One of the main active components of broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was polysaccharide (BGSPP), but the extraction time was long, and the yield was low at present. Therefore, the extraction and activity of BGSPP were studied in this paper. Microwave-assisted extraction of BGSPP was designed by single factor experiment combined with a response surface methodology. Scanning electron microscopy and the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China method were used to examine the morphological characteristics and solubility of BGSPP, respectively. The monosaccharide composition of BGSPP was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its activities were antioxidant and hypouricemic in vitro. The results of the optimum conditions of BGSPP were temperature of 90°C, power of 400 W, time of 16 min, liquid-solid ratio of 20:1 mL/g, and extracted twice. The extraction yield, purity, and solubility were 2.57 ± 0.03%, 59.63 ± 0.11%, and 37.13 ± 0.20 mg/mL, respectively. The BGSPP extracted by the two methods had the same composition, but the molar percentages of its composition differed. The IC50 values of DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radicals were 1.31 ± 0.02 mg/mL, 0.75 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 5.30 ± 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value of hypouricemic activity was 14.05 ± 0.11 mg/mL. The extraction yield, solubility and activities were better than those of hot reflux extraction. In conclusion, the extraction process is stable and efficient has been found to have a hypouricemic activity, which provides a scientific basis for the development and utilization of BGSPP.

Ganoderma lucidum has a strong bitter taste, which limits its acceptance by consumers. This study focuses on the development of a convenient, delicious, and patient-suitable product utilizing G. lucidum granules (GLG). G. lucidum was extracted via the hot water reflux method to obtain the extract (GLE). Chemometrics were used to analyze the flavor differences among different formulations and the correlations between taste indicators and antioxidant activity. The optimal formulation was determined to consist of 10.26% GLE, 28.2% pregelatinized starch, 51.28% β-cyclodextrin, and 10.26% stevia, which significantly improved the taste properties. Its solubility was 12.6 g/100 mL water, exhibiting excellent solubility. IC50 value for ABTS free radical scavenging activity was 2.06 ± 0.045 mg/mL. The electronic tongue data combined with chemometrics indicated that the flavor characteristics of GLE were the key differentiating factor. The aftertaste bitterness was highly correlated with antioxidant activity. Umami was positively correlated with bitterness and astringency, and negatively correlated with saltiness and aftertaste astringency, suggesting that the excipients cooperatively improved the taste balance. The electronic tongue offers a taste research method, and the formulation presents a novel strategy for the development of functional G. lucidum food products.

This study was for the preparation of bioactive non-starch polysaccharides from nutmeg (NEP), addressing the high content of lipids and starch in nutmeg. First, lipids were removed by 3 times defatted with petroleum ether. Then, the optimal extraction process was 170 min at 82 °C with a liquid solid ratio of 15: 1 mL/g. Finally, the removal of starch was confirmed through enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, supported by I2-KI reagent, HPLC, and IR analysis. The yield of NEP was 3.09 %. Compared with non-enzymatic hydrolysis polysaccharides (NNP), total sugar and uronic acid contents were increased by 13.8 % and 18.5 %, respectively. The molecular weight decreased from 1.031 × 106 to 6.31 × 105 Da, exhibiting a porous sheet-like morphology and β-glycosidic bonds. NEP had superior activity, with an IC50 value of 0.47 mg/mL for ABTS radical scavenging, compared to 1.20 mg/mL for NNP, and its total reducing capacity was nearly double that of NNP. 100 μg/mL of NEP stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages to release 12.14 μM of nitric oxide, exceeding the 9.13 μM induced by lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate the antioxidant and immunomodulatory efficacy of NEP, highlighting its potential as an active ingredient in foods or pharmaceuticals.

