INTRODUCTION:The Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is a closed, degloving soft-tissue injury, wherein the skin and subcutaneous tissue are separated from the underlying fascia. This syndrome causes disruption of wound healing. Infrared thermography is a noninvasive and pain-free tool that can be used to evaluate scar and the influence of osteopathic manipulative treatment. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the influence of post-operative osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) of Morel-Lavallee lesions (MLL). METHODS:During four osteopathic sessions on one volunteer patient, 28-year-old male, resulting in MLL of the left knee after motorcycle accident. The effects of OMT were assessed using an infrared thermal imaging camera and qualitative palpation examination of osteopathic dysfunction, scored on a scale of 1-4. RESULTS:and discussion: Both scar and peri-scar area temperatures increased after OMT. The difference in temperature between the scar and the peri-scar area decreased after OMT. Increase in temperature was greater when the OMT was applied around the scar than when applied at a distance from the scar site. The palpation score for dysfunction of the MLL scar site decreased from 4/4 to 2/4 after the final session. CONCLUSION:Several OMT sessions focusing on the MLL scar site appear necessary to obtain noteworthy results. OMT improved mobility and increased the temperature of the scar and the peri-scar area.

As part of aid for the conservation of cultural heritage works of art, Infrared thermography is already widely used. However, the photothermal signal obtained can be dependent on the different colors of the pictorial layer of the artwork studied and on the inhomogeneity of energy deposition. In this work, we show experimentally, during the study of a marquetry chessboard and a "Vallauris pottery", that the combination of singular value decomposition with stimulated infrared thermography allows a significant reduction of these radiative effects. Consequently, it allows for better detection of the defects present in the works of art studied

Stimulated infrared thermography has already shown its possibilities concerning the heritage mural paintings conservation. However, the different colors of the pictorial layer can, in certain unfavorable cases, lead to artefacts detection. Moreover, the fragility of these works of art requires the least energetic analyzes possible. In the work presented here, we show that the association of an SVD analysis with stimulated infrared thermography, seems to allow on the one hand, a notable reduction of this disturbing optical effect. We show on the other hand, that it seems to allow an early detection of these defects and therefore a lower energy deposit on studied works of art.

In the context of the conservation of works of art from the cultural heritage, stimulated infrared thermography allows the non-destructive detection of the presence of defects invisible to the naked eye. However, images obtained with a thermal camera are sometimes difficult to interpret directly. Indeed, optical parasitic effects due to absorptivity variations in surface or excitation inhomogeneities can lead to detection artifacts. To reduce these effects, it’s possible to use postprocessing algorithms. The work we present here follows this framework. We show first theoretically, then experimentally, that a spatial re-allocation of the colorimetric dynamics of the obtained image makes it possible to significantly reduce these parasitic radiative effects. The theoretical study is based on a simulation, using finite element methods, the experimental part was developed on a plaster block containing 32 defects and a multicoloured paint layer.

The accumulation of salts in building stones can lead to weathering features such as scaling, sanding or even slab detachment. To detect salts in walls at the early stages and to predict their evolution, the non-destructive technique (NDT) Infrared Thermography (IRT) was tested in a stimulated way. The main objective was to trial this technique in order to obtain more information such as the type of salt, its precise location and its concentration in building stones. Three building materials were studied, including two natural limestones and a reconstituted stone. Samples were submitted to immersion/drying tests in water and in salt solutions of Na2SO4, NaCl and MgSO4 at 7%, 14% and 26% in weight during 20 cycles of 24 h. The weight of the samples and the surface colour were recorded after each cycle. After 1, 5, 10 and 15 cycles, 3 samples were taken out for active IRT measurements. The results showed that when the porosity and the capillarity are low, the intake of salts into the porous network is low and the thermal response of the stone to heating (Delta Tmax) corresponds to the salt thermal signature and has no relation with concentration. On the other hand, when the initial porosity is high, salts crystallize inside the porous network and porosity decreases. Hence, the thermal response of the porous stone is related to salt concentration and the Delta Tmax increases until the stone starts to disaggregate. Active IRT is a promising NDT adapted to identify and quantify salts within building stones during the first states of accumulation. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The study and analysis of defects in wall paintings is possible by stimulated infrared thermography, this approach is of great interest to the scientific community responsible for the conservation and restoration of these works of art. The work presented consists in identifying the best way to stimulate and analyze the thermal signals measured on these works of art in order to reveal defects invisible to the naked eye such as internal decohesions. In the case of wall paintings, for example, optical effects associated with the presence of a pictorial layer can degrade this detection. To do this, we compared two excitation modes of an academic sample, excitation using conventional halogen sources emitting in the visible and near infrared and an excitation source emitting in the mid-infrared. We compared the two excitation modes and applied a postprocessing to these two experimental approaches: SVD. The results presented made it possible to observe the interest of infrared sources and the additional contribution made by post-processing of the SVD type.

