This study examines risky decision-making in a free-ranging population of Balinese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis), addressing gaps in research that have largely focused on captive primates and have rarely considered individual differences by age and sex. Thirty-three macaques of different age-sex classes were tested using a choice task contrasting a guaranteed small reward with a probabilistic larger reward. At the group level, macaques showed no preference for safe or risky options. However, substantial individual variation emerged: some individuals were risk-prone, others risk-averse, and many indifferent. Notably, age and sex interacted in shaping risk preferences. Among males, adults and juveniles were more risk-prone than younger adults, whereas among females, adults were more risk-prone than juveniles. Juveniles also displayed outcome-dependent flexibility, choosing the risky option more often after a previous successful risky choice, consistent with a win-stay strategy. Like in rodents, this pattern may reflect adaptive learning during developmental transitions. Importantly, the observed behavioral differences were not due to misunderstanding of the task, as macaques reliably chose the larger option when outcomes were visible. This pronounced individual variability in primate risk preferences underscore the importance of considering demographic factors when characterizing species-typical risk preferences.

Observing the health of Kintamani dogs, especially at geriatric age, is important as an effort to preserve their lives. Observations of the integumentary system can provide information related to clinical animal health. This study aims to determine the integumentary condition of Kintamani dogs macroscopically at geriatric age. This study used 5 Kintamani dogs of geriatric age with a healthy clinical condition. The research procedure was carried out by macroscopic observation of hair and skin by inspection and palpation methods. The results showed that the hair of geriatric dog samples experienced changes in color and texture when compared to productive age Kintamani dogs. Observation of skin flexibility showed that the skin flexibility of geriatric dogs was lower when compared to productive-age Kintamani dogs. Observations of the hair strength of Kintamani dogs showed that at the average geriatric age it was difficult to pull out during manual combing with the observer's hand. This observation shows that the integumentary system of geriatric Kintamani dogs is macroscopically not much different from productive-age Kintamani dogs.

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus is a zoonotic bacterium known to cause severe respiratory tract infections in primates, and most documented mortality episodes occur in captivity. Here we report a mass mortality event in a wild population of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabiting an urban mosaic habitat in central Bali, Indonesia, and describe the demographic impact and clinical patterns of the outbreak. Mortality was observed in three of the nine social groups that shared overlapping ranges, and the infection spread progressively over time. Clinical signs included lethargy, respiratory distress, and locomotion disorders. Over a 2-mo period during March-May 2022, 170 carcasses were found. Demographic surveys revealed a mortality rate ranging from 16% to 53% among the three affected groups. Adult females and adult males were the most affected age-sex classes, representing 36% and 35% of the carcasses found, respectively. Necropsy findings from four individuals, combined with bacteriological culture, histopathology, qPCR, and 16S rRNA metabarcoding analysis, all suggested Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus as the most likely causative agent. Similar streptococcal outbreaks had occurred in this population in 1994 and 2012, raising concerns about the recurrent introduction of the bacterium or potential reservoirs either within or outside the macaque population. The recurrence of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus outbreaks in this population highlights the impact of lethal bacterial epidemics in wild primates, which remain poorly documented. Strengthening long-term surveillance, including noninvasive serological monitoring, is essential for better understanding infection dynamics and improving conservation strategies.

Ventral hernia is an abnormality of the abdominal wall that is generally caused by traumatic factors, characterized by a lump containing abdominal visceral organs but still covered by skin and subcutaneous tissue. A two-year-old female domestic cat weighing 3 kg presented with a soft lump on the ventral abdomen for five months. The contents of the lump could be pushed into the abdominal cavity during palpation, but reappeared after pressure was released. Physical examination revealed a hernia opening and hernia contents. Supporting examination using radiography with barium sulfate (BaSO4) contrast showed that the cat had a ventral hernia containing the intestine with a favorable prognosis. The surgical procedure was performed using laparotomy to reposition the hernia contents back into the abdominal cavity and close the abdominal cavity with sutures. The surgery was performed under general anesthesia using a combination of xylazine at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW and ketamine at a dose of 5 mg/kg BW intravenously through a gradual infusion. Postoperatively, the cat was given the antibiotic Cefotaxime Sodium at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW twice daily for three days intravenously through an infusion, followed by Cefixime at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW twice daily for seven days orally. On the tenth day, the surgical wound showed good healing, characterized by a dry wound, removal of sutures, good appetite and drinking, and normal defecation and urination. For optimal results, post-operative care must still be considered, including monitoring the condition of the wound and the overall physical condition of the animal.