Objective: This study evaluated three extraction techniques-microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE) -for recovering bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum spores, with a focus on polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and proteins. Comparative analysis demonstrated significant differences in extraction efficiency: MAE yielded the highest polysaccharide (0.77% ± 0.02%) and protein (4.93% ± 0.03%) content, while UAE showed superior triterpenoid extraction 10.82 ± 0.38%, attributed to its cavitation-enhanced cell disruption. Notably, MAE extracts exhibited IC50 value of the most potent antioxidant activity was 1.13 mg/mL for ABTS scavenging, suggesting better preservation of thermosensitive antioxidants. In contrast, HRE underperformed in both yield and bioactivity. These findings provide critical insights for process selection in industrial applications-MAE for antioxidant-rich formulations and UAE for triterpenoid concentrates-hile highlighting the need for tailored extraction protocols optimized at the material to maximize the nutraceutical potential of Ganoderma lucidum resources.

Objective: To refine the water extraction procedure of Dictamnus dasycarpus turcz (DDT) and systematically assess its antioxidant capabilities, with a view to identifying high molecular weight materials applicable in cosmetic formulations. Methods: In the extraction process optimization, single - factor and response surface experiments were conducted. The liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction duration, temperature and frequency were the single - factor variables, with polysaccharide yield as the evaluation index. The water extract's in - vitro antioxidant capacity was determined by assessing its DPPH and ABTS free - radical - scavenging effects. Results: The refined extraction parameters included a liquid - to - solid ratio of 30:1 (mL/g), a 2 - hour extraction duration at 81 °C, and a two - cycle extraction process, achieving a polysaccharide extraction efficiency of 44.74 ± 1.3%. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the DDT extract demonstrated IC50 values of 7.56 mg/mL for DPPH and 4.72 mg/mL for ABTS radical scavenging, indicating its significant free - radical - neutralizing ability. Conclusion: The optimized water extraction process for DDT was established, and its water extract was confirmed to have good antioxidant capacity, providing a reference for the rational development of DDT in the field of skincare and the in-depth study of its combination with high molecular weight materials.

The total flavonoids of Cannabis sativa L. were selected as the research object, and the extraction process of C. sativa L. was optimized on the basis of a single factor experiment utilizing a five-factor, three-level response surface method. Subsequently, the vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the flavonoids were evaluated. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: ratio of liquid to solid, 24.69:1 mL/g; soaking time, 102.12 min; extraction time, 165.96 min; ethanol concentration, 46.59%; extraction temperature, 86.87 °C. The extraction rate of C. sativa L. flavonoids (CSF) was found to be 5.51 ± 0.04 mg/g. The extraction of crude flavonoid (i.e., flavonoids extracted under the optimal extraction process) was conducted using four solvents, resulting in five C. sativa L. flavonoid extracts (petroleum ether, CSFp; n-butanol, CSFb; ethyl acetate, CSFe; aqueous phase, CSFw; and crude flavonoid, CSF). CSF contains 10 flavonoid components. In vitro, all five CSF samples demonstrated good total reducing power, effective scavenging capacity against DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, and pronounced inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to evaluate the five CSF samples in terms of antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that petroleum-ether-extracted C. sativa L. flavonoids (CSFp) exhibited the most pronounced antibacterial and antioxidant effects.

Background. Cereal products have significant health benefits, and current research on them has focused on formulation processes and functionality. However, studies on the bioavailability and potential functional activities using digestive modeling combined with chemometrics have not been reported. Materials and methods. The bioaccessibility of the composite cereal meal replacement (CCMR) was evaluated by establishing the in vitro digestive model, using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), in combination with chemometric methods such as dual indicator sequence analysis (DISA) and Pearson correlation analysis; potential functionality assessments included in vitro hypoglycemic potential, glycemic index (eGI) value, and predicted duration of satiety in humans. Results. The total digestibility of CCMR was 51.34 +/- 0.52%, with significant characteristics of variation in FESEM, FTIR and DISA before and after digestion; the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of CCMR were increased (p < 0.05) after digestion; the inhibition rate of alpha-amylase was 7.95 +/- 0.21%, alpha-glucosidase was 9.95 +/- 0.34%, eGI was 45.10 +/- 0.52, and the duration of satiety was 3.50 +/- 0.25 h. Conclusion. CCMR can be used as a low GI food for weight loss, diabetic patients and special medical population, the paper can enrich and extend the methodology for evaluation of cereal products by using digestive modeling, FESEM, FTIR and chemometrics methods.

Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju peel essential oil (CrspEo), with three major components D-limonene (88.15%), γ-terpinene (4.59%) and β-myrcene (2.62%), possessed antioxidant activities with DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging with the IC50 (concentration of CrspEo scavenging 50% of radical) of 9.87±0.12% and 0.48±0.02%, respectively. Meanwhile, CrspEo showed antimicrobial activity in suppressing the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in the range of 0.04-0.32%. To investigate the preservation performance of CrspEo in chilled pork stored at 4°C, the CrspEo, in the concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 1% (v/v) [denoted as BC, LC, and HC, respectively], were used to treat the chilled pork, which was controlled with 5 mg/mL sodium benzoate solution (PC). The CrspEo treatments showed lower pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, percentage of metmyoglobin, total volatile basic nitrogen, and the total viable count and higher protein solubility than the BC treatment during storage and were consistent with those obtained by the PC treatment. Yersinia ruckeri and Enterobacter agglomerans were identified in the chilled pork. Both of the two bacteria were sensitive to the CrspEo and the E. agglomerans is dominant in the spoilage of the pork samples. The sensory properties of chilled pork treated with CrspEo were not affected and the shelf-life of chilled pork can be extended by CrspEo from 6 days to 9 days. Hence, CrspEo could effectively retard the spoilage of chilled pork.

Ginseng is widely used all over the world for its unique properties. To evaluate ginseng quality, identifying differences from its origin is necessary. In this experiment, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), second-order derivative spectroscopy (SD-IR) with dual-index sequence analysis (DISA) and two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR-COS) were used to investigate the differences in ginseng from 10 origins. In the FTIR spectra, the absorption peaks of these 10 samples showed a certain amount of similarity. S3, S6, and S7 could be successfully distinguished from the other seven samples. In the SD-IR spectra, S3 and S6 had the highest proportion of common peaks at 86.7%, showing that their compositions and contents were more similar; in contrast, the proportion of variant peaks of the S1 and S8 was 90.9%, suggesting that they were more distantly related. Using auto peaks combined with Pearson correlation coefficient, the band 1800∼900 cm−1 with large differences among the 10 samples was selected for analysis. This study successfully identified ginseng of 10 samples using SD-IR spectra and 2D-IR-COS. These results are important references to the quality control and traceability of ginseng. They are also useful for the analysis of other herbs and natural products.

Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Add Paper to My Library Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL Copy DOI

To optimize the stir-frying process of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CRC), analyze the physical and chemical properties and evaluate the activity. The best process condition was stir-frying temperature 110 +/- 10 degrees C and time 25 min. The stir-frying Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (SCRC) induced notable changes in the appearance and microstructure, enhancing its aroma and mellowness, reducing water content, and no aflatoxin was detected. It increased total flavonoids content. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography fingerprints of SCRC and CRC showed 11 common peaks, seven compounds were identified by the retention time with the peak shapes of the Ultraviolet spectra. Through ABTS radical scavenging and alpha-glucosidase activity inhibition experiment, it was found that SCRC had stronger activity. The results of grey correlation analysis showed that peak 11 (tangeretin) was closely related to antioxidant activity, and peak 9 (nobiletin) was closely related to hypoglycemic activity. The analysis revealed that the components of antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects both overlapped and differed, suggesting a correlation between the two. The stir-frying process improved the product quality and activities and was conducive to its application and industrialization for simplicity and practicality, thus providing a scientific basis for natural plants to industrial products with the process technology.