Objective: Aquatic osteopathy (AO) is a recent discipline that has not yet demonstrated its value compared with existing therapies. This study compared AO with aquatic therapy (AT)-that is, thermoneutral water immersion- using infrared thermography on healthy individuals to assess differences in cutaneous body temperature. Methods: Fifty-five healthy individuals were immersed in thermoneutral water for 1 hour and then underwent AO treatment, with application of a classic diagnosis routine and subsequent manual therapy. Thermograms were recorded to measure the distribution of skin surface temperature throughout the entire body after 1 hour of immersion in thermoneutral water (AT) and compared with thermograms taken after AO. Results: Visual analysis of the thermograms showed that there were thermographic differences between the 2 groups. A statistical analysis revealed significant differences between post-AT and post-AO thermograms (P = .002): the mean variance in cutaneous body temperature was significantly lower in the post-AO group than in the post-AT group. Therefore, cutaneous body temperatures were more homogeneous after AO than after AT. Conclusion: Cutaneous thermal reactions were more homogenous after AO than after AT alone, with cutaneous temperatures returning closer to normal than after AT alone. These reactions may be related to physiological reactions due to a decrease in vasoconstriction or trigger points. Further studies are needed to clarify these physiological reactions to establish the mechanisms of AO and thus better define its indications.

Infrared thermography is a non-destructive testing technique that affects many areas. This technique of analysis is, for example, very interesting in the field of restoration and conservation of heritage works. The possibilities of active thermography can help in the early detection of defects in works of art and their characterization. In this work we will demonstrate that it is possible to detect old restorations in frescoes and murals by flash method. This new possibility offered by thermography will make it possible, for example, to verify the compatibility of a restoration with the original work, which can prevent the appearance of a defect and may allow the conservator to follow up on restoration. First we will show the feasibility of this approach on a laboratory specimen containing different types of clogging materials and then present results of analysis carried out in situ at one restoration sites that reveal the possibility of locating these restorations but also to characterize the pictorial technique used in this one.

Electron microscopic observation of the surface of orthodontic arches reveals observable differences between new and used arches after four weeks in the mouth. This qualitative observation led us to consider their study by stimulated infrared thermography. These dental arches consist of a nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy and are highly stressed during the stay in the mouth. Over the months, there will be evolution of their mechanical properties with multifactorial causes. In this study, we will demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate between the used arcs from the new arcs by observing their thermal response during a controlled heating.

Within the framework of conservation and assistance for the restoration of cultural property, a method of analysis assistance has been developed to help in the restoration of cultural heritage. Several collaborations have already demonstrated the possibility of defects detection (delamination, salts) in murals paintings using stimulated infrared thermography. One of the difficulties encountered with infrared thermography applied to the analysis of works of art is the remanence of the pictorial layer. This difficulty can sometimes induce detection artifacts and false positives. A method of thermograms post-processing called PPT (pulse phase thermography) is described. The possibilities offered by the PPT in terms of reducing the optical effects associated with the pictorial layer are highlighted first with a simulation, and then through experiments. This approach can significantly improve the study of painted works of art such as wall paintings.

Background: Scar formation is influenced by mechanical forces and may generate mechanical tension. Scars induce a temperature difference in the body objectified by thermal imaging camera. The osteopath's task is to ensure the tissue good mobility in the body. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of osteopathic treatment on a scar by thermal camera. Method: 12 subjects were analyzed: 4 scars by wounds and 8 by operations. A thermal camera was used to measure the temperature variations of the scars and peri-scar area after cooled stimulation. Measurements were made before and after osteopathic treatment. Results/findings: A significant difference was found between the scar and the peri-scar area before osteopathic treatment (p = 0.044) and no significant difference after osteopathic treatment (p = 0.069). Results showed that osteopathic treatment on a scar induces a more homogeneous local warming temperature. Conclusion: The osteopathic treatment allows different warming between scar and peri-scar area; this suggests a modification of the connective tissue function after osteopathic treatment. Further studies are required to better understand the function of connective tissue and the mechanism of healing.