Cherry eye is a condition characterized by the prolapse of the nictitating gland due to weak connective tissue attachment, resulting in a visible red mass resembling a cherry. A 5-month-old female American Bully Ecotis dog, weighing 8.7 kg, presented with a protruding mass in the left eye, which had been observed for one month prior to surgery. Hematological examination revealed lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, and low Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), suggesting mild inflammation. The diagnosis of cherry eye was confirmed through physical and clinical examinations, with a fausta (favorable) prognosis. Surgical correction was performed using the Morgan Pocket Technique to reposition the gland. Postoperative care included intramuscular cefotaxime (1.74 mL) and meloxicam (0.3 mL), followed by oral meloxicam (0.116 mg/day for 3 days) and topical gentamicin sulfate ointment (0.3%, applied TID for 7 days) to prevent infection. The surgical site showed complete healing by day 14, with no recurrence observed. This case highlights the effectiveness of the Morgan Pocket Technique combined with adjunctive medical therapy in managing cherry eye in dogs.

Background: Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) frequently share their habitat with humans, leading to conflicts, especially when habitat disturbances force them to exploit human food sources. In response, humans sometimes use air rifles to deter these animals. Preventive measures such as sterilization programs, habitat restoration, and public education about responsible interactions with macaques are essential to reduce the occurrence of such incidents and promote coexistence. Purpose: This report describes the anesthesia and surgical management of gunshot wounds in long-tailed macaques. Case(s): Two adult free-ranging male long-tailed macaques in the Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, Indonesia, were presented with gunshot wounds on the inguinal region and right caudal pelvic area, respectively. These macaques were captured and anesthetized for a scheduled vasectomy. A detailed clinical examination indicated that the projectiles were lodged in the subcutaneous tissue. Based on their shape and size, the projectiles were suspected to be 0.177 caliber (4.5 mm) air rifle pellets. Case Management: Surgical removal was performed to extract the air rifle pellets. Preoperatively, the macaques received amoxicillin (15 mg/kg BW, IM), ketorolac (2.5 mg/kg BW, IM), and Visine® eye lubricant. Propofol was used for anesthetic maintenance (1 mg/kg BW, IV). Following pellet removal, the wound was sutured with monofilament absorbable poliglecaprone 25, and the planned vasectomy was conducted using the bilateral incision method. Postoperatively, the macaques were administered atipamezole (0.02 mg/kg BW, IM) for anesthesia reversal, placed in recovery cages in lateral recumbency, and closely monitored. Conclusion: Once the macaques showed clear signs of recovery from anesthesia, they were transported back to the capture site and released into their original group.

The plastination technique is a preservation method that involves the infusion of polymer materials into biological specimens to maintain their structural integrity, prevent decay, and ensure long-term durability. This technique is widely regarded as an effective approach for preserving organs and is particularly valuable for anatomical education. The objective of this study is to evaluate the qualitative characteristics—specifically texture, color, and odor—of plastinated canine front and hind limb specimens during the impregnation phase, conducted within a passive vacuum chamber. Additionally, this research aims to propose recommendations for refining plastination techniques to enhance the quality of preserved organ specimens. The study employs a custom-designed apparatus and readily available generic chemicals to perform the plastination process. The plastination procedure consists of four key stages, with the impregnation phase being carried out in a vacuum chamber utilizing a passive vacuum system. The resulting plastinated specimens were assessed for flexibility, color, and odor. The findings revealed that the plastinated organs exhibited a rigid texture, a pale coloration, and a mild odor. The anticipated outcome of this research is to provide actionable recommendations for improving plastination methods, thereby enhancing the quality of plastinated organ products for use in veterinary anatomy education.

Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed monkey) is one of the primates that is widely distributed. The population of long-tailed monkeys on the island of Bali can be found at 43 points, one of which is in Pura Bukit Gumang, Pekraman Bugbug, Karangasem district. Different populations can have different variations of dermatoglyphic patterns, therefore this study was conducted to determine the dermatoglyphic pattern and the highest frequency of the type of fingerprint pattern of long-tailed monkeys in Pura Bukit Gumang Karangasem Bali. The study used 13 samples of dermatoglyphics of the hands and feet of long-tailed monkeys in Pura Bukit Gumang Karangasem Bali. Dermatoglyphic impressions were taken using transparent adhesive plastic that had been given graphite powder on the palms and feet of long-tailed monkeys. The results of the study found 4 basic dermatoglyphic patterns, namely open field (47%), whorl (31%), loop (20%) and arch (2%). The highest frequency of dermatoglyphic patterns of the palms of long-tailed monkeys was whorl 37.9% and the highest frequency of dermatoglyphic patterns of the soles of the feet was open field (57.3%). Open field is the highest frequency of all palm and foot pattern areas with a percentage of 47%. The research that has been done is still limited by the number of samples. To improve the accuracy of dermatoglyphic patterns in monkey populations, it is recommended to use more representative samples for the population.