Corn silk is the stigma and style of corn and is rich in polysaccharides. Despite the extensive research on its polysaccharides, the hemostatic characteristics of effective parts and the related activities remain insufficiently explored. Corn silk polysaccharide (CSP) was extracted with hot water and purified using a diethylaminoethyl cellulose membrane. Then, it was separated with sephadex G-150 to obtain five fractions. These fractions were investigated for their potential in hemostasis, antioxidant, immune response, and anti-lung cancer activities. CSP2, CSP-3, and CSP-4 significantly affected the coagulation indicators activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) at 125-500 mu g/mL. Corn silk flavonoids and saponins at 32.25 mu g/mL significantly prolonged APTT, TT, and prothrombin time (PT). CSP-2, with potent antioxidant ability, approaches Vitamin C. At 25 mu g/mL, CSPs nearly reached the phagocytosis of neutral red of lipopolysaccharides. The five fractions promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells at 25-800 mu g/mL and stimulated NO secretion at 25-100 mu g/mL. CSP-2 also showed an 86 % inhibition rate effect on A549 at 200 mu g/mL. These results indicate that CSP not only has hemostatic effects but also has immune and anti-lung cancer activities. Thus, it is a potential candidate compound with immune activity for managing bleeding in cancer.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. polysaccharide was optimized with flash extraction by response surface design. The optimum process conditions were: rotation rate 5000 r/min, extraction time 15 s, extraction temperature 90 °C and liquid-to-material ratio 38 mL/g, the extraction yield was 15.28±0.02 %. HRP-1 and HRP-2 obtained by 40 % and 60 % graded alcohol precipitation were characterized. The results indicated that HRP-1 and HRP-2 both composed of mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose with different molar ratio and the molecular weights were 380.59 kDa and 288.24 kDa, respectively. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant and immunoenhancement activities of HRP-1 and HRP-2 were analyzed, and the two fractions showed good free radical scavenging activity against ⋅OH, ABTS⋅+ , DPPH⋅, and extremely strong immunomodulatory activity against RAW264.7 cells. Indicating that flash extraction is suitable for extraction of HRP, the structural study of HRP provides a scientific theoretical basis for the development of Hippophae rhamnoides.

The polysaccharides from Sea buckthorn leaves (SBLPs) were extracted by hot water and purified by DEAE cellulose, then separated into six polysaccharides (SBLP-S) by DEAE-52 column. Six separated polysaccharides were characterized by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectrum, High Performance Liquid Chromatographic and Congo red analysis. The antioxidant activity and immunological activity were investigated in vitro. The results revealed that the monosaccharide composition of SBLP-S-1, SBLP-S-2, SBLP-S-3, SBLP-S-5 and SBLP-S-6 contained Man, GlcN, Rib, Rha, GluA, GalA, Glu, Gal, Xyl, Ara and Fuc, among them, rare glucosamine was found. And SBLP-S-4 contained all above components except GlcN and GluA. FT-IR showed that SBLP-S were sulfated polysaccharide containing uronic acid. Molecular weights of SBLP-S were 338.659, 401.305, 599.849, 393.904, 626.895 and 176.862 kDa. The Congo-red test indicated that SBLP-S-2, SBLP-S-4, SBLP-S-5, and SBLPS-6 had triple helix conformation. Crude polysaccharides had the strong scavenging activities on DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals and hydroxyl radicals. The six polysaccharides had the activity of immune stimulation on RAW264.7 cell. SBLP-S-2 promoted the phagocytosis best and SBLP-S-6 promoted the NO production best. The results suggested that SBLPs could be used as potential antioxidants and immunomodulatory agents in pharmaceutical and functional food fields.