IRT has been used as a first investigation in laboratory to detect pioneer biofilms which help the biological fouling of stone monuments. Biological development is often removed because of the unsightly aspect and it favours stone deterioration with mineral dissolution by production of organic acids, salting induces physical damage which helps to the development of macroscopic vegetation. Biological deterioration leads to the degradation of stone monuments and to the irretrievable loss of artefacts for our Cultural Heritage. Two limestones, Courville and Savonnieres stones used in major buildings in eastern France and the surroundings of Paris have been investigated. On first, stone samples have been exposed in outdoor test to favour the natural colonisation of first micro-organisms. They have been collected after six months exposure and compared to three non-colonised stones throughout IRT measurements of stone surfaces pulsed by a flux of photons. First results on Courville stone, showed Look Up Table (LUT) was important to emphasize slight variations of static images between stones with biofilm and control stones without it. Moreover, mathematical post-processing as SVD, usually applied to decrease thermal artefacts at the surface of a work of art and to improve detection of flaws inside it, here was to detect biofilms as surface artefacts thanks to the first EOFs. Savonnieres stone, which has different intrinsic properties than Courville stone showed static images can induced artefact associated to experimental conditions which was avoided thanks to SVD post-processing.

The paper presents the use of eddy current thermography for detecting cracks in resistance spot welds. The sample is a three-sheet stack-up joined together by welding spots. Inductive Helmholtz coil is used for heating up the sample, and the thermal response of each spot is monitored using a cooled indium antimonide camera. The sequence of images captured is processed using the pulsed-phase thermography technique. The phase image is completed with a supplementary filtering operation to allow outlining defects. The result was confirmed with confocal microscopy inspection.

Notre laboratoire s'est specialise dans l'etude des alterations affectant les oeuvres d'art telles que les fresques [1,2]. L'effusivite thermique est une quantite thermophysique qui nous permet de reperer des alterations ou de mettre en evidence des contaminations d'especes chimiques dans ces oeuvres telles que les sels hygroscopiques. Les deux approches presentees ici, basees sur l'analyse de la diffusion laterale de la chaleur suite a une excitation laser locale, permettent d'aboutir a une bonne estimation de cette grandeur thermophysique, ceci independamment de l'epaisseur des echantillons et sans prelevement (ce qui est un atout pour l'analyse des oeuvres d'art).

Our laboratory specializes in the study of alterations affecting works of art such as frescoes [1,2].Thermal effusivity is a thermophysical quantity that allows us to detect alterations or to highlight contamination of chemical species in these works such as hygroscopic salts.The two approaches presented here, based on the analysis of lateral heat scattering following local laser excitation, make it possible to arrive at a good estimate of this thermophysical quantity, independently of the thickness of the samples and without taking samples (which is an advantage for the analysis of works of art).

This paper deals with the use of eddy current thermography for spot weld nugget diameter assessment. As a nondestructive testing method, eddy current thermography is successfully used to give an estimation of the nugget diameter of resistance spot weld. A ferrite-yoke based inductive coil is used to thermally heat-up spot welds while monitoring the opposite face of the heated face using infrared camera with 40 mu m/pixel spatial resolution. The inductive coil and the camera are placed at different side of the sample. The heat wave travels from one side to the other through areas with different thermal properties. The recorded thermal response is processed using Fourier transformation which allows identifying non-destructively the nugget and the heat affected zone. The nugget diameter is estimated in pixel and the camera resolution is used to retrieve the value in millimeters. The results, compared with destructive micrographic cut as a reference, are in good agreement.

•IRT allows to observe in vivo the heat release due to crystallisation.•The temperature increase is sudden and shows a wicking effect (flash).•The heat transfer follows different paths.•The temperature increases as phase supersaturations rises.•The flash phenomenon is related to dendritic Thenardite III crystallisation.•The flash is observed only when a hydrated phase crystallises after the flashed dendrites.