Growing contacts between humans and nonhuman primates at interface zones bring forth the need to better understand the efficiency and implications of synanthropic primates population management strategies. In this context, the expanding use of fertility control contrasts with the limited documentation of its potential consequences for primate behavior and social dynamics. Unlike other methods, tubectomy preserves the ovarian functions involved in sexual motivation of female macaques. However, sexual behaviors and aggression could intensify due to a higher proportion of cycling females within the group. In this study, we assessed whether tubectomy modifies the sociosexual interactions of female long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) in a primate-tourism site in Bali, Indonesia. Using focal sampling over a three-year period ( N = 56 females), we investigated changes in (a) female sociosexual activities (i.e., sexual and grooming interactions with males), and (b) female intrasexual aggression (i.e., female-female agonistic interactions). Using causal inference statistics, we found that (a) compared with intact females, sterilized females were more sexually receptive and attractive, and they received longer grooming bouts from male partners. Surprisingly, (b) tubectomy was associated with decreased intrasexual aggression among females, as sterilized females received aggression from fewer female opponents compared with intact females. This study showed that, at least in the short term, tubectomy modifies the sociosexual interactions, while not heightening female aggression. These findings may inform management decisions that maximize social stability and welfare of synanthropic populations. However, the long-term implications of female sterility for social dynamics warrant further investigation.

An 8-year-old female Chihuahua mix terrier breed with a body weight of 3.3 kg was brought to the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University. The dog was brought in with a complaint of the right eye coming out of the eye socket after fighting with a large breed dog. The purpose of this article is to find out the process of lifting the eyeball using the trans-conjunctival enucleation method. The results of the physical examination showed damage and no response to the case dog's right eye. Based on history and physical examination, the dog was diagnosed with bulbus oculi prolapse. Premedication was carried out by administering 0.3 ml of atropine sulfate and induced anesthesia with 0.2 ml and 0.3 ml of xylazine and ketamine respectively. The postoperative care given was e-collar fitting, giving cefadroxil monohydrate 22mg/kgBB q12h for 5 days, giving anti-inflammatory tolfenamic acid injection 0.3 mg/kgBW and continued with giving meloxicam 1 mg/kgBBq12h for 5 days, and ointment. Bioplacenton® skin is given sufficiently until the wound dries. On the seventh day after surgery, the case dog was declared cured with the surgical wound closed on the right eye after routine postoperative care.

It has long been suggested that object play facilitates the development and evolution of tool use, through enhanced perception of an object's properties and potential for manipulation. However, ecologically relevant support for this claim is scant. We examined whether a form of culturally maintained object play, named stone handling, characterized by high interindividual variation in its behavioural expression, promotes the acquisition and further expression of stone-tool use in a nonhuman primate species. We conducted a series of field experiments in a free-ranging group of Balinese longtailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, to test whether the stone-handling profiles of different individuals predicted their ability to solve a foraging task, whose solution required the functional and action-specific use of stones as tools. Frequentist network-based diffusion analysis, Bayesian multilevel regression modelling and descriptions of individuals' learning trajectories showed that the solutions to different foraging tasks required varying reliance on social and asocial learning strategies. Our results suggest that certain stonehandling profiles may increase an individual's likelihood of expressing stone-tool use. However, other trait- and state-dependent variables may also contribute to explaining individual differences in the development and expression of stone-tool use. The behavioural idiosyncrasies associated with stone handling in longtailed macaques may serve as an exaptive reservoir for the possible emergence of stonetool use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally evaluate the role of stone-directed play in the acquisition of stone-tool use. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/).