Background. Maize is one of the traditional food crops with rich nutritional value and high dietary fiber con -tent, but the coarse taste of maize limits consumption. The purpose of this study was to develop a composite cereal meal replacement (CCMR) containing corn, rice, millet, skimmed milk powder and oats with good taste and uniform organization, along with a stabilizer formulation.Materials and methods. Corn, rice, and millet were purchased and ground. The formulation of the compos-ite cereal meal replacement was optimized by an orthogonal method based on sensory scores. The stabilizer formulation was optimized using a Response Surface Method (RSM) Box-Behnken model based on centrifu-gal sedimentation rate (CSR).Results. The results showed that the optimal raw material formulation for the CCMR was 55% corn, 10% rice, 10% millet, 5% skimmed milk powder, and 15% oats, with a sucralose addition amount of 0.009% and an optimal composite stabilizer formulation of 1.5% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), 0.6% sodium car-boxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 0.6% carrageenan, 0.4% xanthan gum, 2% mono-and di-glycerol of fatty acids (MFA) and 0.2% calcium hydrogen phosphate. The formulation showed the lowest CSR, the best stability and the highest CCMR sensory score. The soluble solids content was 7.466 g/100 g, the dietary fiber content was 0.378 g/100 g, the pH was 6.41, and the reducing sugar content was 2.6493 mg/g. An accelerated stability experiment predicted that the storage time of the CCMR at 20celcius was 142-155 days.Conclusion. The combination of meal replacement and cereal supports people's pursuit of nutrition and health while achieving low-fat satiety and improving quality of life, and therefore has great market potential.

This study aims to optimize the processing of Myristica fragrans Houtt. by talcum powder simmering using single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the overall desirability values of dehydrodiisoeugenol and essential oils content were selected as indicators of the process. The new process reduced the total content of the three toxic components, namely myristicin, safrole and elemicin, from 1.91% to 1.16% before and after processing, indicating that the toxic components were reduced by 39%. The IC50 of the essential oils before and after processing were 1.002 ± 0.05 and 0.233 ± 0.05 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and 0.132 ± 0.04 and 0.057 ± 0.05 mg/mL for ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. And the absorbance of the antioxidant activity against Ferric reducing power ranged from 0.213 to 0.709 and from 0.225 to 0.755, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli were all lower after processing than before. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the essential oils after processing were better than before. The results of the survival of zebrafish embryos at different concentrations of essential oils at 0–168 h post fertilisation were higher after processing than before. These findings suggest that processing plays the role of reducing toxicity and increasing beneficial effects. They provide a scientific basis not only for the processing of M. fragrans, but also for the processing of other foods.

Unconventional polysaccharides as representative active substances from stems of Trollius chinensis Bunge (TC) were studied. Crude polysaccharides from the stems of TC (TCSP) and the petals of TC (TCPP) were extracted, and the moisture retention and antioxidation activities of both TCSP and TCPP in vitro were studied. The weight-average molar masses (Mw) of TCSP (6.07 × 105 Da) were lower than those of TCPP (9.72 × 105 Da). Glucuronic acid and xylose only existed in TCSP, and the molar ratio of galacturonic acid and mannose in TCSP was significantly higher than that in TCPP. No significant differences in moisture retention ability were found between TCSP and TCPP. The reducing capacity and dphenyl picryl hydrazinyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of TCSP were slightly weaker than those of TCPP. The 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity of TCSP can be equivalent to that of TCPP. The moisture retention ability was not different between TCSP and TCPP, which are both highly homologous with traditional humectants. The antioxidation assays in vitro demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of TCSP is stronger compared to that of some plant-derived polysaccharides. The stems of TC can be a promising source of unconventional polysaccharides, which possess moisture retention and antioxidation capacities for the cosmetics industry.

The biosynthesis of polyene macrolides, which are natural products produced by soil actinomycetes, have been extensively explored, and recent studies have focused on the effects of post–polyketide synthase (PKS) modifications to polyene macrolides on toxicity, water solubility, and antifungal activity. For example, there are interactions between glycosyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl or epoxy groups generated in the post-PKS modification steps; salt bridges will be formed between carboxylate and ammonium on the mycosamine; and water bridges will be formed between hydroxy and hydroxyl on mycosamine. These interactions will affect their water solubility and substrate-recognition specificity. This review summarizes research related to these post-PKS modification groups and discusses some genetic engineering operation problems and solutions that may be encountered when modifying these post-PKS modification groups. In addition, this review provides a basis for the structural research of polyene macrolide antibiotics and contributes to comprehensive and systematic knowledge, and it may thus encourage researchers to develop novel antifungal drugs with higher therapeutic indexes and medical values.