were more distressed by the perceived severity of getting infected whereas people at lower risk were more distressed by the psychosocial costs. Moreover, (ii) resilience and optimism were more "protective" against distress within the lower and higher risk groups, respectively. In addition, (iii) quarantine benefits and self-efficacy promoted the intention to self-isolate within both groups. However, (iv) optimism hindered such intention. This finding is discussed in the light of links between dispositional optimism and optimistic bias; the underestimation of experiencing negative events, which can relax the perceived health risk. Based on these findings, communication campaigns should prioritize information about the effectiveness of the implemented preventive behaviors rather than the costs of not implementing them, and be cautionary in encouraging excessive optimism.

Der E-Commerce und damit auch Online-Shops werden auch für Unternehmen, die bisher nur in der „analogen Welt“ aktiv waren, immer relevanter. Um insbesondere diesen Unternehmen Ansatzpunkte für den erfolgreichen Aufbau und die nachhaltige Pflege von Online-Shops zu geben, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht, welche Elemente des Handelsmarketings aus der „analogen Welt“ auf Online-Shops übertragen werden können und welche „originär digitalen“ Qualitätseigenschaften von Online-Shops notwendig sind. Kern der vorliegenden Forschung ist eine empirische Untersuchung, aus der hervorgeht, dass die analoge Realtransformation als notwendige Bedingung sowie die Website und die digitale Vermittlungsleistung als hinreichende Bedingungen für die Kundenzufriedenheit und Kundenbindung bei Online-Shops verstanden werden können.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1 This Registered Report presents evidence from 87 countries and regions showing that brief emotion-regulation interventions consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Restrictions on outdoor activities, tips for hygiene, and tips for mental health are among the most common initiatives to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. These measures aim to protect people's health and, at the same time, impact their social lives. So far, it is little known how people evaluate those anti-Corona measures with regard to their social spheres (close family, wider family and friends, colleagues, and society). Furthermore, it is plausible that the subjective evaluation of attitudinal objects and especially severe events, like the COVID-19 pandemic and the related counter-measures, is multidimensional. Against this background, we combine the social spheres with the elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior. On the methodological basis of the Means-End Theory of Complex Cognitive Structures, we determine the perceived relevance and quality of the attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and social spheres regarding anti-Corona measures. Furthermore, the applied methodology allows the deduction of norm strategies to define the priority of securing or increasing the effectiveness of elements of anti-Corona measures. Based on the answers of 663 participants, we found that the protection from COVID-19 and its consequences (attitude) are more important to people than the practicability of anti-Corona measures in their social lives (perceived behavioral control), which, again, has a higher subjective relevance than the willingness to fulfill the expectations of others (subjective norm). Additionally, people distinguish between their close family (higher subjective relevance) and their other social spheres (lower subjective relevance). The people attribute the highest quality to the tips on hygiene, followed by the restrictions on outdoor activities and the tips for mental health. The protection and practicability of the anti-Corona measures have higher quality ratings than the willingness to fulfill the expectations of others. Based on the norm strategies, policymakers should secure the effectiveness of the current anti-Corona measures with a high priority by focusing on the protection and practicability with regard to close and wider family and friends. Increasing the effectiveness of the protection and practicability of anti-Corona measures in work and society also has a high priority. Focusing on the subjective norm should be of lower priority.

Research objectives Against the background of a grown competition, amongst others by online pharmacies, and the health care ethics of local pharmacies, this research aims to evaluate the customer expectations and their fulfilment by local pharmacies. On this basis, local pharmacies are provided with options of customer-oriented optimisation.Method The basis for the empirical research is a hierarchical model of evaluating pharmacies, consisting of three levels: the pharmacy as a whole, the services of a pharmacy and the particular quality attributes of a pharmacy. The Means-End Theory of Complex Cognitive Structures is used to measure the expectations and their fulfilment with 293 customers of pharmacies.Results The customers rate the "classic" services of a pharmacy, distribution of pharmaceuticals and advisory, higher than extra services. Pharmacies fulfil the customer expectations on the "classic" services, except online ordering, to around 70 %. The pharmacies fulfil the customer expectations towards extra services with less than 50 %.Conclusion On the basis of the empirical findings, pharmacies should firstly focus on their core business to secure and enhance the quality of the distribution of pharmaceuticals and the advisory of customers. Of second priority is the build-up of high quality extra services.

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Vor dem Hintergrund eines gewachsenen Konkurrenzdrucks durch Drogerien und Online-Apotheken und der heilberuflichen Verpflichtung von stationären Apotheken ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung, die Kundenerwartungen und deren Erfüllung differenziert abzubilden, um daraus Optimierungsansätze für Apotheken zu entwickeln. Methodik Die inhaltliche Grundlage für die Studie bildet ein hierarchisches Beurteilungsmodell von Apotheken, das aus den Ebenen Apotheke insgesamt, Apothekenleistungen und Qualitätseigenschaften von Apotheken besteht. Zur Messung wird die Means-End Theory of Complex Cognitive Structures herangezogen. Es wurden 293 Apothekenkunden befragt. Ergebnisse Den Kunden sind die „klassischen“ Apothekenleistungen Arzneimitteldistribution und Beratung, und die damit zusammenhängenden Qualitätseigenschaften wichtiger als Extra-Services. Die stationären Apotheken erfüllen die Erwartungen der Kunden in den beiden erstgenannten Bereichen mit Ausnahme der Online-Bestellfunktion zu ca. 70 %, wohingegen die Extra-Services eine Erwartungserfüllung von unter 50 % erreichen. Schlussfolgerungen Auf der Grundlage der empirischen Ergebnisse sollten sich stationäre Apotheken als erstes auf ihre Kernaufgaben konzentrieren und die Qualität der Arzneimitteldistribution und Kundenberatung sichern und ausbauen. Mit zweiter Priorität sollte die Qualität der Extra-Services aufgebaut werden.