The eye has three eyelids, including the upper eyelid, the lower eyelid and the third eyelid. Cherry Eye is a condition where the nictitating glands protrude from their normal position due to weak connective tissue attachment, so that the nictitating membrane looks swollen and protrudes like a cherry. The aim of writing this article is to add information about how to treat cherry eye cases using the Morgan pocket surgery method in dogs. A French bulldog named Piko, 3 years old, male, weighing 12 kg, has black and brown hair, has a protrusion in his left eye. Physical examination is carried out by inspection, palpation, and auscultation. Routine hematology examinations are performed to determine the physiological condition of the case dogs. The case of the dog was treated by performing surgery to reposition the lump on the eye using the Morgan Pocket method. Based on the anamnesis and results of clinical examination of the case dog, a diagnosis of follicular ophthalmitis (cherry eye) was obtained in the left eye. The treatment procedure used is the Morgan pocket method, which is surgery to reposition the nictitating membrane by creating a pocket. Treatment of follicular ophthalmitis (cherry eye) must be done immediately, so as not to cause secondary infections which will worsen the condition of the dog's eyes.

Organ preservation is an effort to maintain the integrity of organs for a long time by preventing further damage and decay processes. Plastination is an organ preservation process by inserting polymer materials to maintain the shape and composition of the organ. This research aims to evaluate the product of a plastination technique carried out using generic chemicals in the community and equipment. The organs used in this plastination process are heart, brain and lungs from the bali cattle. The research materials and tools needed are distilled water, formalin, acetone, liquid silicone rubber, silicon catalyst, 10 ml syringe, plastic bag/tub with lid, vacuum chamber, plastic bucket/tub without lid, and hardening room/box. The vacuum chamber is made from a modified drum so that it can accommodate cadaver plastination (large size). The plastination technique is carried out in four main stages, one of which is the dehydration phase with acetone which is carried out at room temperature. The plastinated organs that are the product of this technique will be evaluated for their flexibility, color, and odor. The results of this research produce plastinated organs that have a stiff texture, pale color, and a non-pungent odor. From the research results obtained, it can be suggested that it needs to be stored in a vacuum for longer (for 1 week) so that the texture can resemble its original shape.

Wildlife that inhabit urban landscapes face the dual challenge of negotiating their positions in their group while navigating obstacles of anthropogenically modified landscapes. The dynamics of urban environments can result in novel injuries and mortalities for these animals. However, these negative impacts can be mitigated through planning, and onsite veterinary care like that provided by the Ubud Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia. We examined 275 recorded injuries and mortalities among six social groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) brought to the veterinary clinic from 2015–2018. We fit the probabilities of injury vs. death among macaques brought to the clinic using a multilevel logistic regression model to infer the relationship between injury vs. death and associated demographic parameters. Males were more likely to sustain injuries and females were more likely to die. The frequency of injuries and mortalities changed over the four-year study period, which was reflected in our model. The odds of mortality were highest among young macaques and the odds of injury vs. mortality varied across the six social groups. We categorized injuries and mortalities as “natural” or “anthropogenic”. Most injuries and mortalities were naturally occurring, but powerlines, motorized vehicles, and plastic present ongoing anthropogenic threats to macaque health. Most wounds and injuries were successfully treated, with healthy animals released back to their group. We suggest other sites with high levels of human–alloprimate interplays consider the Ubud Monkey Forest veterinary office as a model of care and potentially adopt their approaches.

While tool use has been widely reported in non-human animals for food acquisition, the use of tools for drinking has been largely overlooked, with primates being a notable exception. We documented tool-assisted water scooping and drinking in several Balinese long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ), living in Ubud, Indonesia, over a period of four years. We observed repeated tool-assisted water scooping using leaves, nuts, pits, and stones. Our results indicate that this behaviour is associated with manual drinking and can be performed in a playful context. This population habitually engages in a cultural form of stone-assisted object play known as stone handling, and it has an overall propensity to manipulate objects in water. We discuss the relationship between instrumental and non-instrumental object-assisted actions, as well as the possibility for this behaviour to be a tradition in this population. This report offers new insights into the limited literature on tool-assisted drinking in monkeys.

Infeksi virus Avian Influenza masih menjadi perhatian serius di sektor peternakan unggas di Indonesia. Karakter molekul virus AI yang mudah bermutasi diduga menjadi faktor virus AI terus menyebar dan berstatus endemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk karakterisasi virus Avian Influenza dari peternakan ayam petelur yang berada di Kecamatan Legok, Kabupaten Serang, Banten sebagai bentuk persiapan vaksin AI H5N1. Sampel uji yang digunakan merupakan isolat koleksi milik PT. Sanbio Laboratories, Bogor dengan nama isolat Legok. Penelitian ini digunakan dua isolat pembanding yakni isolat Sukoharjo (A/Duck/Sukoharjo/BBVW-1428/2012) dan isolat Garut (A/Chicken/Garut/BBVW-223/2007) yang merupakan master seed vaksin lokal AI H5N1. Isolasi virus dilakukan pada telur ayam berembrio (TAB) umur 9 hari dan selanjutnya hasil isolasi virus diuji menggunakan uji hemaglutinasi (HA), Hasil uji HA dikonfirmsi dengan Reverse Transcritase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) digunakan untuk melihat subtipe virus AI dan selanjutnya dikonfirmasi dengan uji sekuensing untuk melihat jarak genetik dan hubungan kekerabatan antar isolat yang di uji. Hasilnya adalah isolat Legok berada satu clade dengan dengan isolat Sukoharjo yaitu berada pada clade 2.3.2 namun isolat Legok membentuk subclade baru 2.3.2 varian, sedangkan isolat Garut berada pada Clade 2.1.3. Jarak genetik masing-masing isolat adalah isolat Legok terhadap isolat Sukoharjo memiliki perbedaan genetik sebesar 3%, homologi 97%, Isolat Legok terhadap isolat Garut memiliki perbedaan genetik sebesar 11,5%, homologi 88,5% sedangkan isolat Sukoharjo terhadap isolat Garut perbedaan genetiknya sebesar 9% dan homologinya 91%. Kesimpulannya adalah bahwa isolat Legok memiliki perbedaan karakteristik dengan isolat Sukoharjo dan isolat Garut. Hal ini mengindikasi bahwa isolat Legok mengalami mutasi, sehingga perlu dilakukan monitoring dan penelitian lanjutan untuk seed vaksin dari isolat Legok.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a venereal tumor transmitted through mating which frequently happened in canines. A 2 years old male mixed breed dog weighted 12,6 kg was having bloody droplets originated from penis and hard mass at the base of the penis in the last 2 months. Based on anamnesis, physical, and additional examination, the dog was diagnosed with transmissible venereal tumor. Histopathological examination of the tumor mass shows stroma and vacuolated tumor cell cytoplasm. Treatment is done by excision surgery of the tumor mass. Postoperative treatment includes antibiotic cefotaxime through IM, and anti-inflammation tolfenamic acid through SC for 3 days. Followed by oral antibiotic cefadroxil and anti-inflammation meloxicam for 5 days. On the 11th day the penis is fully retracted into the preputium and diminished inflammation at the base of the penis. Based on the physical and histopathological examination, dog was diagnosed with TVT and given excision surgery for tumor removal. Excision surgery itself, therefore it is advised for chemotherapy treatment.

This brief report describes the occurrence of an idiosyncratic behaviour, labelled tongue-flicking, that was performed by one subadult male long-tailed macaque living in a free-ranging population in Bali, Indonesia. Tongue-flicking may serve a similar purpose as a displacement behaviour in which the subject sticks his tongue out of his mouth and moves it either slightly up and down or in and out without bringing it all the way back into the mouth. Additionally, while abnor-mal behaviours in non-human animals are almost exclusively reported in captive individuals, the investigation of idiosyncratic behaviours such as tongue-flicking allows us to explore the poten-tial occurrence of abnormal behaviours in free-ranging populations. This preliminary descriptive analysis of tongue-flicking aims to highlight the need for understanding the motivational bases and affective implications (e.g., welfare) of abnormal behaviours in captive and free-living animals.

The case animal was a mice, female, Mus musculus race, ± 2 years old and 39.4 g body weight. Based on the results of the anamnesis, the mice experienced a lump in the form of an abnormal solid mass. At first this lump was small and then grew larger for more than one month. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of abnormal mass in case mice. Histopathological examination was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations by finding abnormal masses, it can be concluded that case mice were diagnosed with cystadenoma with a fausta prognosis. Treatment with excision (removal) in total on the abnormal tissue. The wound was closed with a simple continuous suture pattern with 3-0 absorbable chromic catgut suture in the peritoneal lining. The subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed with a running locked suture pattern using absorbable chromic catgut size 3-0. Postoperatively the suture wound was cleaned with Ringer's lactate solution and given antibiotics. Observations on wound healing showed that the wound was healing in an improved direction. The wound healed on the 7th day. It is recommended to pay attention to the proper use of sewing thread used in mice.